Charles Michael Williams Xu, Y., Lin, Y. M., Stark, C. R., Ferket, P. R., Williams, C. M., & Brake, J. (2017). Effects of dietary coarsely ground corn and 3 bedding floor types on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gizzard and proventriculus weight, and nutrient digestibility. Poultry Science, 96(7), 2110–2119. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew485 Xu, Y., Stark, C. R., Ferket, P. R., Williams, C. M., Auttawong, S., & Brake, J. (2015). Effects of dietary coarsely ground corn and litter type on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gastrointestinal tract development, apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen, and intestinal morphology. POULTRY SCIENCE, 94(3), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/peu016 Xu, Y., Stark, C. R., Ferket, P. R., Williams, C. M., & Brake, J. (2015). Effects of feed form and dietary coarse ground corn on broiler live performance, body weight uniformity, relative gizzard weight, excreta nitrogen, and particle size preference behaviors. POULTRY SCIENCE, 94(7), 1549–1556. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev074 Xu, Y., Stark, C. R., Ferket, P. R., Williams, C. M., Nusairat, B., & Brake, J. (2015). Evaluation of litter type and dietary coarse ground corn inclusion on broiler live performance, gastrointestinal tract development, and litter characteristics. POULTRY SCIENCE, 94(3), 362–370. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/peu057 Lee, B., Kullman, S., Yost, E. E., Meyer, M. T., Worley-Davis, L., Williams, C. M., & Reckhow, K. H. (2015). Predicting characteristics of rainfall driven estrogen runoff and transport from swine AFO spray fields. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 532, 571–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.051 Yost, E. E., Meyer, M. T., Dietze, J. E., Williams, C. M., Worley-Davis, L., Lee, B., & Kullman, S. W. (2014). Transport of Steroid Hormones, Phytoestrogens, and Estrogenic Activity across a Swine Lagoon/Sprayfield System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 48(19), 11600–11609. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5025806 Yost, E. E., Meyer, M. T., Dietze, J. E., Meissner, B. M., Worley-Davis, L., Williams, C. M., … Kullman, S. W. (2013). Comprehensive Assessment of Hormones, Phytoestrogens, and Estrogenic Activity in an Anaerobic Swine Waste Lagoon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 47(23), 13781–13790. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4026408 Vibart, R. E., Washburn, S. P., Green, J. T., Jr., Benson, G. A., Williams, C. M., Pacheco, D., & Lopez-Villalobos, N. (2012). Effects of feeding strategy on milk production, reproduction, pasture utilization, and economics of autumn-calving dairy cows in eastern North Carolina. JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE, 95(2), 997–1010. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4755 Ko, G. P., Simmons, III, O. D., Likirdopulos, C. A., Worley-Davis, L., Williams, C. M., & Sobsey, M. D. (2010). Endotoxin Levels at Swine Farms Using Different Waste Treatment and Management Technologies. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(9), 3442–3448. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9026024 Creamer, K. S., Chen, Y., Williams, C. M., & Cheng, J. J. (2010). Stable thermophilic anaerobic digestion of dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge by co-digestion with swine manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY, 101(9), 3020–3024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.029 Williams, C. M. (2009). Development of environmentally superior technologies in the US and policy. Bioresource Technology, 100(22), 5512–5518. Aneja, V. P., Arya, S. P., Rumsey, I. C., Kim, D.-S., Bajwa, K., Arkinson, H. L., … Williams, C. M. (2008). Characterizing ammonia emissions from swine farms in eastern North Carolina: Part 2 - Potential environmentally superior technologies for waste treatment. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, 58(9), 1145–1157. https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.58.9.1145 Aneja, V. P., Arya, S. P., Rumsey, I. C., Kim, D.-S., Bajwa, K. S., & Williams, C. M. (2008, April). Characterizing ammonia emissions from swine farms in eastern North Carolina: Reduction of emissions from water-holding structures at two candidate superior technologies for waste treatment. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, Vol. 42, pp. 3291–3300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.037 Aneja, V. P., Arya, S. P., Kim, D.-S., Rumsey, I. C., Arkinson, H. L., Semunegus, H., … Williams, C. M. (2008). Characterizing ammonia emissions from swine farms in eastern north carolina: Part 1-conventional lagoon and spray technology for waste treatment. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, 58(9), 1130–1144. https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.58.9.1130 Creamer, K. S., Williams, C. M., Chen, Y., & Cheng, J. J. (2008). Implications of urine-to-feces ratio in the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of swine waste. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 80(3), 267–275. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143007X184717 Showers, W. J., Williams, C. M., & Jennings, G. D. (2006). Impact of large poultry operations on groundwater: Stable 15N isotopes of nitrate assessment. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5(4), 318. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.318.329 Schiffman, S. S., & Williams, C. M. (2005). Science of odor as a potential health issue. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34(1), 129–138. Bottcher, R. W., Keener, K. M., Munilla, R. D., Williams, C. M., & Schiffman, S. S. (2004). DUST AND ODOR EMISSIONS FROM TUNNEL VENTILATED SWINE BUILDINGS IN NORTH CAROLINA AND COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ODOR EVALUATION METHODS. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 20(3), 343–347. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.16064 Armstrong, T. A., Cook, D. R., Ward, M. M., Williams, C. M., & Spears, J. W. (2004). Effect of dietary copper source (cupric citrate and,cupric sulfate) and concentration on growth performance and fecal copper excretion in weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 82(4), 1234–1240. https://doi.org/10.1093/ansci/82.4.1234 Miner, J. R., Humenik, F. J., Rice, J. M., Rashash, D. M. C., Williams, C., Robarge, W., … Sheffield, R. (2003). Evaluation of a permeable, 5 cm thick, polyethylene foam lagoon cover. Transactions of the ASAE, 46(5), 1421–1426. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.15442 Grimes, J. L., Williams, C. M., Godwin, J. L., & Smith, J. C. (2003). Heat treatment of turkey litter for reuse as bedding. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2(5), 287. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2003.287.292 Grimes, J. L., Smith, J., & Williams, C. M. (2002). [Review of Some alternative litter materials used for growing broilers and turkeys]. WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL, 58(4), 515–526. https://doi.org/10.1079/wps20020037 Williams, C. M. (2001). Technologies to address air quality issues impacting animal agriculture. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 44, pp. 233–236. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0547 Bottcher, R. W., Keener, K. M., Munilla, R. D., Williams, C. M., & Schiffman, S. S. (2000). Dust and odor emissions from tunnel ventilated swine buildings in North Carolina. Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations : Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, October 9-11, 2000, Des Moines, Iowa, 196. Grimes, J. L., Williams, C. M., Carter, T. A., & Godwin, J. L. (2000). Heat processing of turkey litter for re-use as a bedding material. Proceedings, 2000 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, 353. Armstrong, T. A., Williams, C. M., Spears, J. W., & Schiffman, S. S. (2000). High dietary copper improves odor characteristics of swine waste. Journal of Animal Science, 78(4), 859. https://doi.org/10.2527/2000.784859x Bottcher, R. W., Keener, K. M., Munilla, R. D., Williams, C. M., & Schiffman, S. S. (2000). Scent of a swine building: Tunnel ventilation problems test engineers' ingenuity. Resource, Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World, 7(10), 13. Williams, C. M., Barker, J. C., & Sims, J. T. (1999). Management and utilization of poultry wastes. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 162(1999), 105–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1528-8_3 Williams, C. M., Grimes, J. L., & Mikkelsen, R. L. (1999). The use of poultry litter as Co-substrate and source of inorganic nutrients and microorganisms for the ex situ biodegradation of petroleum compounds. POULTRY SCIENCE, 78(7), 956–964. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/78.7.956 Horne, P. L. M., Brake, J., & Williams, C. M. (1998). Economics of controlling ammonia emission from commercial layer farms. JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH, 7(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/7.1.61 Shih, J. C. H., & Williams, C. M. (1992). Purified Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 keratinase. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. WILLIAMS, C. M., LEE, C. G., GARLICH, J. D., & SHIH, J. C. H. (1991). EVALUATION OF A BACTERIAL FEATHER FERMENTATION PRODUCT, FEATHER-LYSATE, AS A FEED PROTEIN. POULTRY SCIENCE, 70(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0700085 Shih, J. C. H., & Williams, C. M. (1991). Method of degrading keratinaceous material and bacteria useful therefor. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Shih, J. C. H., & Williams, C. M. (1990). Feather-lysate, a hydrolyzed feather feed ingredient and animal feeds containing the same. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Williams, C. M., Richter, C. S., MacKenzie, J. M., Jr., & Shih, J. C. H. (1990). Isolation, identification, and characterization of a feather-degrading bacterium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56(6), 1509. Shih, J. C. H., & Williams, C. M. (1990). Method of degrading keratinaceous material and bacteria useful therefore. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. WILLIAMS, C. M., & SHIH, J. C. H. (1989). ENUMERATION OF SOME MICROBIAL GROUPS IN THERMOPHILIC POULTRY WASTE DIGESTERS AND ENRICHMENT OF A FEATHER-DEGRADING CULTURE. JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY, 67(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb04951.x WILLIAMS, C. M., COLWELL, W. M., & ROSE, L. P. (1980). GENETIC-RESISTANCE OF CHICKENS TO AFLATOXIN ASSESSED WITH ORGAN-CULTURE TECHNIQUES. AVIAN DISEASES, 24(2), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.2307/1589708