@article{zhirnov_lizzul-rinne_wojak_sanwald_hren_2001, title={"Standardization" of field emission measurements}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1071-1023"]}, DOI={10.1116/1.1342006}, abstractNote={Interest in field emission and field emission devices has been renewed in the last 5 yr. This increase has been due to work on several new materials systems, which have shown promising field emission (FE) behavior. In turn, this interest gives impetus to the search for new FE sources. In order to move the technology ahead at a faster pace, there is a need for common ground rules and a “standardization” of the data reported so that it can be compared directly in a meaningful way and thereby accelerate the development process. In this article key factors affecting the FE data will be discussed and several parameters are suggested to initiate the process of developing a set of “standardized” FE parameters. A correct, or at least consistent, determination of characteristics such as work function, emission area, and field enhancement form the basis for developing a framework to make meaningful comparisons between different sets of data.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B}, author={Zhirnov, VV and Lizzul-Rinne, C and Wojak, GJ and Sanwald, RC and Hren, JJ}, year={2001}, pages={87–93} }
 @article{zhirnov_lizzul-rinne_wojak_sanwald_cuomo_hren_2001, title={Optimizing high-current yields from diamond coated field emitters}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1071-1023"]}, DOI={10.1116/1.1340009}, abstractNote={The data for the maximum emission currents from needle-shaped emitters with differing diamond coatings were empirically analyzed. The coatings studied were chemical vapor deposition diamond, natural diamond, and nanodiamond. Two parameters were chosen to characterize the emissive properties: (1) the dependence of the maximum current (Imax) on the coating thickness (D), i.e., I(D)=ΔImax/ΔD, and (2) the dependence of the threshold voltage Vth on [(D);ΔVth/ΔD]. The dependence of Imax(D) and Imax/Vmax(D) were determined from the experimental data for the three different diamond coatings. The maximum current Imax is very different for these three different coatings and is also a function of the coating thickness, D. Both the maximum current and the transconductance of field emission tips can be increased significantly by diamond coatings. A strong, nearly linear, dependence of Imax on diamond thickness was found. An empirical estimate of the thermal conductivity of nanodiamond, based on the field emission data, gave 2.71 W/cm K. The maximum current output from multitip arrays was also analyzed and an optimization procedure was devised that suggested a route to “engineered coatings.”}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B}, author={Zhirnov, VV and Lizzul-Rinne, C and Wojak, GJ and Sanwald, RC and Cuomo, JJ and Hren, JJ}, year={2001}, pages={17–22} }
 @article{hren_zhirnov_sitar_wojak_2000, title={Characterization of dielectrics on the 'tips of needles'}, volume={30}, number={4}, journal={Electrochemistry}, author={Hren, J. J. and Zhirnov, V. V. and Sitar, Z. and Wojak, G.}, year={2000}, pages={210–215} }
 @article{kang_zhirnov_wojak_preble_choi_hren_cuomo_1999, title={Investigation of thickness effects on AlN coated metal tips by in situ I-V measurement}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1071-1023"]}, DOI={10.1116/1.590608}, abstractNote={The effects of the aluminum nitride coating thickness on molybdenum emitter tips were investigated by an in situ I–V measurement technique inside a typical magnetron sputtering system. AlN was deposited on Mo tips using a dc-modulated 1 kW power source at 200 °C. Each I/V measurement was carried out immediately following a 15 s AlN deposition. Significantly improved field emission was observed as well as a strong emission thickness dependence, which we attribute to the influence of space charge.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B}, author={Kang, DH and Zhirnov, VV and Wojak, GJ and Preble, EA and Choi, WB and Hren, JJ and Cuomo, JJ}, year={1999}, pages={632–634} }
 @article{choi_schlesser_wojak_cuomo_sitar_hren_1998, title={Electron energy distribution of diamond-coated field emitters}, volume={16}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. B, Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures}, author={Choi, W. B. and Schlesser, R. and Wojak, G. and Cuomo, J. J. and Sitar, Z. and Hren, J. J.}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={716–719} }
 @article{zhirnov_liu_wojak_cuomo_hren_1998, title={Environmental effect on the electron emission from diamond surfaces}, volume={16}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. B, Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures}, author={Zhirnov, V. V. and Liu, J. and Wojak, G. J. and Cuomo, J. J. and Hren, J. J.}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={1188–1193} }
 @article{zhirnov_wojak_choi_cuomo_hren_1997, title={Wide band gap materials for field emission devices}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1520-8559"]}, DOI={10.1116/1.580929}, abstractNote={An analysis of wide band gap materials from the point of view of their application in cold emission devices is presented, and criteria of material choice for device application are discussed. Not only material but also technological parameters are taken into consideration. Among the material parameters, the following were found to be the most important; electron affinity, dielectric constant, thermal conductivity, melting point, chemical and physical robustness. The major technological parameter is compatibility of the material deposition process with commercially available facilities and other steps of cathode fabrication. It was shown that wide band gap materials are most effective for emission if deposited on sharp conductive tips. Experimental results from diamond, AlN, c-BN, and SiO2 field emitters are presented and some possible mechanisms explaining their I–V characteristics are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A}, author={Zhirnov, VV and Wojak, GJ and Choi, WB and Cuomo, JJ and Hren, JJ}, year={1997}, pages={1733–1738} }