@article{rock_stinner_bacheler_hull_hogmire_1993, title={PREDICTING GEOGRAPHICAL AND WITHIN-SEASON VARIATION IN MALE FLIGHTS OF 4 FRUIT PESTS}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/22.4.716}, abstractNote={Significant spatial or temporal variability (or both) is shown in the physiological time (degree-days) needed for males of the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.) to complete one generation. For the four insect species at all geographic locations (North Carolina, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Michigan), the degree-day requirement for a generation is significantly smaller if the requirement is measured between the beginning of flight periods rather than between flight peaks. The degree-day requirement per seasonal generation significantly increases from spring to autumn for redbanded leafroller and spotted tentiform leafminer. Latitudinal effects on generation time for the tufted apple bud moth and redbanded leafroller show that the insects develop significantly faster and exhibit more synchronized flight periods with increasing latitude. Similar elevational effects are shown for tufted apple bud moth. Laboratory data do not give developmental parameter estimates that yield accurate phenology model predictions for three of the four species, and tufted apple bud moth developmental data from field cage rearings likewise give inaccurate parameter estimates for phenology model predictions. Model predictions of seasonal male flights are most accurate if model developmental parameters are estimated from monitoring field populations and these parameters are specific both spatially and temporally.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and STINNER, RE and BACHELER, JE and HULL, LA and HOGMIRE, HW}, year={1993}, month={Aug}, pages={716–725} }
 @article{rock_mcclain_1990, title={EFFECTS OF CONSTANT PHOTOPERIODS AND TEMPERATURES ON THE HIBERNATING LIFE STAGES OF THE SAN-JOSE SCALE (HOMOPTERA, DIASPIDIDAE) IN NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-25.4.615}, abstractNote={The black cap phase of the first instar nymph accounted for about 85% of the hibernating life stages of San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus (Comstock), in a North Carolina apple orchard and this status persisted with little change during the coldest winter months. Small numbers of all other life stages also hibernated. Development and survival of scale insects, which were field collected from November to February and placed under long and short daylengths at constant 20°C, did not appear to be affected by daylength. This information, plus evidence that diapause was not induced by long and short daylengths at constant 15 and 20°C, indicates that San Jose scale hibernates in a nondiapause state of dormancy and the dormancy is temperature dependent.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={ROCK, GC and MCCLAIN, DC}, year={1990}, month={Oct}, pages={615–621} }
 @article{rock_stinner_1990, title={INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE OVIPOSITIONAL BIOLOGY OF THE REDBANDED LEAFROLLER AND TUFTED APPLE BUD MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE)}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-25.2.277}, abstractNote={Effects of constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C on the preoviposition period and the effects of a constant 25°C on oviposition, fecundity, and longevity of the redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), were investigated. Oviposition did not occur at 35°C for either species and only the redbanded leafroller oviposited at 10°C. The threshold for oviposition for RBLR was calculated to be 8.7°C with 29.4 DD necessary for oviposition, while the oviposition threshold for TABM was calculated to be 10.5°C with 33.5 DD needed for oviposition. The mean oviposition periods for the two species did not differ; however, tufted apple bud moth longevity was significantly greater at 25°C. Fecundity was greater for the tufted apple bud moth (301 eggs/female) than for the redbanded leafroller (221 eggs/female).}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={ROCK, GC and STINNER, RE}, year={1990}, month={Apr}, pages={277–283} }
 @article{rock_1985, title={SENSITIVITY OF TUFTED APPLE BUDMOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) LARVAL INSTARS TO PHOTOPERIODIC INDUCTION OF DIAPAUSE AT 21C}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-20.2.143}, abstractNote={An examination of the sensitivity of the tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), larval instars to a diapause-inducing photoperiod at a constant 21C revealed that maximum expression of diapause occurred only when all five instars were exposed to a short daylength. No intermediate instar was found in which the developmental program could be switched from a diapause to a non-diapause one, or vice versa.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={ROCK, GC}, year={1985}, pages={143–145} }
 @article{rock_1985, title={THE ESSENTIAL DIETARY FATTY-ACID REQUIREMENT OF THE TUFTED APPLE BUDMOTH, PLATYNOTA-IDAEUSALIS}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0022-1910"]}, DOI={10.1016/0022-1910(85)90035-6}, abstractNote={The tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), was reared non-axenically for two successive generations on a casein-based semisynthetic diet. The qualitative essential fatty acid requirement for growth, development and normal pupal-adult ecdysis was studied using the non-axenic casein-based semisynthetic diets with and without various 99% pure fatty acids. Linoleic or linolenic acids caused accelerated larval development; linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids showed similar activity in body weight gain and survival to pupal-adult ecdysis. Linoleic or linolenic acids were active in alleviating wing deformities; arachidonic acid was partially active in alleviating wing deformities at the one dietary concentration evaluated. Activity of arachidonic acid as an essential fatty acid for P. idaeusalis is unique among insects, except for mosquitoes. The essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome of the adult, resulting from the larvae feeding on fat-deficient diets, was greatly reduced when larvae were fed on a diet adequate in essential fatty acid during either their early or late development.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC}, year={1985}, pages={9–13} }
 @article{rock_1985, title={THERMAL AND THERMOPERIODIC EFFECTS ON LARVAL AND PUPAL DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL IN TUFTED APPLE BUD MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/14.5.637}, abstractNote={Effects of constant temperatures and thermoperiods on larval and pupal development and survival were investigated in the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker). Development and survival were either the same, decreased, or increased under thermoperiods as compared to mean temperatures depending upon the temperature regime tested. Development and survival at 12-h fluctuating temperatures between 20 and 33°C were the same as mean constant temperatures of 24 and 27°C. Fluctuating temperatures with thermophases >33°C decreased development time and survival as compared to thermophases ≤33°C. Cool fluctuating temperatures increased development rate and survival relative to mean constant low temperatures of 13 and 18°C and they also permitted development and survival to occur at thermal levels below the lower development threshold as calculated by constant temperatures.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC}, year={1985}, pages={637–640} }
 @article{rock_shaffer_1983, title={DEVELOPMENTAL RATES OF CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, OLETHREUTIDAE) REARED ON APPLE AT 4 CONSTANT TEMPERATURES}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/12.3.831}, abstractNote={Developmental and survival rates of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), on apples were determined at constant temperatures of 16, 21,27, and 32 ± 1°C by using F1 progeny of moths collected in a North Carolina apple orchard. Survival rate was greatest at 21°C (46.7%) but did not differ significantly among the temperatures. No significant difference in developmental rates between the sexes was found. Developmental rates increased with increasing temperature, and no evidence of a decline or leveling off of the developmental rate vs. temperature curve was shown up to 32°C. By linear regression, the base threshold was shown to be 9.9°C, and 510 day-degrees (C°) was required to complete larval and pupal development. However, the developmental rate vs. temperature curve is quite nonlinear, and thus the day-degree approximation is not very accurate. The use of simplistic models of development to predict the phenology of field populations of codling moth is discussed.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and SHAFFER, PL}, year={1983}, pages={831–834} }
 @article{rock_monroe_1983, title={INTERACTION OF LARVAL AGE AND DIETARY FORMALDEHYDE ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF TUFTED APPLE BUDMOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) TO BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0022-2011"]}, DOI={10.1016/0022-2011(83)90203-3}, abstractNote={Laboratory tests of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (strain HD-1) against Platynota idaeusalis reared on a semisynthetic diet showed that the LC50 values for neonates and 9-day-old larvae showed no significant difference in susceptibility; however, 14-day-old larvae were significantly more susceptible than neonates or 9-day-old larvae. There was no evidence of any interaction between 14-day-old larvae reared on the semisynthetic diets with and without formaldehyde and B. thuringiensis toxicity at any assessment reading. Likewise the toxicity of B. thuringiensis to 14-day-old larvae reared on apple leaves did not differ from the B. thuringiensis toxicity of 14-day-old larvae reared on semisynthetic diets with and without formaldehyde.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and MONROE, RJ}, year={1983}, pages={71–76} }
 @article{rock_1983, title={THERMOPERIODIC EFFECTS ON THE REGULATION OF LARVAL DIAPAUSE IN THE TUFTED APPLE BUDMOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE)}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/12.5.1500}, abstractNote={Combinations of photoperiods and thermoperiods strongly influence the induction of larval diapause in the tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker). Photoperiodic effects may be intensified when the cryophase of the thermoperiod coincides with scotophase of the photoperiod, or the effects may be reduced when the thermophase occurs during scotophase. Photoperiodic and thermoperiodic interactions may be nullified by either a thermoperiod with a high temperature cycle (36:24°C) or a cryophase (15°C) duration of <11 h, even though it coincides with scotophase. Under continuous illumination or darkness, thermoperiods with half cycles of 12 h and 4°C temperature range (23:19°C) to a 16°C temperature range (29:13°C) failed to induce diapause. Larval exposure to one of a series of 26:16°C thermoperiods in which the duration of the cryophase was increased in 2-h increments from 10 to 20 h in continuous darkness showed that thermoperiod under constant darkness does not induce diapause.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC}, year={1983}, pages={1500–1503} }
 @article{rock_shaltout_1983, title={TOXICITIES OF 3 SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS AND SELECTED ORCHARD INSECTICIDES TO THE TUFTED APPLE BUDMOTH, PLATYNOTA-IDEAUSALIS (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE)}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/76.6.1384}, abstractNote={Laboratory tests using residue exposure methods showed that the synthetic pyrethroids permethrin, fenvalerate, and flucythrinate were highly toxic to tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), larvae. Piperonyl butoxide used in conjunction with the pyrethroids showed neither synergistic nor antagonistic action for larvae of P. ideausalis or redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker). Field-laboratory tests with residues of permethrin and 5 nonpyrethroid insecticides showed that chlorpyrifos was the most toxic to neonate and 7-day-old P. idaeusalis larvae. All treatments gave poor larval mortality (≤65%) at 15-day posttreatment assay, and none of the insecticide residues was toxic to the egg. Laboratory tests using residue methods for eight nonpyrethroid insecticides showed chlorpyrifos, azinphosmethyl, and methomyl to be most toxic to 9-day-old P. idaeusalis larvae. Laboratory tests for ovicidal activity of azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, methomyl, and permethrin showed that none of the treatment residues was toxic to the egg and only methomyl was toxic by contact.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and SHALTOUT, AD}, year={1983}, pages={1384–1389} }
 @article{rock_shaffer_1983, title={TUFTED APPLE BUDMOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) - EFFECTS OF CONSTANT DAYLENGTHS AND TEMPERATURES ON LARVAL DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/12.1.71}, abstractNote={Diapausing larvae of a laboratory strain of tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), were reared individually to larval-pupal ecdysis under different constant photoperiods and temperatures. Duration of larval instars 1 to 3 was not increased in diapausing insects (reared under short daylength) relative to nondiapausing larvae (reared under a long daylength), but there was a significant increase in duration of instars 4 and 5. Most of the increase in the number of days to larval-pupal ecdysis in diapausing insects occurred during additional larval instars of extended duration. Insects that diapaused under a 14-h daylength had significantly shorter times to larval-pupal ecdysis than those insects that diapaused under 10-, 11-, or 12-h daylength. At 10-h daylength, diapause duration and number of larval instars decreased with increasing temperature.

Diapausing, field-collected larvae were reared to larval-pupal ecdysis under different photoperiods at 21°C. Diapause termination was spontaneous under both long and short days, and did not require chilling. Diapause duration was much shorter under long daylengths, and decreased under both long and short daylengths with later collection dates from autumn throught winter. Sensitivity to daylength was maintained through the end of winter; long day lengths apparently terminate diapause in the spring in field populations.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and SHAFFER, PL}, year={1983}, pages={71–75} }
 @article{rock_shaffer_shaltout_1983, title={Tufted apple budmoth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Photoperiodic induction of larval diapause and stages sensitive to induction}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1093/ee/12.1.66}, abstractNote={A photoperiodically controlled larval diapause of the short-day, long-day type was identified in tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker). Pupae obtained from diapause and nondiapause larvae reared at 21°C were similar in weight; however, heart rates of diapause larvae were significantly lower than those of nondiapause larvae. Induction of larval diapause was dependent upon both photoperiod and temperature. The critical short-day photoperiod at 21°C was between 1 and 3 h for a Pennsylvania strain. The long-day critical photoperiod at 21°C was ca. 14 h for both Pennsylvania and North Carolina strains. Diapause at a short daylength was averted entirely at 32°C in a Pennsylvania strain. There was no difference in the incidence of diapause in progeny of adults and eggs reared under naturally decreasing short daylengths versus a constant daylength. Sensitivity to a diapause-inducing photoperiod did not occur at any one particular stage in larval development. A maximum of 39% diapause occurred when four of the five larval instars were exposed to a short daylength, and 100% diapause occurred when all five instars were exposed to a short daylength.}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, author={Rock, G. C. and Shaffer, P. L. and Shaltout, A. D.}, year={1983}, pages={66} }
 @article{rock_1979, title={RELATIVE TOXICITY OF 2 SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS TO A PREDATOR AMBLYSEIUS-FALLACIS(ACARIA,PHYTOSEIIDAE) AND ITS PREY TETRANYCHUS-URTICAE(ARACIA,TETRANYCHIDAE)}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/72.2.293}, abstractNote={Laboratory tests showed that the synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin and fenvalerate, were highly toxic to the phytoseiid mite Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) and relatively innocuous to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. These results indicate that the use of permethrin and fenvalerate is detrimental to orchard integrated mite control programs where A. fallacis is the key predator of spider mites.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC}, year={1979}, pages={293–294} }
 @article{rock_childers_kirk_1978, title={INSECTICIDE APPLICATIONS BASED ON CODLEMONE TRAP CATCHES VS AUTOMATIC SCHEDULE TREATMENTS FOR CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA-OLETHREUTIDAE CONTROL IN NORTH-CAROLINA APPLE ORCHARD}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/71.4.650}, abstractNote={During 1973–77, insecticide applications based on a trap catch within an apple orchard of >;2 moths/trap during 2 consecutive wk showed a significant reduction in treatments when compared to an automatic spray schedule for control of Laspeyresia pomonella (L.). The number of postbloom sprays for the automatic spray schedule ranged from 3–11, while the number of sprays for the trap catch program ranged from 3–6. Even with the variability in the number of sprays, the avg percent fruit damage by codling moth was not greater than 1%. Fruit damage by the codling moth was too low to correlate fruit damage with number of sprays. Variability of damage to the fruit by insects other than the codling moth was not associated with number of sprays. Lack of significant association between 3 or more postbloom insecticide sprays and fruit damage by insects indicated 3–4 postbloom sprays in most apple orchards in North Carolina would give economic insect control.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and CHILDERS, CC and KIRK, HJ}, year={1978}, pages={650–653} }
 @article{rock_monroe_yeargan_1976, title={DEMONSTRATION OF A SEX-PHEROMONE IN PREDACEOUS MITE NEOSEIULUS-FALLACIS ACARINA-PHYTOSEIIDAE}, volume={5}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/5.2.264}, abstractNote={Bioassay experiments demonstrated that (♂ Neoseiulus (= Typhlodromus ) fallacis (Garman) (Family: Phytoseiidae) displays behavioral responses to a chemical substance (pheromone) in ether extracts of females. A 3-choice design experiment showed that ether extracts of males do not contain chemicals attractive or repellent to males.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and MONROE, RJ and YEARGAN, DR}, year={1976}, pages={264–266} }
 @article{rock_waynick_1975, title={Infestation of apple by the variegated cutworm}, volume={68}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Rock, G. C. and Waynick, H. L.}, year={1975}, pages={277} }
 @article{rock_khan_hodgson_1975, title={NUTRITIONAL-VALUE OF 7 D-AMINO ACIDS AND ALPHA-KETOACIDS FOR ARGYROTAENIA-VELUTINANA, HELIOTHIS-ZEA, AND PHORMIA-REGINA}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0022-1910"]}, DOI={10.1016/0022-1910(75)90172-9}, abstractNote={The d-isomers of methionine, phenylalanine, and histidine were the only d-isomers which replaced their l-enantiomeric forms to some extent in the diets for Argyrotaenia velutinana and Heliothis zea. In addition to these 3 d-isomers Phormia regina could utilize d-leucine and d-tryptophan. None of the α-ketoacids could be utilized by A. velutinana and H. zea. P. regina could utilize the α-ketoacids of leucine and methionine.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and KHAN, A and HODGSON, E}, year={1975}, pages={693–703} }
 @article{rock_sharma_1974, title={COMPARISON OF NUTRITIVE VALUES OF CARBOHYDRATES TO ARGYROTAENIA-VELUTINANA}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0013-8746"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/67.3.391}, abstractNote={When carbohydrate was omitted from the diet of the redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), the larvae died during the first stadium. The optimum level of glucose and fructose was approximately 0.1 M and was about 0.05 M for sucrose. Adequate larval growth and survival were not obtained when larvae were fed carbohydrate only during the first 2 stadia. The utilizability of 41 different carbohydrates or related substances was tested. Triose, pentose, deoxy or amino sugar were not utilized or were poorly utilized. Except for sorbose, cellulose, corn starch, inulin, polygalacturonic acid, chitin, chondroitin sulfate, agar, dulcitol and glycerol, all hexoses, dissaccharides, trisaccharides, polysaccharides, and sugar alcohols tested were utilized to an appreciable extent.}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={ROCK, GC and SHARMA, GK}, year={1974}, pages={391–393} }
 @article{rock_yeargan_1974, title={FLIGHT ACTIVITY AND POPULATION ESTIMATES OF 4 APPLE INSECT SPECIES AS DETERMINED BY PHEROMONE TRAPS}, volume={3}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/3.3.508}, abstractNote={Traps baited with synthetic sex pheromones were used in one unsprayed orchard and 6 sprayed orchards in 1971–3 to monitor the seasonal flight of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busch) in North Carolina. Seasonal flight of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was monitored using visually attractant traps baited with olfactory attractants. There were 3 moth-catch peaks for the 3 moths studied and one flight period for the apple maggot. Of the total insects captured, 99% of the apple maggot, 71% of the codling moth, 30% of the oriental fruit moth, and 13% of the redbanded leafroller were captured at trap sites in the unsprayed orchard. The sprayed orchards received only 3 early season insecticide sprays for control of the 4 insects studied. In the sprayed orchards, the average weekly codling moth, oriental fruit moth, and apple maggot capture per trap site was less than one. The average weekly redbanded leafroller capture per trap site exceeded 2 only 3 times during the 3-year study.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and YEARGAN, DR}, year={1974}, pages={508–510} }
 @article{rock_zeiger_1974, title={WOOLLY APPLE APHID INFESTS MALLING AND MALLING-MERTON ROOTSTOCKS IN PROPAGATION BEDS IN NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/67.1.137a}, abstractNote={Journal Article Woolly Apple Aphid Infests Malling and Malling-Merton Rootstocks in Propagation Beds in North Carolina Get access George C. Rock, George C. Rock North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Donald C. Zeiger Donald C. Zeiger North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 67, Issue 1, 1 February 1974, Pages 137–138, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/67.1.137a Published: 24 September 2014 Article history Received: 17 August 1973 Published: 24 September 2014}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and ZEIGER, DC}, year={1974}, pages={137–138} }
 @article{rock_yeargan_1973, title={TOXICITY OF APPLE ORCHARD HERBICIDES AND GROWTH-REGULATING CHEMICALS TO NEOSEIULUS-FALLACIS AND TWOSPOTTED SPIDER-MITE}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/66.6.1342a}, abstractNote={Journal Article Toxicity of Apple Orchard Herbicides and Growth-Regulating Chemicals to Neoseiulus fallacis and Twospotted Spider Mite Get access George C. Rock, George C. Rock Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Daniel R. Yeargan Daniel R. Yeargan Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 66, Issue 6, 1 December 1973, Pages 1342–1343, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/66.6.1342a Published: 01 December 1973 Article history Received: 23 July 1973 Published: 01 December 1973}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and YEARGAN, DR}, year={1973}, pages={1342–1343} }
 @article{rock_ligon_hodgson_1973, title={UTILIZATION OF METHIONINE ANALOGS BY ARGYROTAENIA-VELUTINANA LEPIDOPTERA-TORTRICIDAE LARVAE}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0013-8746"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/66.1.177}, abstractNote={Methionine analogues, in lieu of methionine, were evaluated as to their effect on growth and survival of the redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), using chemically defined diets and axenic conditions. Utilization of L-methionine-ethyl ester HCl was equal to methionine, considering both growth and survival. L-methionine sulfoxide and L-methionine-D-hydroxy analogue (Ca) on an equal sulfur basis with methionine were utilized about 80 and 60%, respectively. L-ethionine, L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine, L-methionine sulfone, and seleno-DL-methionine were not utilized. The analogues not utilized in lieu of methionine were further tested by adding the analogues individually to diets containing a suboptimal level of methionine. Results showed that L-ethionine had no appreciable effect, either stimulatory or inhibitory, on growth and survival, L-methionine sulfone had a slight inhibitory effect, and L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine and seleno-DL-methionine were toxic.}, number={1}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={ROCK, GC and LIGON, BG and HODGSON, E}, year={1973}, pages={177–179} }
 @article{rock_yeargan_1972, title={LABORATORY STUDIES ON TOXICITY OF DINOCAP TO NEOSEIULUS-FALLACIS ACARINA-PHTOSEIIDAE AND ITS PREY}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/65.3.932}, abstractNote={Journal Article Laboratory Studies on Toxicity of Dinocap to Neoseiulus fallacis and Its Prey Get access George C. Rock, George C. Rock Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ray D. Yeargan Ray D. Yeargan Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 65, Issue 3, 1 June 1972, Pages 932–933, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/65.3.932 Published: 01 June 1972 Article history Received: 24 September 1971 Published: 01 June 1972}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and YEARGAN, DR}, year={1972}, pages={932-+} }
 @article{rock_yeargan_rabb_1971, title={DIAPAUSE IN PHYTOSEIID MITE, NEOSEIULUS-(T)-FALLACIS}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0022-1910"]}, DOI={10.1016/0022-1910(71)90060-6}, abstractNote={Female Neoseiulus (Typhlodromus) fallacis exhibited an adult reproductive diapause. Induction of diapause was dependent upon both photoperiod and temperature. The critical photoperiod at 15·6°C occurred between 11·75 and 12·0 hr light/day for a strain collected at Brunswick, New Jersey and reared in the laboratory under long light periods for ca. 2 years prior to testing. When the F1 progeny of a strain collected at Wilkesboro, North Carolina was reared under a 11·75 hr light/day, 15·6°C régime along with the New Brunswick strain the photoperiodic response of the two strains was similar. Further studies with the New Jersey strain showed that the incidence of diapause at a short light period was averted entirely at 26·7°C. Little difference was shown in the developmental rates of mites under a short and long light period. Diapause duration was reduced at 15·6°C by exposure to a long light period. When held constantly at a short light period, an increase in temperature from 21·1 to 26·7°C reduced the duration of diapause. This reduction may reflect an effect of temperature on diapause termination as well as post-diapause development. Although diapause termination was influenced by both photoperiod and temperature, it occurred eventually under all experimental conditions, including those initiating diapause. There was no significant parental effect on the incidence of diapause in F1 and F2 progeny of adults reared under either a short or long light period. However, parental preconditioning did alter diapause intensity. When parents and offspring experienced a short light period, the resulting diapause duration was significantly longer than when parents experienced a long light period and the offspring experienced a short light period.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and YEARGAN, DR and RABB, RL}, year={1971}, pages={1651-&} }
 @article{rock_hodgson_1971, title={DIETARY AMINO REQUIREMENTS FOR HELIOTHIS-ZEA DETERMINED BY DIETARY DELETION AND RADIOMETRIC TECHNIQUES}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0022-1910"]}, DOI={10.1016/0022-1910(71)90012-6}, abstractNote={Feeding tests using a diet containing 18 allo free, l-amino acids as the major source of nitrogen showed that valine, leucine, lysine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and methionine were indispensable for larval growth. Although larval growth rates, pupal weights, and survival to the pupal and adult stages on the amino acid diet were comparable to those obtained on a casein-wheat germ diet, most adults reared on the amino acid diet showed wing and/or body deformities. To verify further the larval dietary amino acid requirements, amino acid synthesis from glucose-U-14C was investigated. Fourth instar larvae were reared on a synthetic diet containing glucose-U-14C and the specific activities of the individual amino acids isolated from the whole carcass and from the protein extracted from the carcass were determined. The results of the radiometric study agreed with those obtained from feeding tests in that the radioactive carbon incorporated into the carbon chain of valine, leucine, lysine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, threonine, and methionine showed sufficiently low 14C activity that they could be classified as indispensable nutrients. The relatively high labelling in aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine, alanine, and cysteine indicated that the insect is capable of synthesizing these amino acids from glucose. Results of the radiometric study were inconclusive regarding the dietary need for phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan: however, feeding studies showed the phenylalanine and tryptophan were indispensable and tyrosine was dispensable. Proline was shown to be dispensable by the deletion technique, and the relatively low 14C labelling in proline was accounted for by dilution of the 14C with unlabelled components of the diet during the indirect synthetic route from glucose to proline rather than by limited synthesis of proline from glucose.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC and HODGSON, E}, year={1971}, pages={1087-&} }
 @article{rock_yeargan_1971, title={Predaceous mite resists pesticides}, volume={29}, number={3}, journal={Research and Farming}, author={Rock, G. C. and Yeargan, D. R.}, year={1971}, pages={12} }
 @article{rock_1971, title={UTILIZATION OF D-ISOMERS OF DIETARY INDISPENSABLE AMINO ACIDS BY ARGYROTAENIA-VELUTINANA LARVAE}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0022-1910"]}, DOI={10.1016/0022-1910(71)90175-2}, abstractNote={Studies were made of the ability of larvae of the red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana, to utilize the d-forms of the indispensable amino acids for growth and survival in lieu of their l-isomers using chemically defined diets and axenic conditions, d-phenylalanine, d-methionine, and d-histidine were the only d-amino acids which were readily utilized. On diets containing the complete amino acid mixture, the d-forms of phenylalanine and methionine were utilized more than 80 per cent as effectively as their l-isomers and d-histidine about 50 per cent. However, if l-tyrosine and l-cystine were omitted from the diets, d-phenylalanine and d-methionine were no more than 20 per cent as effective as their l-isomers at equimolar amounts. The optimal dietary levels of d-phenylalanine (l-tyrosine omitted), d-methionine (l-cystine omitted), and d-histidine were estimated from graded concentrations and insects were reared for two successive generations on d-phenylalanine and d-methionine and three successive generations on d-histidine at the optimal levels. If the d-forms of phenylalanine, methionine, and histidine were added to a diet simultaneously survival was poor; however, if any two of the three d-amino acids were added simultaneously the growth and survival response was similar to that obtained when the d-amino acids were added individually. The d-forms of threonine and tryptophan significantly stimulated larval growth when fed with suboptimal quantities of their l-isomers. The d-forms of isoleucine, valine, arginine, lysine, and leucine had no significant effect, either stimulatory or inhibitory, on larval growth.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={ROCK, GC}, year={1971}, pages={2157-&} }