@article{liu_lao_little_wu_ke_2018, title={Can heterogeneous compression textile design reshape skin pressures? A fundamental study}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517518779254}, abstractNote={Textile-based compression interventions (e.g. compression stockings and bandages), as an essential “source of pressure”, have impacted the effectiveness of pressure dosage delivery. The homogeneous structures of traditional compression shells generate highly uneven pressure distributions around leg geometrics in a passive mode, resulting in side effects and uncomfortable wearing perception. With this in mind, new heterogeneous compression sleeves with hybrid elastic properties were fabricated utilizing advanced three-dimensional seamless knitting technology and a unique laid-in structural design. PicoPress pressure assessment revealed in vivo that the developed heterogeneous compression shells with appropriate configurations for the lower limbs demonstrated the capability to proactively reshape skin pressures around leg cross-sections via calibrated proportions of segments with hybrid elastic moduli. The reduced anterior peak focal pressures and increased pressures at muscle-dominated posterior calves together provided a promising measure to enhance pressure function and user compliance in practice. The results will contribute to the development of a new generation of heterogeneous compression stockings with “bi-axial” pressure profiles for improved compression performance in extensive applications.}, number={17}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Liu, Rong and Lao, Terence T. and Little, Trevor J. and Wu, Xinbo and Ke, Xiao}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={1915–1930} }
 @article{liu_guo_peng_zhang_lao_little_liu_chan_2018, title={Stratified body shape-driven sizing system via three-dimensional digital anthropometry for compression textiles of lower extremities}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517517715094}, abstractNote={ Poor fit has become one of reasons for high non-compliance in the use of garments made of compression textiles in venous deficiency treatments. A novel methodology to categorize lower body shapes and sizes has been established via three-dimensional digital anthropometric technology in this study based on 208 Hong Kong subjects aged 40–60 years. Three new parameters were introduced to classify body shapes, namely the “A-angle” for assessing the “alignment” of lower extremities, the “cosine values of the key angle” at the turning point for below-knee shape determination, and “gradient” for above-knee shape categories. The mathematical simulation via the interpolation function was employed to explore the characteristics of shape variation trends with the involvement of dynamic interactions of both circumferences ( Cir) and heights ( Hei) of lower extremities. The clustering analysis quantitatively segmented the sample population into three stratified leg morphologies (i.e. diamond, inverted trapezoid, and balanced leg shapes) in terms of the determined anthropometric landmarks along the lower extremities, in which the C ir( s) of the brachial ( cB1), calf ( cC), and thigh ( cF) exhibited most obvious differences among the clustered lower limbs. The created stratified shape-driven sizing system and methodologies further involved the body shape classifications into the Cir-based size categories to cater for diverse body morphologies in product size selection, thus improving dimensional fitness and accurate treatment using compression textiles in practice. }, number={18}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Liu, Rong and Guo, Xia and Peng, Qiujin and Zhang, Le and Lao, Terence T. and Little, Trevor and Liu, Jundong and Chan, Eric}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={2055–2075} }
 @article{liu_little_williams_2014, title={Compression Form-fitted Athletic Wear: Pressure Performance, Moisture Management Properties under Different Tension Ratios, and Corresponding Psychophysical Responses}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1875-0052"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12221-014-0632-y}, number={3}, journal={FIBERS AND POLYMERS}, author={Liu, Rong and Little, Trevor and Williams, J. R.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={632–644} }
 @article{liu_little_williams_2012, title={Evaluation of Elite Athletes Psycho-physiological Responses to Compression Form-fitted Athletic Wear in Intensive Exercise Based on 5Ps Model}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1875-0052"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12221-012-0380-9}, number={3}, journal={FIBERS AND POLYMERS}, author={Liu, Rong and Little, Trevor and Williams, Michael Eugene, Jr.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={380–389} }
 @article{liu_lao_kwok_li_tokura_2010, title={Effects of compression legwear on body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure following prolonged standing and sitting in women}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Fibers and Polymers}, author={Liu, R. and Lao, T. T. and Kwok, Y. L. and Li, Y. and Tokura, H.}, year={2010}, pages={128–135} }
 @article{liu_kwok_li_lao_2010, title={Fabric mechanical-surface properties of compression hosiery and their effects on skin pressure magnitudes when worn}, volume={18}, number={2}, journal={Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe}, author={Liu, R. and Kwok, Y. L. and Li, Y. and Lao, T. T.}, year={2010}, pages={91–97} }
 @article{liu_lao_kwok_li_ying_2008, title={Effects of graduated compression stockings with different pressure profiles on lower-limb venous structures and haemodynamics}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0741-238X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12325-008-0058-2}, abstractNote={{"Label"=>"INTRODUCTION", "NlmCategory"=>"BACKGROUND"} Graduated compression stockings (GCS) are one of the essential mechanical therapeutic approaches used in prevention and treatment of venous diseases. Pressure levels and gradient distribution are the two determined parameters influencing the performance of GCS products. However, the effects of GCS with different pressure profiles on venous function remain controversial in practical use. {"Label"=>"OBJECTIVE", "NlmCategory"=>"OBJECTIVE"} To determine the physiological effects of GCS with different pressure levels and gradient distribution profiles on the venous function of the lower extremities. {"Label"=>"METHODS", "NlmCategory"=>"METHODS"} At specific testing points along the long and short saphenous veins (LSV, SSV) and popliteal veins (PV) of the lower extremities, Doppler ultrasound techniques were used to examine venous cross-sectional areas (VA, cm(2)), the venous peak blood flow (PVpeak, cm/sec) and venous mean blood flow (PVmean, cm/sec) velocities in twelve female subjects wearing GCS with varying pressure profiles in a controlled laboratory environment. The Doppler examination was conducted three times during the 4-hour period (after wearing GCS for 1 minute, 70 minutes, and 170 minutes) in each subject. {"Label"=>"RESULTS", "NlmCategory"=>"RESULTS"} The pressure levels of GCS and duration of wear had statistically significant influences on the venous anatomy and venous haemodynamics. GCS with light, mild, moderate and strong pressures increased the popliteal PVpeak by 9.64%, 25.74%, 29.91% and 26.47%, respectively, and significantly decreased the VA. The GCS maintained these venous haemodynamics over time. No significant differences in blood flow were found between the mild, moderate and strong pressure GCS. {"Label"=>"CONCLUSION", "NlmCategory"=>"CONCLUSIONS"} The application of GCS with light and mild compression profiles appear to be effective in achieving a reduction in venous dilation and venous pooling, and improving venous return in the lower extremities. GCS with lighter pressures may be more suitable for subjects whose daily work requires long-term inactive standing or sitting, and GCS with mild pressure appear to be sufficient for most clinical applications.}, number={5}, journal={ADVANCES IN THERAPY}, author={Liu, Rong and Lao, Terence T. and Kwok, Yi Lin and Li, Yi and Ying, Michael Tin-Cheung}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={465–478} }
 @article{liu_kwok_li_lao_dai_zhang_2007, title={Numerical simulation of inner stress profiles and deformations of lower extremity beneath graduated compression stockings}, volume={8}, number={3}, journal={Fibers and Polymers}, author={Liu, R. and Kwok, Y. L. and Li, Y. and Lao, T. T. and Dai, X. Q. and Zhang, X.}, year={2007}, pages={301–308} }
 @article{liu_kwok_li_lao_zhang_2007, title={Quantitative assessment of relationship between pressure performances and material mechanical properties of medical graduated compression stockings}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.25617}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Liu, R. and Kwok, Y. L. and Li, Y. and Lao, T. T. and Zhang, X.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={601–610} }
 @article{liu_kwok_li_lao_zhang_2007, title={Skin pressure profiles and variations with body postural changes beneath medical elastic compression stockings}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0011-9059"]}, url={https://publons.com/publon/8072788/}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03175.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY}, author={Liu, Rong and Kwok, Yi Lin and Li, Yi and Lao, Terence T. and Zhang, Xin}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={514–523} }
 @article{liu_kwok_li_lao_zhang_dai_2006, title={A three-dimensional biomechanical model for numerical simulation of dynamic pressure functional performances of graduated compression stocking (GCS)}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1229-9197"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02875771}, number={4}, journal={FIBERS AND POLYMERS}, author={Liu, Rong and Kwok, Yi-Lin and Li, Yi and Lao, Terence-T and Zhang, Xin and Dai, Xiao Qun}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={389–397} }
 @inbook{dai_li_liu_kwok_2006, title={Biomechanical engineering of compression stockings}, ISBN={9780849390944}, booktitle={Biomechanical engineering of textiles and clothing}, publisher={Boca Raton: CRC Press}, author={Dai, X.Q. and Li, Y. and Liu, R. and Kwok, Y.L}, editor={Y. Li and Dai, X-Q.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{dai_liu_li_zhang_kwok_2006, title={Numerical simulation and prediction of skin pressure distribution applied by graduated compression stockings}, ISBN={9782915913026}, booktitle={17th IMACS World Congress :  scientific computation, applied mathematics and simulation : Paris, France, July 11-15, 2005}, publisher={New Brunswick, NJ:  IMACS}, author={Dai, X.Q. and Liu, R. and Li, Y. and Zhang, M. and Kwok, Y.L}, year={2006}, pages={88} }
 @article{liu_kwok_li_lao_zhang_2006, title={The effects of graduated compression stockings (GCSs) on cutaneous surface pressure along the path of main superficial veins of lower limb}, volume={18}, number={6}, journal={Wounds (King of Prussia, Pa. : Online)}, author={Liu, R. and Kwok, Y.L. and Li, Y. and Lao, T.T. and Zhang, X}, year={2006}, pages={150–157} }
 @article{liu_kwok_li_lao_zhang_2005, title={Effects of material properties and fabric structure characteristics of graduated compression stockings (GCS) on the skin pressure distributions}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1229-9197"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02875669}, number={4}, journal={FIBERS AND POLYMERS}, author={Liu, R and Kwok, YL and Li, Y and Lao, TT and Zhang, X}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={322–331} }
 @article{liu_kwok_li_lao_zhang_dai_2005, title={Objective evaluation of skin pressure distribution of graduated elastic compression stockings}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1076-0512"]}, DOI={10.1097/00042728-200506000-00001}, abstractNote={Background The beneficial effects of graduated elastic compression stockings (GCSs) have been demonstrated. However, their pressure performances are variable and unstable in practical applications owing to many influencing factors. Comprehensive assessment of skin pressure profiles may help elucidate the mechanisms of action of compression stockings. Objective The objective of this study was to quantify and objectively evaluate the magnitude and distribution of skin pressure applied by different GCSs and to analyze the possible reasons influencing the stocking pressure performances. Methods Six healthy females were required to wear eight kinds of GCSs with different pressure levels while standing upright. The skin pressures of 16 different positions located in four heights and four directions of the lower limb were measured and recorded by FlexiForce interface pressure sensors (Tekscan, Inc., Boston, MA, USA) and a multichannel measuring system. Results The pressure gradients, pressure levels, and testing locations significantly influenced skin pressure (p < .001). All tested GCSs exerted the highest pressure at the ankle region, and the pressure gradually decreased toward the thigh, which follows the gradient design of GCSs. However, many of them failed to produce the perfect pressure gradients from the ankle region to the calf region. Obviously, reversed pressure gradients occurred in the medial side of the leg, where the pressure at the ankle region was lower than that on the prominent part of the calf by 36% on average. GCSs with higher pressure levels applied higher skin pressure on the lower limb. The pressure at the anterior side was far higher than that in the medial and lateral directions. The distribution patterns of skin pressure at transverse sections were similar to the anatomic outlines of cross sections of the leg. The measured average ankle pressure of all tested GCSs did not reach the pressures specified by the manufacturers. Conclusion Skin pressure distributions and magnitudes applied by GCSs were significantly influenced by the locations of testing points in terms of height and direction, which are determined by the specific anatomic structure and body shape of individual human legs and potentially influenced by the pressure sensor and testing methods.}, number={6}, journal={DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY}, author={Liu, R and Kwok, YL and Li, Y and Lao, TTH and Zhang, X and Dai, XQ}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={615–624} }
 @article{dai_li_liu_kwok_2004, title={Numerical simulation of mechanical interaction between lower limb and compression stockings}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Information and Computational Science}, author={Dai, X. Q. and Li, Y. and Liu, R. and Kwok, Y. L}, year={2004}, pages={15–19} }
 @inproceedings{liu._xu._li. y._liang_2002, title={Investigation of market and consumer behaviors of brand children's wears in china}, booktitle={Proceedings of the third China International Wool Textile Conference, Xian, China, 2002}, publisher={Xi'an, China: China Textile Press,}, author={Liu., R. and Xu., Q. Q. and Li. Y. and Liang, Y. L}, year={2002}, pages={351–354} }