@article{karandin.mg_axtell_1974, title={AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN RATE OF OVIPOSITION OF 3 SPECIES OF HIPPELATES (DIPTERA-CHLOROPIDAE) EYE GNATS - EXPERIMENTAL AND MATHEMATICAL-ANALYSIS}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/67.4.669}, abstractNote={The mean number of eggs laid per female in cohorts of Hippelates pusio Loew, H. bishoppi Sabrosky, and H. pallipes (Loew) were 120.9, 76.7, and 59.8, respectively. Insects of the 3 species deprived of proteinaceous diet 7 h after their emergence and given only 10% sucrose solution laid only 16.7, 16.8, and 15.9 eggs per female, respectively. Shorter adult life spans and lower daily rates of egg laying contributed to the observed reduction.

The daily oviposition rate increased rapidly during the first 5–7 days of cohort's age and declined gradually afterwards. Gamma distribution functions described the data. This common type of oviposition trend was shown to be an artifact of pooling the records from different females having large variance in preovipositional time.

Individual records from 45 pairs of H. pusio revealed oviposition occurred in distinct gonotrophic cycles. The mean number of eggs per live female declined exponentially with the physiological age of females. The mean number of gonotrophic cycles per female was 9.93, with a mean gonotrophic cycle length of 3.23 days. An indirect probabilistic method was developed for estimating the duration of the oviposition phase of a gonotrophic cycle. The greater the number of eggs per batch, the longer the oviposition phase, with an asymptote of approximately 11 h.}, number={4}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={KARANDIN.MG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1974}, pages={669–677} }
 @article{karandinos_axtell_1972, title={AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN FERTILITY OF HIPPELATES-PUSIO, H-BISHOPPI, AND H-PALLIPES (DIPTERA-CHLOROPIDAE)}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/65.5.1092}, abstractNote={The age-related changes in the fertility (measured by egg hatchability) of Hippelates pusio Loew, H. bishoppi Sabrosky, and H. pallipes (Loew) adults were determined in laboratory experiments. The hatchability of H. pusio eggs at 27°C was not affected by parental age, that of H. bishoppi decreased linearly only with maternal age, and that of H. pallipes seemed to decline with the age of both parents. Egg hatchability of all 3 species declined rapidly when females were deprived of males. The decline was more rapid in H. bishoppi and H. pallipes than in H. pusio . At least one copulation for each gonotrophic cycle was required for females to maintain sufficient viable sperm to fertilize all of their viable eggs. Males of the 3 species, at 27°C, produced viable sperm throughout their lives.

At 33°C, the adults of H. pallipes deposited eggs with much lower hatchabiiity than at 27°C. The difference in hatchability of H. pusio eggs was less extreme but was significantly lower at 33°C than at 27°C. At 33°C, H. bishoppi deposited eggs at the beginning of their lives with no significant difference in hatchability from those at 27°C. However, over the entire life span the decline in hatchability at 33°C was slightly greater than at 27°C.}, number={5}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={KARANDINOS, MG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1972}, pages={1092-+} }
 @article{karandinos_axtell_1972, title={Population density effects on fecundity of Hippelates pusio Loew (Diptera: Chloropidae)}, volume={9}, journal={Oecologia (Online)}, author={Karandinos, M. G. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1972}, pages={341–348} }
 @article{karandinos_axtell_1967, title={EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON LONGEVITY FECUNDITY AND ACTIVITY OF ADULT HIPPELATES PUSIO H. BISHOPPI AND H. PALLIPES (DIPTERA - CHLOROPIDAE)}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/60.6.1252}, abstractNote={The longevities of adult Hippelates pusio Loew, H. bishoppi Sabrosky, and H. pallipes (Loew) were determined at intervals in the range of 35°–100°F. H. pallipes was generally less tolerant of high temperatures and more tolerant in a narrow range of low temperatures than were H. pusio and H. bishoppi. The maximum mean longevity for both sexes combined was 127 days for H. pusio, 114 days for H. bishoppi, and 107 days for H. pallipes. These maxima were at 55° for the first and third species and 65°F for the second. The order of the longevities of the 3 species in the upper portion of the temperature range (65°–100°F) was H. bishoppi>H. pusio>H. pallipes. At 45°F, H. pallipes survived longer than H. pusio and H. bishoppi. Generally the females of the 3 species lived longer than the males. The 3 species did not appear to differ in their activity at various temperatures. Activity of the adults increased with increasing temperature and maximum activity occurred at 95°F. Activity decreased at 100°F. Oviposition by H. bishoppi and H. pallipes was maximum at 85° and 95°F. H. pusio oviposition was maximum at 85°, 95°, and 100°F. H. pallipes did not lay eggs at as low temperatures as did the other 2 species.}, number={6}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={KARANDINOS, MG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1967}, pages={1252-+} }
 @article{karandinos_axtell_1967, title={TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON IMMATURE STAGES OF HIPPELATES PUSIO H BISHOPPI AND H PALLIPES (DIPTERA - CHLOROPIDAE)}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/60.5.1055}, abstractNote={The percent development of the immature stages of Hippelates pusio Loew, H. bishoppi Sabrosky, and H. pallipes (Loew) was high and independent of temperature in the range of 65°–95°F. The increase in the rate of development was linear and regression equations were determined for egg hatching, pupal development, and adult emergence from eggs added to rearing medium. In general, H. pusio developed well over a wide temperature range, while H. pallipes development was inhibited at the higher temperatures and H. bishoppi development was inhibited at the lower temperatures. At low temperatures, the prolongation of the larval stage was proportionally greater than for the egg and pupal stages. This phenomenon was more pronounced for H. pusio and H. pallipes than for H. bishoppi .

The upper threshold of development for the 3 species was about 105°F. At 55°F, the eggs of H. pusio and H. pallipes hatched but those of H. bishoppi did not. The LT50'S for the eggs were determined for 35°, 45°, and 55°F, and the order of low temperature tolerance was: pallipes > pusio > bishoppi .}, number={5}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={KARANDINOS, MG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1967}, pages={1055-+} }
 @article{karandinos_axtell_1965, title={Temperature responses of Hippelates (Diptera: Chloropidae) eggs}, volume={81}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, author={Karandinos, M. G. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1965}, pages={80–81} }