@article{broome_craft_burchell_2019, title={Tidal Marsh Creation}, ISBN={["978-0-444-63893-9"]}, DOI={10.1016/B978-0-444-63893-9.00022-8}, abstractNote={Salt and brackish water tidal marshes are productive wetlands that provide ecosystem services including habitat, food energy for the estuarine food web, maintenance of water quality, storage of storm water, buffering storm waves and reducing shoreline erosion, carbon sequestration, and socioeconomic benefits. Loss of tidal marshes occurs as a result of dredging, filling, tidal restrictions, subsidence, sea level rise, and erosion. To mitigate those losses, techniques have been developed to create marshes on sites where they did not previously exist. The goal of tidal marsh creation is to provide habitats similar in structure and function to natural marshes. Because tides are the controlling abiotic factor of tidal marshes, the most critical requirement for creating new marshes is constructing sites at the correct elevation relative to the local tidal regime. Other important site-related factors that must be considered to insure successful marsh creation are slope, drainage, wave climate, currents, salinity, and soil physicochemical properties. Cultural practices that are important to establishment of vegetation include selection of native plant species, seed collection and storage, seedling production, site preparation, soil testing, fertilization, handling of transplants, timing of planting, plant spacing, control of undesirable invasive plants, and maintenance until the marsh is self-sustaining. The criteria used to define successful tidal marsh creation are often controversial. Plant communities may be equivalent to natural reference marshes in a few years, whereas other characteristics, such as soil organic matter, and numbers and species of benthic invertebrates require much longer to reach equivalence. When marsh creation technology is properly applied, tidal marshes can be created that provide many of the same ecosystems services that are provided by natural systems.}, journal={COASTAL WETLANDS: AN INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM APPROACH, 2ND EDITION}, author={Broome, Stephen W. and Craft, Christopher B. and Burchell, Michael R.}, year={2019}, pages={789–816} }
 @article{craft_broome_seneca_showers_1988, title={ESTIMATING SOURCES OF SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER IN NATURAL AND TRANSPLANTED ESTUARINE MARSHES USING STABLE ISOTOPES OF CARBON AND NITROGEN}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0272-7714"]}, DOI={10.1016/0272-7714(88)90039-X}, abstractNote={Stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C)a and nitrogen (δ15N)a were used to determine the origin of soil organic matter in irregularly flooded natural and transplanted estuarine marshes. ax=[R(sample)−R(standard)]R(standard)×1000 where X is δ13C or δ15N and R is 13C12C or 15N14N of the sample and the international standards Pee Dee Belemnite (CO2) and atmospheric nitrogen (N2).} Emergent and aquatic plants, soils, detritus and adjacent forest vegetation were collected from one natural and two transplanted marshes and the δ13C and δ15N values were measured. The isotopic composition of natural and transplanted marsh soils was similar to emergent vegetation. The δ15N of marsh soils fell within the range of emergent macrophytes (+ 1 to + 4%.), while soil δ13C ranged from −18 to −26%.. The δ13C of natural marsh soils (−20 to −24%.) reflected mixing between C3 (Juncus) and C4 (Spartina, Distichlis) marsh plants while the soil δ13C (−24 to −26%.) of one transplanted marsh was attributed to top soil applied prior to establishment of the marsh. The δ13C (−25%.) and δ15N (+ 5%.) of estuarine detritus suggested mixing between terrestrial material and phytoplankton. Marsh emergent vegetation appears to be the principal source of organic matter in soils of both natural and transplanted marshes. However, the young transplanted marsh soils also reflect external inputs of C (terrestrial material) contributed during marsh establishment.}, number={6}, journal={ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE}, author={CRAFT, CB and BROOME, SW and SENECA, ED and SHOWERS, WJ}, year={1988}, month={Jun}, pages={633–641} }