@article{wilhoit_stinner_axtell_bacheler_mann_1991, title={PARMOD - A SIMULATION-MODEL FOR THE POPULATION-DYNAMICS OF MUSCIDIFURAX SPP AND SPALANGIA SPP (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE), PARASITES OF HOUSE-FLY PUPAE (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/20.5.1418}, abstractNote={The population dynamics of four parasites of house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae, Spalangia endius Walker, S. cameroni Perkins, Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, and M. zaraptor Kogan & Legner, and their host were simulated in a computer model written in the C language. The model incorporates nonlinear temperature-dependent development, effects of host–parasite ratio on host mortality and parasitism, competition between adult parasites, and options for various insecticide, manure removal, and parasite release strategies for fly control. Examples of the results of simulating parasite releases and pesticide applications are presented.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={WILHOIT, LR and STINNER, RE and AXTELL, RC and BACHELER, JE and MANN, JA}, year={1991}, month={Oct}, pages={1418–1426} }
 @article{mann_stinner_axtell_1990, title={PARASITISM OF HOUSE-FLY (MUSCA-DOMESTICA) PUPAE BY 4 SPECIES OF PTEROMALIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) - EFFECTS OF HOST PARASITOID DENSITIES AND HOST DISTRIBUTION}, volume={4}, ISSN={["0269-283X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00433.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  Parasitoid‐induced mortality of house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae and parasitoid progeny emergence by four species of pteromalid parasitoids, Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, M.zaraptor Kogan & Legner, Spalangia earneroni Perkins and S.endius Walker, were determined for a 24 h exposure period using parasitoid: host ratios ranging from 1:2 to 1:50. When the number of parasitoids was held constant (n=5) and the numbers of hosts varied, and when the number of hosts was held constant (n=100) and the number of parasitoids varied, both the number of pupae killed per parasitoid and the number of parasitoid progeny per parasitoid increased with increasing parasitoid:host ratios to reach an upper limit asymptotically. Maximum values were, respectively: M.raptor (14.7, 11.1), M.zaraptor (12.3, 9.3), S.cameroni (16.9, 5.5), S.endius (14.8, 9.7) with no consistent effects attributed to parasitoid interference.}, number={3}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={MANN, JA and STINNER, RE and AXTELL, RC}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={235–243} }
 @article{mann_axtell_stinner_1990, title={TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT AND PARASITISM RATES OF 4 SPECIES OF PTEROMALIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) PARASITOIDS OF HOUSE-FLY (MUSCA-DOMESTICA) PUPAE}, volume={4}, ISSN={["0269-283X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00436.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  Parasitoid development, parasitoid‐induced host mortality and parasitoid progeny emergence were determined at five constant temperatures for Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Spalangia earneroni Perkins and Spalangia endius Walker using pupae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., as hosts. At temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35oC the median development times (days from oviposition to adult emergence), respectively, were M.raptor (28.4, 20.7, 14.3, 14.5), M.zaraptor (30.6, 22.8, 14.1, 14.2), S.cameroni (55.6,35.2, 21.8,25.0) and S.endius (52.4, 31.5,16.3,14.6). All species failed to emerge at 15oC. Using densities of five parasitoids and 100 hosts and a 24 h exposure period, Muscidifurax species oviposited at a greater rate over a wider range of temperatures than Spalangia species. At 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35oC the mean number of pupae killed per parasitoid were, respectively, M.raptor (1.4, 7.4,10.5, 13.7,14.1), M.zaraptor (0.0, 3.3, 8.9,14.4,15.0), S.cameroni (0.0, 7.8, 11.0, 11.9, 7.4), S.endius (0.6, 4.0, 7.5, 12.0, 11.7), and means of the number of parasitoid progeny per parasitoid were, respectively, M.raptor (0.2, 5.2, 7.9, 11.8, 11.6), M.zaraptor (1.3, 4.4, 8.2, 13.0, 13.7), S.cameroni (0.0, 2.4, 4.7, 5.1, 1.0), S.endius (0.0, 0.9, 3.4, 7.5, 4.9). Development and ovipositional activity in S.cameroni was strongly inhibited at 35oC. The model by Sharpe & DeMichele (1977) was used to describe temperature‐dependent development and the number of parasitoid progeny produced per parasitoid at temperatures of 15–30oC in all species.}, number={3}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={MANN, JA and AXTELL, RC and STINNER, RE}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={245–253} }