@article{lei_due-hallen_hallen_2008, title={Reliable adaptive modulation and interference mitigation for mobile radio slow frequency hopping channels}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1558-0857"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2008.040662}, DOI={10.1109/TCOMM.2008.040662}, abstractNote={The long range fading prediction algorithm for Slow Frequency Hopping (SFH) systems is proposed and demonstrated to enable combined adaptive modulation and adaptive frequency diversity to mitigate the effects of fading and partial-band interference. Significant performance gains are demonstrated relative to non-adaptive methods in realistic mobile radio SFH channels where the total bandwidth does not exceed approximately 15 times the coherence bandwidth.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Lei, Ming and Due-Hallen, Alexandra and Hallen, Hans}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={352–355} }
 @article{buchanan_kleinstreuer_truskey_lei_1999, title={Relation between non-uniform hemodynamics and sites of altered permeability and lesion growth at the rabbit aorto-celiac junction}, volume={143}, ISSN={["1879-1484"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0021-9150(98)00264-0}, abstractNote={Using the rabbit’s aorto-celiac junction as a representative atherosclerotic model, the hemodynamics of a bifurcating blood vessel are numerically simulated and three hemodynamic parameters are compared. The wall shear stress (WSS), the oscillatory shear index (OSI), and the spatial wall shear stress gradient (WSSG) are considered in this study. Locally enhanced wall permeabilities and intimal macrophages are generally considered to be involved in atherogenesis, and here the primary concern is with the hemodynamic influence on these early stages of the disease process. In comparing the segmental averages of the indicator functions and previously published intimal white blood cell densities, only the WSSG shows a statistically significant correlation. All three indicators have selective strengths in determining sites of early lesion growth around the aorto-celiac flow divider. At the proximal end of the flow divider on the lateral side of the orifice, there are elevated values of the OSI as well as WSSG and low WSS values. Regions of elevated wall permeabilities compare with the regions of elevated WSSG along the lateral and distal portions of the flow divider. Largely dependent upon the present input pulse with reverse flow, the OSI indicates relatively high values throughout the flow domain, however, it is important when utilized in conjunction with low WSS regions. This study presents a rationale for further quantitative correlative studies in the rabbit model based on additional histological data sets.}, number={1}, journal={ATHEROSCLEROSIS}, author={Buchanan, JR and Kleinstreuer, C and Truskey, GA and Lei, M}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={27–40} }
 @article{lei_archie_kleinstreuer_1997, title={Computational design of a bypass graft that minimizes wall shear stress gradients in the region of the distal anastomosis}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0741-5214"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0741-5214(97)70289-1}, abstractNote={Recent experimental and theoretic studies show that large wall shear stress gradients characterize disturbed flow patterns associated with the location of myointimal hyperplasia, atheroma, or both. Graft-to-artery anastomoses that minimize wall shear stress gradients may reduce the degree of myointimal development and the propensity for thrombosis. This study analyzes the distribution of distal anastomotic wall shear stress gradients for conventional geometries and for the optimized geometry assuming idealized merging of the graft with the artery.A validated computational fluid dynamics program was used to solve the transient three-dimensional partial differential equations and auxiliary equations that describe laminar incompressible blood flow. Time-averaged wall shear stresses and wall shear stress gradients were calculated for three distal graft-artery anastomoses: a standard end-to-side, a Taylor patch, and an optimized geometry. The latter was obtained iteratively by minimizing the local wall shear stress gradients and was analyzed under resting and exercise inflow waveforms.Both the standard and Taylor patch anastomoses have relatively high wall shear stress gradients in the regions of the toe and heel. For all flow inputs studied nonuniform hemodynamics in the optimized graft design are largely eliminated, and the time-averaged wall shear stress gradients are greatly reduced throughout the anastomotic zone. At resting flow the Taylor patch produces slightly lower wall shear stress gradients in the anastomotic region than the standard end-to-side anastomosis. The optimized design reduces wall shear stress gradients to almost one half of that of the standard and Taylor patch geometries. At exercise flow wall shear stress gradients almost triple in the standard anastomosis and increase approximately 30% in the Taylor patch. In contrast, the geometrically optimized design is basically independent of the type of flow input waveform in terms of time-averaged wall shear stress gradients and disturbed flow patterns.This study demonstrates that it is possible to design a terminal graft geometry for an end-to-side anastomosis that significantly reduces wall shear stress gradients. If the wall shear stress gradient is confirmed to be a major hemodynamic determinant of intimal hyperplasia and restenosis, these results may point to the design of optimal bypass graft geometries.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY}, author={Lei, M and Archie, JP and Kleinstreuer, C}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={637–646} }
 @article{lei_kleinstreuer_archie_1997, title={Hemodynamic simulations and computer aided designs of graft-artery junctions}, volume={119}, ISSN={["0148-0731"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.2796099}, abstractNote={Severe occlusion of graft–artery junctions due to restenosis, e.g., excessive tissue overgrowth and renewed plaque formation, may occur within a few months or years after bypass surgery. Our hypothesis is that nonuniform hemodynamics, represented by large sustained wall shear stress gradients, trigger abnormal biological processes leading to rapid restenosis and hence early graft failure. In turn, this problem may be significantly mitigated by designing graft-artery bypass configurations for which the wall shear stress gradient (WSSG) is approximately zero and hence nearly uniform hemodynamics are achieved. Focusing on the distal end of several femoral artery bypass junctions, a validated finite volume code has been used to compute the transient three-dimensional velocity vector fields and its first and second surface derivatives in order to test the idea. Specifically, it is shown that the Taylor patch, which generates higher patency rates than standard end-to-side anastomoses, exhibits lower WSSG levels than standard configurations, and that further geometric design improvements reduce the WSSG in magnitude and local extent even more.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Lei, M and Kleinstreuer, C and Archie, JP}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={343–348} }