@article{osmond_shober_sharpley_duncan_hoag_2019, title={Increasing the Effectiveness and Adoption of Agricultural Phosphorus Management Strategies to Minimize Water Quality Impairment}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2019.03.0114}, abstractNote={Phosphorus (P) is essential for optimum agricultural production, but it also causes water quality degradation when lost through erosion (sediment‐attached P), runoff (soluble reactive P; SRP), or leaching (sediment‐attached P or SRP). Implementation of conservation practices (CP) affects P at the source (avoiding), during transport (controlling), or at the water resource edge (trapping). Trade‐offs often occur with CP implementation. For instance, multiple researchers have shown that conservation tillage reduces total P by over 50%, while increasing SRP by upward of 40%. Conservation tillage may increase water quality degradation as SRP is more bioavailable than is particulate P. Conservation practices must be implemented as a system of practices to increase redundancy and to address all loss pathways, such as P management with conservation tillage and a riparian buffer. Further, planning and adoption must be at a watershed scale to ensure practices are placed in critical source areas, thereby providing the most treatment for the least price. Farmers must be involved in watershed planning, which should include financial backstopping and educational outreach. It is imperative that CPs be used more effectively to reduce and retard off‐site P losses. New and innovative CPs are needed to improve control of P leaching, address legacy stores of soil test P, and mitigate increased P losses expected with climate change. Without immediate changes to CP implementation, P losses will increase due to climate change, with a concomitant degradation of water quality. These changes must be made at a watershed scale and in an intentional and transparent manner.Core Ideas
Phosphorus‐reducing conservation practices must control all P pathways.
Phosphorus‐reducing conservation practices must be utilized as systems.
New and innovative conservation practices are needed to improve control of P.
Farmer decision‐making must be considered when implementing conservation practices.
Watershed planning and conservation practice implementation must be intentional.
}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Osmond, D. L. and Shober, A. L. and Sharpley, A. N. and Duncan, E. W. and Hoag, D. L. K.}, year={2019}, pages={1204–1217} }
 @article{hoag_babcock_foster_1993, title={FIELD-LEVEL MEASUREMENT OF LAND PRODUCTIVITY AND PROGRAM SLIPPAGE}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1467-8276"]}, DOI={10.2307/1242966}, abstractNote={AbstractWe measure the significance of heterogeneous land quality in determining the efficacy of commodity program acreage reduction requirements in reducing farm output. Field‐level analysis isolates the influence of land productivity from other factors to gauge the importance of the land decisions on slippage. Results from six North Carolina counties for 1985–88 show that yield increases from the diversion of low‐quality land by individual farmers contribute relatively little to aggregate increases in average yield. The results are consistent with other studies finding that slippage is a result of interregional effects rather than of intraregional or intrafarm effects.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={HOAG, DL and BABCOCK, BA and FOSTER, WE}, year={1993}, month={Feb}, pages={181–189} }
 @article{hoag_holloway_1991, title={FARM PRODUCTION DECISIONS UNDER CROSS AND CONSERVATION COMPLIANCE}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.2307/1242894}, abstractNote={AbstractThe success of soil conservation compliance (CC) hinges on participation in commodity programs. Using mixed integer programming, the profitability of participation in commodity programs was examined on seventeen surveyed North Carolina farms. Without CC, cross compliance in commodity programs increased projected soil erosion by over 80% when participation increased from 30% to nearly 90%. With CC, erosion fell by two‐thirds at the high participation level but decreased by only 1% with low participation. Individual farm acreage base and crop yield strongly affected the profitability of CC. Compliance is increasingly profitable on farms with more base acreage and higher yields.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={HOAG, DL and HOLLOWAY, HA}, year={1991}, month={Feb}, pages={184–193} }
 @article{hoag_jack_1990, title={Low-input farming systems under conservation compliance}, volume={45}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Soil & Water Conservation}, author={Hoag, D. L. and Jack, K. E.}, year={1990}, pages={71} }
 @article{hoag_1989, title={Budget Planner: User-oriented whole-farm budgeting software}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1017/s0081305200001035}, abstractNote={AbstractBudget Planner is a whole-farm or enterprise budgeting software program that is simple to use for farmers, extension agents, and other budgeters who are sometimes inexperienced, but that also provides the detail necessary to be accurate. Program defaults eliminate repetitive questions that change little from budget to budget. Defaults can be temporarily overridden, or they can be permanently changed with a detailed modify program. The program leads a user through a sequence similar to that a producer might utilize. Input forms were created to enlarge the user clientele and eventually increase computer use by farmers and extension agents.}, number={1}, journal={Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics}, author={Hoag, D. L.}, year={1989}, pages={163} }
 @article{hoag_young_1985, title={Toward effective land retirement legislation}, volume={33}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Soil & Water Conservation}, author={Hoag, D. L. and Young, D. L.}, year={1985}, pages={462} }