@article{strom_hain_ayres_1996, title={Field performance of F-1-sterile gypsy moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on loblolly pine and sweetgum}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/25.4.749}, abstractNote={The quality of sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L., and loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., as a foodsource for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae was evaluated using caged F 1 -sterile gypsy moths in a field study in southeastern Virginia. A 1st experiment compared host species at 3 sites. Because early instars do not feed on loblolly pine, 2nd and 3rd stadia larvae were caged only on sweetgum, and allocated to sweetgum and loblolly pine at the onset of the 4th stadium. On sweetgum, survival of L2 and L3 gypsy moths was 32% across sites and was 17% higher on the best site compared with the worst. Survival of L4 to pupae was not affected by site, but survival was significantly higher on sweetgum than loblolly pine during this period. Host species did not affect duration of the larval stage, pupal weight, duration of the pupal stage, or development time to adult of F 1 -sterile gypsy moths; however, site had a significant effect on duration of the larval period. A 2nd experiment using L4-L6 examined the effects of detaching branches, on both host species, on the duration of the larval period, relative growth rate, and pupal weight. The main effects of host species, branch detachment, and frequency of larval handling (frequent versus infrequent) were not significant for any response variable. The interactions of branch detachment by host species and larval handling by host species were significant. On loblolly pine, larvae caged on detached branches developed more slowly than those on intact branches, but those larvae caged on intact branches and moved infrequently developed the slowest of any treatment. Larvae on sweetgum were unaffected by branch detachment or frequency of handling.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Strom, BL and Hain, FP and Ayres, MP}, year={1996}, month={Aug}, pages={749–756} }
 @article{strom_hain_1996, title={Host choice of late instar gypsy moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) between loblolly pine and sweetgum}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/25.3.603}, abstractNote={Host choice of late instar (LA-L6) gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar (L.), was evaluated using stems and foliage of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., and sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L. Upon release as 4th instars, larvae were free to roam within arenas, where their location was recorded several times per day until all had pupated. The number of larvae on a particular host species was highly dependent on larval age. After release into experimlintal arenas, there was nearly unidirectional movement from loblolly pine to sweetgum, resulting in 75% of larvae being found on this host after 4 d. Sweetgum remained the preferred host for most of the larval stage; however, as larvae neared pupation there was strong movement to loblolly pine, which was preferred over sweetgum ≍3 to 1 for pupation. The initial host of release had no effect on larval host-choice for pupation. Host sequence, defined by host of release and host of pupation, affected larval duration and pupal weight only in the following cases. Insects that began and pupated on loblolly pine developed at a slower rate and weighed less than those that began and pupated on sweetgum. Individuals that switched hosts for pupation generally were not significantly different (in pupal weight or development time) from either of these. Implications of the observed pattern of host use, especially the overwhelming choice of loblolly pine for pupation, on gypsy moth interactions with natural enemies in the southeastern United States are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Strom, BL and Hain, FP}, year={1996}, month={Jun}, pages={603–610} }