@article{spak_dipaola_anderson_1993, title={TALL FESCUE SWARD DYNAMICS .1. SEASONAL PATTERNS OF TURF SHOOT DEVELOPMENT}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300020017x}, abstractNote={Knowledge of turfgrass sward dynamics, including shoot development and mortality, as affected by inflorescence removal during mowing may provide the insight necessary to maximize stand density through management practices. A 2‐yr field study was conducted on a mature stand of ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) turf to determine shoot longevity and patterns of shoot development in relation to reproductive development. Mowing regimes consisted of mowing to 9.5 cm when foliar height reached 15.2 cm, and an unmowed regime that remained unclipped from April through October, when it was mowed to 9.5 cm. Twenty shoots were labeled with coded tags prior to initiation of mowing. Shoots were observed periodically and the following characteristics determined: living or dead, vegetative or reproductive, total and fully expanded green leaves, and secondary shoot development. Thirty.six percent of the shoots survived for 2 yr in mowed turf, whereas only 4% survived this period in unmowed turf. Regardless of the mowing regime, most of the shoots died in the vegetative state; only 2% of the spring shoot population became reproductive. Stand density declined from April through September by 31% for mowed turf and 63% for unmowed turf. Stand density decline was a result of continuous mortality of vegetative shoots and minimal new shoot development; only 1 to 3% of the existing shoot population developed secondary shoots. Partial, periodic removal of inflorescences and associated tissues had no effect on secondary shoot development within the sward. In this study, shoot mortality and new shoot initiation were not associated with reproductive development.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={SPAK, DR and DIPAOLA, JM and ANDERSON, CE}, year={1993}, pages={300–304} }
 @article{spak_dipaola_lewis_anderson_1993, title={TALL FESCUE SWARD DYNAMICS .2. INFLUENCE OF 4 PLANT-GROWTH REGULATORS}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300020018x}, abstractNote={Very little is known about the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on turfgrass sward dynamics (including shoot development and mortality) and reproductive development. PGR‐induced growth suppression might increase assimilate supply to axillary buds, resulting in their release. A 2‐yr study was conducted to determine the impact of four PGRs applied in late March on the sward dynamics of ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Maleic hydrazide [1,2‐dihydro‐3,6‐pyridazinedione] and mefluidide N‐(2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐[([trifluoromethyl]‐sulfonyl)amino]phenyl)acetamide], two PGRs that suppress vegetative and reproductive growth, were applied at 4.48 and 0.56 kg ha−1, respectively. Flurprimidol [α‐(1‐methylethyl)‐α‐[4‐(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]‐5‐pyrimidinemethanol] and paclobutrazol [(R*,R*)‐(±)‐β‐[(4‐chlorophenyl)methyl]‐α‐,(1,1dimethylethyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐1‐ethanol], two PGRs that suppress vegetative growth only, were each applied at 1.12 kg ha−1. Twenty shoots were labeled at random in each plot and observed 3, 6, 10, 14, 19, and 31 weeks after treatment (WAT). Maleic hydrazide and mefluidide treatments caused 75% shoot mortality (55% greater than the control) by 10 WAT; however, stand density was unaffected by maleic hydrazide and mefluidide, due to the release of axillary buds beginning 2 WAT. Maleic hydrazide and mefluidide induced a postinhibition growth response, with proliferation of new shoots and rapid growth of shoots surviving chemical treatment. Leaf and crown total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) declined during the postinhibition response from 4 to 6 WAT. Flurprimidol and paclobutrazol, despite effective foliar growth suppression, failed to influence shoot mortality, axillary bud release, or TNC levels. Patterns of TNC partitioning in response to PGRs, though different, did not appear to be the result of the effectiveness of seedhead suppression.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={SPAK, DR and DIPAOLA, JM and LEWIS, WM and ANDERSON, CE}, year={1993}, pages={304–310} }