@article{despins_axtell_rives_guy_ficken_1994, title={Transmission of enteric pathogens of turkeys by darkling beetle larva (Alphitobius diaperinus)}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1093/japr/3.1.61}, abstractNote={Abstract Larvae of the darling beetle (lesser mealworm) were exposed to turkey feces from an enteritis-affected flock and determined to contain turkey enterovirus and rotavirus. Growth depression and increased mortality were observed in turkey poults which fed on the exposed larvae. Exposed larvae which had been surface-sterilized also produced clinical signs of enteritis after consumption by the poults, indicating that pathogens were able to survive within the larvae. This experiment demonstrated the capacity of the larva of the darkling beetle to serve as a mechanical vector for enteric pathogens of turkeys.}, journal={Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, author={Despins, J. L. and Axtell, R. C. and Rives, D. V. and Guy, James and Ficken, M. D.}, year={1994}, pages={61–65} }
 @article{ficken_cummings_wages_1993, title={CEREBRAL ENCEPHALOMALACIA IN COMMERCIAL TURKEYS}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592055}, abstractNote={A flock of 9 1/2-week-old commercial tom turkeys experienced high mortality after consuming a complete feed containing an unidentified toxic substance. Initially, turkeys were found dead. Clinically, the birds were calm and still but became hyperexcitable with noise. A small percentage of birds exhibited torticollis, opisthotonos, circling, ataxia, and blindness. Findings at necropsy and upon microscopic examination were bilaterally symmetrical areas of necrosis of the cerebral hemispheres in the area of the neostriatum that were well demarcated from the surrounding normal neuropil. A feeding trial with the suspect feed in twelve 4-week-old turkey hens induced clinical disease and gross and microscopic brain changes similar to those observed in the field case. Analyses for the following substances in the suspect feed were either negative or within acceptable limits: salt, selenium, furazolidone, monensin, amprolium, 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin, fumonisin, organophosphates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and carbamates. The toxic component of the feed remains unidentified.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={FICKEN, MD and CUMMINGS, TS and WAGES, DP}, year={1993}, pages={917–922} }
 @article{ficken_wages_guy_quinn_emory_1993, title={High Mortality of Domestic Turkeys Associated with Highlands J Virus and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Infections}, volume={37}, ISSN={0005-2086}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591693}, DOI={10.2307/1591693}, abstractNote={High mortality occurred in two flocks of commercial turkey hens placed in southern North Carolina in fall 1991. Daily mortality peaked at 3.19% in Flock 1 and 3.79% in Flock 2. Clinical signs included restlessness, somnolence, vocalization, and acute death. Gross lesions included atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, and watery intestinal contents. Microscopic changes included moderate to marked lymphocyte necrosis and depletion in the bursa, thymus, and spleen, widely scattered necrosis of pancreatic acinar cells, and mild villous atrophy and fusion in the jejunum and ileum with cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells covering the villous tips. In Flock 1, at 27 days of age, reovirus and picornavirus particles were detected in the feces. One week later, togavirus-like particles were observed in fecal contents, and two of seven serum samples showed seroconversion to Highlands J virus. Eleven days later, five of six serum samples were positive for antibodies against Highlands J virus, with a fourfold increase in the geometric mean titer. In Flock 2, seroconversion to eastern equine encephalitis virus was observed in four of 10 serum samples 11 days after the onset of clinical signs. Based on the above observations, it is suspected that these alphaviruses were the cause of the clinical syndrome.}, number={2}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Ficken, M. D. and Wages, D. P. and Guy, J. S. and Quinn, J. A. and Emory, W. H.}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={585} }
 @article{ficken_barnes_avakian_carver_1992, title={VACCINATION OF TURKEYS WITH CELL-FREE CULTURE FILTRATE OF PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA - EFFECTS OF DILUTION, IRON CHELATION, AND HETEROLOGOUS CHALLENGE}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1591558}, abstractNote={Two experiments were done to further define cell-free culture filtrate (CCF) from Pasteurella multocida and its endotoxin content in protecting turkeys against challenge. In the first experiment, the greater-than-30,000-molecular-weight fraction of P. multocida strain R44/6 (serotype 3/4/9/12) CCF was used in 10-fold dilutions given by air-sac inoculation or aerosol to vaccinate turkeys, which were subsequently challenged with either homologous (P-1059, serotype 3) or heterologous (X-73, serotype 1) strains. Endotoxin content of the CCF fraction was high. Compared with positive controls given either live Clemson University vaccine or a commercial bacterin, homologous protection was provided by undiluted CCF and 1:10 dilutions of CCF, but there was no heterologous protection. In the second experiment, CCF of strain R44/6 in regular and iron-limiting media and CCF of strain FC127B (serotype 1/4) were used alone or in combination to vaccinate turkeys, which were challenged as in the first experiment. Homologous but not heterologous protection occurred, even though growth of strain R44/6 in iron-limiting media reduced endotoxin content of CCF by approximately 93%. These results indicate that endotoxin levels of less than 10% but greater than 1% of those in CCF from regular media are sufficient to induce protection in turkeys against homologous challenge but that CCF from either regular or iron-limiting medium does not provide protection against heterologous challenge.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={FICKEN, MD and BARNES, HJ and AVAKIAN, AP and CARVER, DK}, year={1992}, pages={975–985} }
 @article{ficken_barnes_qureshi_1991, title={ACUTE AIRSACCULITIS IN TURKEYS INOCULATED WITH CELL-FREE CULTURE FILTRATE OF PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0300-9858"]}, DOI={10.1177/030098589102800107}, abstractNote={ Twenty-six female and 26 male turkeys, inoculated into the caudal thoracic air sacs with cell-free culture nitrate of Pasteurella multocida strain R44/6, were examined from 0 to 6 hours post-inoculation and compared with 26 female and 26 male sham-inoculated control turkeys given brain-heart-infusion broth. The air sac reacted rapidly with exudation of heterophils. Microscopically, low numbers of heterophils were present within air sac blood vessels and also perivascularly by 0.5 hour after inoculation. These became more numerous by 1.5 and 3 hours post-inoculation. By 6 hours post-inoculation, there was severe swelling of air sac epithelial and mesothelial cells and thickening of the air sac by proteinaceous fluid and heterophils. Ultrastructurally, mesothelial and air sac epithelial cells were vacuolated, and interdigitating processes of epithelial cells were separated. Microscopically, in control turkeys, rare heterophils were present perivascularly at 1.5, 3, and 6 hours after inoculation. Ultrastructurally, all features were normal. In turkeys given cell-free culture filtrate, total cell counts in air sac lavage fluids increased markedly by 3 hours post-inoculation in which heterophils predominated (>97%). There were only slight increases in cell counts of air sac lavages from control turkeys. The circulating blood heterophil cell count dropped transiently at 1.5 hours post-inoculation, followed by a return to normal 3 hours after inoculation, and by heterophilia by 6 hours post-inoculation in turkeys given either cell-free culture filtrate or brain-heart-infusion broth. These results indicate cell-free culture filtrate of P. multocida induces hematologic, cytologic, and morphologic changes indistinguishable from those induced by cultures of P. multocida. }, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={FICKEN, MD and BARNES, HJ and QURESHI, MA}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={46–54} }
 @article{ficken_nasisse_boggan_guy_wages_witter_rosenberger_nordgren_1991, title={Marek's disease virus isolates with unusual tropism and virulence for ocular tissues: Clinical findings, challenge studies and pathological features}, volume={20}, ISSN={0307-9457 1465-3338}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459108418784}, DOI={10.1080/03079459108418784}, abstractNote={Outbreaks of Marek's disease (MD) were diagnosed in two flocks from the same company. Clinical signs, mainly blindness (>90%), but also depression, mild paralysis, and 11 to 12% mortality by 20 weeks of age were observed. MD virus, serotype 1 was isolated. The isolates were designated NC-1 (flock 1) and NC-2 (flock 2). Challenge experiments were conducted with these isolates and with two reference MD virus strains (JM/102W and Md5) in unvaccinated, turkey herpesvirus- (HVT) vaccinated and bivalent- (HVT and SB-1) vaccinated chickens. Blindness, gross ocular lesions and tumour formation were observed in a high proportion of all groups challenged with NC-1 and NC-2 when compared with chickens challenged with JM/102W and Md5. In chickens challenged with isolates NC-1 and NC-2, corneal changes included oedema, midstromal cellular infiltration consisting of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and lesser numbers of heterophils, collagen degeneration and keratic precipitates consisting primarily of macrophages covering the central endothelium. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were present in mononuclear cells infiltrating the cornea. Changes in the uveal tract consisted of inflammatory cell infiltrates similar to those present in the cornea. Retinal lesions included disruption of the retinal pigmented epithelium, inflammatory cell infiltration in the subretinal space, photoreceptor degeneration and in severely affected eyes, necrosis of retinal cellular elements. Pecten changes consisted of necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were abundantly present in cells of the retina's ganglion and inner nuclear cell layers. The unusual clinical manifestation of MD, the unusual tropism and virulence of NC-1 and NC-2 for ocular tissues and the incomplete protection afforded by conventional vaccination suggest that these isolates may be new pathotypes.}, number={3}, journal={Avian Pathology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Ficken, M. D. and Nasisse, M. P. and Boggan, G. D. and Guy, J. S. and Wages, D. P. and Witter, R. L. and Rosenberger, J. K. and Nordgren, R. M.}, year={1991}, month={Sep}, pages={461–474} }
 @article{ficken_barnes_qureshi_1991, title={VACCINATION OF TURKEYS WITH CELL-FREE CULTURE FILTRATE OF PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.2307/1591304}, abstractNote={Turkeys given cell-free culture filtrate (CCF) of Pasteurella multocida strain R44/6 orally, via air sacs, or subcutaneously mixed 1:1 with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) at 6 and 9.5 weeks of age were compared with negative controls given bacteriologic medium and positive controls vaccinated with a commercial bacterin. At 13 weeks of age, serum antibody titers to P. multocida were detectable only in turkeys given CCF in IFA (low titers) and positive control turkeys (high titers), at which time turkeys were challenged orally with either the homologous strain or strain P-1059. Protection against challenge with strain R44/6 was provided by the commercial bacterin, CCF in IFA, and CCF given via air sacs. When turkeys were challenged with strain P-1059, protection was superior in turkeys given CCF via air sacs, intermediate in turkeys given commercial bacterin or CCF in IFA, and absent in negative control turkeys and turkeys given CCF orally. These results indicate CCF is an effective immunogen when administered via the lower respiratory tract for protecting turkeys against pasteurellosis.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={FICKEN, MD and BARNES, HJ and QURESHI, MA}, year={1991}, pages={126–134} }
 @article{ficken_barnes_1990, title={Acute airsacculitis in turkeys inoculated with phorbol myristate acetate}, volume={51}, number={6}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Ficken, M. D. and Barnes, H. J.}, year={1990}, pages={958} }