@article{gardner_cook_jortner_troan_sharp_campbell_brownie_2005, title={Stringhalt associated with a pasture infested with Hypochoeris radicata}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00349.x}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 17, Issue 3 p. 118-122 Stringhalt associated with a pasture infested with Hypochoeris radicata S. Y. Gardner, Corresponding Author S. Y. Gardner Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USADepartment of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. G. Cook, A. G. Cook Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Tech and University of Maryland, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA Davie County Large Animal Hospital, 928 Farmington Rd, Mocksville, North Carolina 27028, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. S. Jortner, B. S. Jortner Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Tech and University of Maryland, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. V. Troan, B. V. Troan Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorN. J. H. Sharp, N. J. H. Sharp Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA Animal Critical Care Group, 1410 Boundary Road, Burnaby, British Columbia V5K 4V3, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorN. B. Campbell, N. B. Campbell Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. F. Brownie, C. F. Brownie Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author S. Y. Gardner, Corresponding Author S. Y. Gardner Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USADepartment of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. G. Cook, A. G. Cook Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Tech and University of Maryland, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA Davie County Large Animal Hospital, 928 Farmington Rd, Mocksville, North Carolina 27028, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. S. Jortner, B. S. Jortner Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Tech and University of Maryland, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. V. Troan, B. V. Troan Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorN. J. H. Sharp, N. J. H. Sharp Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA Animal Critical Care Group, 1410 Boundary Road, Burnaby, British Columbia V5K 4V3, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorN. B. Campbell, N. B. Campbell Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. F. Brownie, C. F. Brownie Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00349.xCitations: 9 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume17, Issue3June 2005Pages 118-122 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Gardner, S. Y. and Cook, A. G. and Jortner, B. S. and Troan, B. V. and Sharp, N. J. H. and Campbell, N. B. and Brownie, C. F.}, year={2005}, pages={118–122} }
 @article{olby_harris_burr_munana_sharp_keene_2004, title={Recovery of pelvic limb function in dogs following acute intervertebral disc herniations}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1557-9042"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0942290535&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1089/089771504772695940}, abstractNote={Chondrodystrophoid breeds of dog are prone to explosive herniation of mineralized disc material into the thoracolumbar spinal canal. The resulting acute spinal cord injury may represent an excellent spontaneous model of acute traumatic spinal cord injury. The aims of this study were to quantify the recovery of dogs following acute disc herniations, to evaluate external factors that influence recovery, and to identify a group of dogs suitable for use in clinical trials on neuroprotective drugs. The gait of 88 dogs with thoracolumbar disc herniations was scored at the time of injury and 2, 4, and 12 weeks after surgical decompression. Dogs were placed into four groups dependent on the severity of presenting signs; dogs in group 1 had the most severe injury severity. Group 1 dogs showed a variable but incomplete recovery by 12 weeks. Dogs in groups 2 and 3 recovered uniformly but more completely, while dogs in group 4 made a rapid and excellent recovery and were deemed unsuitable for clinical trials. Combining dogs in groups 1, 2 and 3 produced a population of dogs with incomplete recovery by 12 weeks. Power analysis revealed that 87 such dogs would be needed per treatment group to detect a 20% change in function with a power of 95%. The number needed reduced drastically to 19 by eliminating dogs in group 1, but this produced less room for functional improvement. External factors did not appear to influence outcome. We conclude that dogs with spontaneous disc herniations provide a useful model of acute spinal cord injury for clinical trials.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA}, author={Olby, N and Harris, T and Burr, J and Munana, K and Sharp, N and Keene, B}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={49–59} }
 @article{ellinwood_wang_skeen_sharp_cesta_decker_edwards_bublot_thompson_bush_et al._2003, title={A model of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB (Sanfilippo syndrome type IIIB): N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase deficiency in Schipperke dogs}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0141-8955"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1025177411938}, abstractNote={Mucopolysaccharidosis III (MPS III) is characterized by lysosomal accumulation of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparan sulphate (HS). In humans, the disease manifests in early childhood, and is characterized by a progressive central neuropathy leading to death in the second decade. This disease has also been described in mice (MPS IIIA and IIIB), dogs (MPS IIIA), emus (MPS IIIB) and goats (MPS IIID). We now report on dogs with naturally occurring MPS IIIB, detailing the clinical signs, diagnosis, histopathology, tissue enzymology and substrate levels. Two 3-year-old Schipperke dogs were evaluated for tremors and episodes of stumbling. Examination of the animals found signs consistent with cerebellar disease including dysmetria, hind limb ataxia and a wide-based stance with truncal swaying. There were mildly dystrophic corneas and small peripheral foci of retinal degeneration. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and skeletal radiographs were normal. Intracytoplasmic granules were found in the white cells of peripheral blood and cerebral spinal fluid, and in myeloid lineages in bone marrow. Electrophoresis of urinary GAGs indicated the presence of HS, while assays of cultured fibroblasts found N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase (Naglu) activity of between 4.3% and 9.2% of normal. Owing to neurological deterioration, both dogs were euthanized, and post-mortem examinations were performed. Biochemical studies of liver and kidney from both animals demonstrated profound deficiency of Naglu activity and abnormally high GAG levels. Pathology of the brain included severe cerebellar atrophy, Purkinje cell loss, and cytoplasmic vacuolation in neurons and perithelial cells throughout the central nervous system. Pedigree analyses and Naglu levels of family members supported an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Using an obligate heterozygote, a breeding colony has been established to aid in understanding the pathogenesis of MPS IIIB and testing of potential therapies.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF INHERITED METABOLIC DISEASE}, author={Ellinwood, NM and Wang, P and Skeen, T and Sharp, NJH and Cesta, M and Decker, S and Edwards, NJ and Bublot, I and Thompson, JN and Bush, W and et al.}, year={2003}, pages={489–504} }
 @article{olby_levine_harris_muñana_skeen_sharp_2003, title={Long-term functional outcome of dogs with severe injuries of the thoracolumbar spinal cord: 87 cases (1996–2001)}, volume={222}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2003.222.762}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.222.762}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To determine long-term (> 6 months) outcome of dogs with paraplegia and loss of hind limb deep pain perception (DPP) resulting from intervertebral disk herniation or trauma.


DESIGN
Retrospective study.


ANIMALS
87 dogs.


PROCEDURE
Outcome was determined as successful or unsuccessful. The association of neuroanatomic localization, breed, age, weight, sex, and (for dogs with intervertebral disk herniation) speed of onset of signs and duration of paraplegia prior to surgery with outcome was evaluated. Owners were contacted by telephone to identify long-term health problems.


RESULTS
Nine of 17 dogs with traumatic injuries were treated, and 2 regained the ability to walk; none of the 17 dogs regained DPP. Sixty-four of 70 dogs with intervertebral disk herniation underwent surgery; 9 (14%) were euthanatized within 3 weeks after surgery (7 because of ascending myelomalacia), 37 (58%) regained DPP and the ability to walk, 7 (11%) regained the ability to walk without regaining DPP, and 11 (17%) remained paraplegic without DPP. Outcome was not associated with any of the factors evaluated, but speed of recovery of ambulation was significantly associated with body weight and age. Fifteen (41%) and 12 (32%) dogs that regained DPP had intermittent fecal and urinary incontinence, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggested that the prognosis for paraplegic dogs without DPP because of trauma was guarded, while dogs with disk herniation had a better chance of recovering motor function. A third of the dogs that recovered motor function had intermittent incontinence. Persistent loss of DPP did not preclude recovery of motor function, but such dogs remained incontinent.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Olby, Natasha and Levine, Jay and Harris, Tonya and Muñana, Karen and Skeen, Todd and Sharp, Nick}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={762–769} }
 @article{fechner_johnston_sharp_montague_griffiths_wang_olby_looman_poller_flegel_2003, title={Molecular genetic and expression analysis of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein mRNA in German shepherd dogs with degenerative myelopathy}, volume={116}, number={1-2}, journal={Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift (Berlin, Germany : 1949)}, author={Fechner, H. and Johnston, P. E. and Sharp, N. J. and Montague, P. and Griffiths, I. R. and Wang, X. M. and Olby, N. and Looman, A. C. and Poller, W. and Flegel, T.}, year={2003}, pages={31–36} }
 @article{saito_olby_spaulding_munana_sharp_2003, title={Relationship among basilar artery resistance index, degree of ventriculomegaly, and clinical signs in hydrocephalic dogs}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1342290248&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00532.x}, abstractNote={Forty-four transcranial Doppler ultrasound studies were performed in 36 dogs. The ratio of the height of the ventricle to the height of the brain (VB ratio) was calculated to determine the severity of ventriculomegaly. Resistance index (RI) was calculated from Doppler measurements of the blood flow velocity in the basilar artery and neurologic signs were scored on a scale of 0 to 3. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings, dogs were divided into four groups (normal controls, asymptomatic hydrocephalus, symptomatic hydrocephalus, and other intracranial disease). RI and VB ratio were compared between the groups of dogs and compared with neurologic signs in hydrocephalic dogs. RI ranged from 0.50 to 0.81 (mean, 0.68). Resistance index was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus and other intracranial disease when compared with the other two groups. The degree of ventriculomegaly was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus than the other groups, but there was substantial overlap between asymptomatic and symptomatic hydrocephalus groups. Combining measurements of VB ratio and RI allowed detection of symptomatic hydrocephalus with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 94%. The severity of neurological signs was significantly correlated with RI and with VB ratio in hydrocephalic dogs, and in dogs evaluated on more than one occasion, changes in neurologic status were accompanied by changes in RI but not in VB ratio. All asymptomatic hydrocephalic dogs with a VB ratio of greater than 60% eventually developed neurologic signs. Our results suggest that ultrasonographic measurement of VB ratio and basilar artery RI may allow identification of dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus or dogs that are at risk of developing symptomatic hydrocephalus. Repeated RI measurements are a useful means of monitoring dogs with a variety of intracranial diseases.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Saito, M and Olby, NT and Spaulding, K and Munana, K and Sharp, NJH}, year={2003}, pages={687–694} }
 @article{skeen_olby_munana_sharp_2003, title={Spinal arachnoid cysts in 17 dogs}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038289206&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5326/0390271}, abstractNote={The medical records of 17 dogs diagnosed with spinal arachnoid cysts at North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were retrospectively examined to identify trends in signalment, history, neurological status, treatment, and short- and long-term prognosis. The typical case was that of a nonpainful, progressive ataxia frequently characterized by hypermetria and incontinence. Cysts typically occurred in the dorsal subarachnoid space at the first to third cervical vertebrae of young, large-breed dogs or the caudal thoracic vertebrae of older, small-breed dogs. Although 14 of 15 dogs treated surgically did well in the short term, long-term successful outcomes were achieved in only eight of the 12 dogs that were followed for >1 year. Significant predictors of good, long-term outcome were not identified; however, factors associated with a trend toward a good outcome included <3 years of age, <4 months' duration of clinical signs, and marsupialization as the surgical technique.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Skeen, TM and Olby, NJ and Munana, KR and Sharp, NJ}, year={2003}, pages={271–282} }
 @article{schatzberg_haley_barr_delahunta_olby_munana_sharp_2003, title={Use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay in the antemortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in the central nervous system of cats and dogs}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346900736&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1507}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum DNA in canine and feline biological samples. SAMPLE POPULATION; Biological samples from 7 cats with systemic (n = 4) or CNS (3) toxoplasmosis, 6 dogs with neospora- or toxoplasma-associated encephalitis, and 11 animals with nonprotozoal disease.


PROCEDURE
Primers for T gondii, N caninum, and the canine ferritin gene (dogs) or feline histone 3.3 gene (cats) were combined in a single PCR assay. The DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded brain tissue, CSF, or skeletal muscle. The PCR products with positive results were cloned, and sequence identity was confirmed.


RESULTS
Of 7 cats and 4 dogs with immunohistochemical or serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis, PCR results were positive for all cats and 3 dogs for T gondii, and positive for T gondii and N caninum for 1 dog. Another dog had negative PCR results for both parasites. Of 2 dogs with immunohistochemical or serologic evidence of neosporosis, PCR results were positive for 1 for N caninum and positive for the other for T gondii. All negative-control samples yielded negative results for T gondii and N caninum on the PCR assay.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Standard tests for toxoplasmosis or neosporosis associated with the CNS rely on serologic, histologic, or immunohistochemical analysis and can be difficult to interpret. The multiplex PCR assay with built-in control reactions could be a complementary clinical tool for the antemortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis or neosporosis associated with the CNS.}, number={12}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Schatzberg, SJ and Haley, NJ and Barr, SC and deLahunta, A and Olby, N and Munana, K and Sharp, NJH}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={1507–1513} }
 @article{saito_sharp_munana_troan_tokuriki_thrall_2002, title={CT findings of intracranial blastomycosis in a dog}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036369393&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb00436.x}, abstractNote={Computed tomography (CT) findings in a dog with intracranial blastomycosis were marked periventricular contrast enhancement of the lateral ventricles, the 3rd ventricle, and the mesencephalic aqueduct. The CT appearance correlated with the histopathologic findings, where severe ependymitis was present throughout the ventricular system and there was stenosis of the mesencephalic aqueduct due to an inflammatory infiltrate. CT is therefore recommended as a screening test for intracranial blastomycosis in dogs and also as an imaging modality for follow-up evaluation after treatment. This is particularly true in dogs with systemic or ocular blastomycosis, which appear to be at higher risk of developing CNS involvement.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Saito, M and Sharp, NJH and Munana, K and Troan, BV and Tokuriki, M and Thrall, DE}, year={2002}, pages={16–21} }
 @article{risio_munana_murray_olby_sharp_cuddon_2002, title={Dorsal laminectomy for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy: Postoperative recovery and long-term follow-up in 20 dogs}, volume={31}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036715660&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1053/jvet.2002.34673}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the postoperative morbidity and long-term outcome of dogs after dorsal laminectomy for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (CCSM).


STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective study.


SAMPLE POPULATION
Twenty dogs with CCSM.


METHODS
Medical records of dogs treated by dorsal laminectomy for CCSM at North Carolina State University and Colorado State University between 1989 and 1999 were reviewed. Information on signalment, onset, progression and duration of clinical signs, diagnostic testing, sites of dorsal laminectomy, postoperative complications, length of hospitalization, and the ambulatory status on discharge was recorded. A minimum follow-up of 7 months was required for inclusion in the study. Neurologic status was graded (0 to 5) preoperatively, 2 days after surgery, and at the time of the study (final score). Improvement or worsening of the neurologic status was assessed by comparison of different scores for each dog. Additional follow-up information was obtained by means of a detailed telephone questionnaire directed at both the owner and referring veterinarian.


RESULTS
Mean duration of clinical signs before surgery was 4.9 months. At admission, 15 dogs were ambulatory and 5 were nonambulatory. Neurologic status worsened in 70% of dogs 2 days after surgery but improved in all but 1 dog over the long term. Mean time to optimal recovery was 3.6 months. Long-term follow-up ranged from 7 months to 9 years (mean +/- SD, 3.2 +/- 2.4 years). Four dogs had confirmed recurrence; 2 other dogs may have had recurrence.


CONCLUSIONS
Dorsal cervical laminectomy is an effective treatment for CCSM in those dogs with dorsal compression or multiple sites of involvement.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Although most dogs' neurologic status transiently worsened after surgery, long-term outcome and recurrence rates were comparable to those seen with other surgical techniques for CCSM.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, author={Risio, L. De and Munana, Karen and Murray, M. and Olby, N. and Sharp, N.J.H. and Cuddon, P.}, year={2002}, pages={418–427} }
 @article{saito_sharp_kortz_lahunta_leventer_tokuriki_thrall_2002, title={Magnetic resonance imaging features of lissencephaly in 2 Lhasa Apsos}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01013.x}, abstractNote={Two Lhasa Apsos were diagnosed with lissencephaly based on MR imaging and clinical findings. Histologic confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in one dog. The MR imaging appearance of the brain in 2 Lhasa Apsos with lissencephaly was of a smooth cerebral surface and a thick neocortex with an absence of the corona radiata. This correlated very well with the histopathologic findings in the dog. Our findings, together with the histopathologic features reported previously, are most consistent with Lhasa Apsos having the canine equivalent of human classical lissencephaly. MR is the imaging modality of choice for antemortem diagnosis of canine lissencephaly.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Saito, M and Sharp, NJH and Kortz, GD and Lahunta, A and Leventer, RJ and Tokuriki, M and Thrall, DE}, year={2002}, pages={331–337} }
 @article{munana_vitek_tarver_saito_skeen_sharp_olby_haglund_2002, title={Use of vagal nerve stimulation as a treatment for refractory epilepsy in dogs}, volume={221}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036777150&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.977}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To evaluate safety and efficacy of vagal nerve stimulation in dogs with refractory epilepsy.


DESIGN
Placebo-controlled, double-masked, crossover study.


ANIMALS
10 dogs with poorly controlled seizures.


PROCEDURE
A programmable pacemaker-like device designed to deliver intermittent stimulation to the left cervical trunk of the vagus was surgically implanted in each dog. Dogs were assigned randomly to two 13-week test periods, 1 with nerve stimulation and 1 without nerve stimulation. Owners recorded data on seizure frequency, duration, and intensity, as well as adverse effects.


RESULTS
No significant difference in seizure frequency, duration, or severity was detected between overall 13-week treatment and control periods. During the final 4 weeks of the treatment period, a significant decrease in mean seizure frequency (34.4%) was detected, compared with the control period. Complications included transient bradycardia, asystole, and apnea during intraoperative device testing, and seroma formation, subcutaneous migration of the generator, and transient Horner's syndrome during the 14-day period between surgery and suture removal. No adverse effects of stimulation were detected, and most owners were satisfied with the treatment.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Vagal nerve stimulation is a potentially safe approach to seizure control that appears to be efficacious in certain dogs and should be considered a possible treatment option when antiepileptic medications are ineffective.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Munana, KR and Vitek, SM and Tarver, WB and Saito, M and Skeen, TM and Sharp, NJH and Olby, NJ and Haglund, MM}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={977–983} }
 @article{higgins_sharp_2002, title={What is your neurological diagnosis?}, volume={221}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.1253}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Higgins, MA and Sharp, NJH}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={1253–1255} }
 @article{ellinwood_wang_skeen_sharp_cesta_bush_hardam_haskins_giger_2001, title={Characterization of a canine model of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB.}, volume={69}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Human Genetics}, author={Ellinwood, N. M. and Wang, P. and Skeen, T. and Sharp, N. and Cesta, M. and Bush, W. and Hardam, E. and Haskins, M. E. and Giger, U.}, year={2001}, pages={1760} }
 @article{olby_de risio_munana_wosar_skeen_sharp_keene_2001, title={Development of a functional scoring system in dogs with acute spinal cord injuries}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035487722&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1624}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES
To develop and compare the reliability of 2 methods of scoring pelvic limb gait in dogs recovering from thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries and to use this scoring system to determine the rate and level of functional recovery of dogs with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniations.


ANIMALS
46 dogs with spinal cord injuries resulting from intervertebral disk herniations.


PROCEDURE
Dogs' gaits were videotaped at different time intervals after injury. In phase 1 of the study, the stages of recovery of pelvic limb function were identified, and a numeric scoring system was devised to reflect that recovery. In phase 2, pelvic limb gait was scored by different observers, using a numeric and a visual analog scale. Intra- and interobserver coefficients of variability of both methods were compared. In phase 3, pelvic limb function was scored, using the numeric scale at various intervals after acute thoracolumbar disk herniations.


RESULTS
The numeric scale was significantly more reliable than the visual analog scale when both intra- and interobserver coefficients of variability were evaluated. Dogs that were paraplegic with no deep pain sensation recovered at different rates during the first 3 months, whereas dogs that were paraplegic with deep pain sensation typically recovered within 1 month of injury.


CONCLUSIONS
Pelvic limb gait of dogs recovering from thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries can be reliably quantified, using a numeric scale. This scale will facilitate the performance of clinical trials aimed at improving the outcome of acute spinal cord injuries.}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Olby, NJ and De Risio, L and Munana, KR and Wosar, MA and Skeen, TM and Sharp, NJH and Keene, BW}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={1624–1628} }
 @article{olby_sharp_anderson_kunkel_bonnemann_2001, title={Evaluation of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, alpha-actinin, dysferlin and calpain 3 in an autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy in Labrador retrievers}, volume={11}, ISSN={["0960-8966"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0960-8966(00)00166-8}, abstractNote={Labrador retrievers suffer from an autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy of unknown aetiology. Dogs affected with this disease develop generalized weakness associated with severe, generalized skeletal muscle atrophy and mild elevations in creatine kinase in the first few months of life. The severity of signs tends to progress over the first year of life but can vary from mild exercise intolerance to non-ambulatory tetraparesis. Beyond 1 year of age, the signs usually stabilize and although muscle mass does not increase, affected dogs' strength may improve slightly. The pathological changes present on muscle biopsy include marked variation in muscle fibre size with hypertrophied and round atrophied fibres present. There is an increased number of fibres with central nuclei and split fibres can be seen. It has been suggested that the disorder is a model for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. In recent years, mutations in genes encoding the proteolytic enzyme, calpain 3, a novel protein named dysferlin, and components of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex have been identified as causes of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. We have evaluated these proteins in normal dogs and in three Labrador retrievers with autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis on frozen skeletal muscle. The results demonstrate that dystrophin, the sarcoglycans, alpha-actinin, dysferlin and calpain 3 are present in the normal and affected dogs. We conclude that this autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy is not due to a deficiency of alpha-actinin, or any of the known autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy proteins, although we cannot rule out a malfunction of any of these proteins.}, number={1}, journal={NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS}, author={Olby, NJ and Sharp, NJH and Anderson, LVB and Kunkel, LM and Bonnemann, CG}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={41–49} }
 @article{munana_olby_sharp_skeen_2001, title={Intervertebral disk disease in 10 cats}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034766968&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5326/15473317-37-4-384}, abstractNote={The medical records of 10 cats diagnosed with intervertebral disk disease were reviewed. No apparent sex or breed predilection was found. The mean age of cats in the study was 9.8 years. Clinical signs included back pain, difficulty ambulating, and incontinence. Radiographs revealed narrowed disk spaces, mineralized intervertebral disks, and evidence of extradural compression on myelography or computed tomography. All intervertebral disk herniations occurred in the thoracolumbar spine, with a peak incidence at the fourth to fifth lumbar (L4-L5) intervertebral disk space. Eight cats had Hansen's type I intervertebral disk herniation. Surgery was performed in seven cats. All cats judged to have an excellent outcome had undergone surgical decompression.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Munana, KR and Olby, NJ and Sharp, NJH and Skeen, TM}, year={2001}, pages={384–389} }
 @article{de risio_sharp_olby_munana_thomas_2001, title={Predictors of outcome after dorsal decompressive laminectomy for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs: 69 cases (1987-1997)}, volume={219}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035462838&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.624}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To identify predictive factors of long-term outcome after dorsal decompressive laminectomy for the treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) in dogs.


DESIGN
Retrospective study.


SAMPLE POPULATION
69 client-owned dogs.


PROCEDURE
Medical records of dogs that had undergone dorsal laminectomy at North Carolina State University and the University of Tennessee between 1987 and 1997 were reviewed. Dogs with diskospondylitis, traumatic lesions, or neoplasia of the lumbosacral region were excluded. All dogs had evidence of cauda equina compression on myelography, epidurography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging, along with subsequent confirmation of the lesion at surgery. Follow-up was performed by telephone inquiries to the referring veterinarian, the owner, or both, using a detailed questionnaire.


RESULTS
The outcome was excellent or good in 54 of 69 (78%) dogs over a mean follow-up period of 38+/-22 months. Five of these 54 dogs had been incontinent for a median of 2 weeks prior to surgery. Six of the 15 dogs with a poor outcome had been incontinent for a median of 8 weeks before surgery. A significant correlation was detected between the presence of urinary and fecal incontinence prior to surgery and outcome. When duration of signs was considered, urinary incontinence was the only variable that significantly affected outcome.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Decompressive laminectomy is an effective treatment for DLSS, although dogs with urinary or fecal incontinence have a worse prognosis than dogs that are continent before surgery. Chronic urinary incontinence is a predictor of poor outcome for dogs with DLSS.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={De Risio, L and Sharp, NJH and Olby, NJ and Munana, KR and Thomas, WB}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={624–628} }
 @article{saito_munana_sharp_olby_2001, title={Risk factors for development of status epilepticus in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and effects of status epilepticus on outcome and survival time: 32 cases (1990-1996)}, volume={219}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0342902123&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.618}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To identify risk factors for episodes of status epilepticus (SE) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and determine how SE affects long-term outcome and survival time.


DESIGN
Retrospective study.


ANIMALS
32 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.


PROCEDURE
Information on signalment, seizure onset, initiation of treatment, anticonvulsants administered, number of episodes of SE, overall seizure control, and long-term outcome was obtained from medical records and through telephone interviews. Differences between dogs that did and did not have episodes of SE were evaluated statistically.


RESULTS
19 (59%) dogs had 1 or more episodes of SE. Body weight was the only variable significantly different between dogs that did and did not have episodes of SE. Thirteen dogs (9 that did not have episodes of SE and 4 that did) were still alive at the time of the study and were > or = 10 years old. Six of the 19 (32%) dogs that had episodes of SE died of causes directly attributed to the seizure disorder. Mean life spans of dogs that did and did not have episodes of SE were 8.3 and 11.3 years, respectively. Survival time was significantly different between groups.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that a substantial percentage of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy will have episodes of SE. Dogs with greater body weights were more likely to have episodes of SE, and early appropriate seizure treatment did not appear to decrease the risk that dogs would have episodes. Most dogs with idiopathic epilepsy had an expected life span, but survival time was shorter for dogs that had episodes of SE.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Saito, M and Munana, KR and Sharp, NJH and Olby, NJ}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={618–623} }
 @article{de risio_thomas_sharp_2000, title={Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0195-5616(00)50005-9}, abstractNote={This article reviews the management of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis occurs when soft tissue and bony changes, possibly in conjunction with abnormal motion of the lumbosacral joint, impinge on the nerve roots or vasculature of the cauda equina. It occurs most frequently in middle-aged dogs of medium to large breed, especially the German Shepherd dog. Common signs are lumbosacral pain, lameness, pelvic limb weakness and ataxia, and urinary incontinence. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and imaging studies. Decompressive surgery is effective in most patients.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={De Risio, L and Thomas, WB and Sharp, NJH}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={111-+} }
 @inbook{sharp_2000, title={Molecular biology of infectious disease}, ISBN={0721655238}, booktitle={Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Sharp, N. J. H.}, year={2000}, pages={246} }
 @article{spugnini_thrall_price_sharp_munana_page_2000, title={Primary irradiation of canine intracranial masses}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034220024&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb02091.x}, abstractNote={Twenty-nine dogs received primary radiation therapy for intracranial lesions and clinical signs suggestive of neoplasia. Presumptive diagnosis and tumor categorization was based on computed tomographic or magnetic resonance images. Meningioma was the most likely tumor type in 22 dogs and glioma or choroid plexus tumors were tentatively identified in 4 and 3 dogs, respectively. Cobalt-60 radiation was delivered in 3 Gy fractions on a daily, Monday-through-Friday basis for a total dose of 48 Gy (16 fractions) in 28 dogs; one dog received 54 Gy. Two of 29 dogs died during treatment of signs suggestive of progressive tumor growth but were included in the overall evaluation of response to treatment. Median overall survival was 250 days (range 21-804). Mild acute radiation effects on normal tissue developed and did not influence outcome in any dog. Late radiation effects could not be evaluated in this study. No significant predictive indicators were identified from the clinical or imaging data. Radiation therapy is superior to medical treatment of brain tumors in dogs with steroids, is useful for tumors that are not currently operable and may be preferable to surgical resection in dogs if the mass appears infiltrative. However, 22/29 (76%) dogs died of recurrent progressive neuropathy suggestive of tumor regrowth or progression. Thus, alternative methods for delivery of radiation to dogs with brain tumors or novel combinations of therapy should continue to undergo evaluation.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Spugnini, EP and Thrall, DE and Price, GS and Sharp, NJ and Munana, K and Page, RL}, year={2000}, pages={377–380} }
 @article{olby_muntana_sharp_thrall_2000, title={The computed tomographic appearance of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniations in dogs.}, volume={41}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01860.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01860.x}, abstractNote={The appearance of herniated intervertebral disc material in the thoracolumbar vertebral canal was evaluated in 23 dogs using computed tomography (CT). The images were then compared with the myelographic and surgical findings. The normal spinal cord, outlined by epidural fat over intervertebral disc spaces, was of intermediate attenuation on transverse CT images. Herniated disc material was identified in all animals as a heterogeneous hyperattenuating extradural mass. The attenuation of the disc material increased with the degree of mineralization. In seven dogs, the herniated material was only slightly more attenuating than the spinal cord. In these dogs, small fragments of mineralized disc material and significant hemorrhage were found in the epidural space at surgery. In dogs with a long standing history of disc herniations, disc material identified in the vertebral canal had a more hyperattenuating and homogeneous appearance than recently herniated disc material. We conclude that mineralized, herniated disc material and hemorrhage can be identified quickly and safely in dogs using CT.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olby, Natasha J. and Muntana, Karen R. and Sharp, Nicholas J.H. and Thrall, Donald E.}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={396–402} }
 @article{gookin_stone_sharp_2000, title={Urinary incontinence on dogs and cats. I. Measurement of urethral pressure. A review / L'incontinenza urinaria nel cane e nel gatto. Parte I -- profilometria della pressione uretrale}, volume={14}, ISBN={0394-3151}, number={2}, journal={Veterinaria}, author={Gookin, J. L. and Stone, E. A. and Sharp, N. J.}, year={2000}, pages={33} }
 @article{gookin_stone_sharp_2000, title={Urinary incontinence on dogs and cats. II. Diagnosis and treatment. A review / L'incontinenza urinaria nel cane e nel gatto. Parte II -- diagnosi e trattamento}, volume={14}, ISBN={0394-3151}, number={2}, journal={Veterinaria}, author={Gookin, J. L. and Stone, E. A. and Sharp, N. J.}, year={2000}, pages={43} }
 @article{dykstra_sharp_olivry_hillier_murphy_kaufman_kunkle_pucheu-haston_1999, title={A description of cutaneous-subcutaneous pythiosis in fifteen dogs}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1369-3786"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033429058&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-280X.1999.00248.x}, abstractNote={Information regarding signalment, duration of clinical signs, history of swimming, results of CBC and serum biochemical analyses, biopsy findings and mycological results, together with treatments and outcome, was retrieved from the medical records of 15 dogs with a diagnosis of pythiosis made between 1985 and 1995 at the Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University and the University of Florida. Most of the dogs were young (median age 22 months) and represented larger breeds (> 20 kg). Lesions were characteristically chronic, ulcerated, and nodular with multiple draining tracts on the limbs, thoracic wall or perineal regions. The median duration of these lesions was 3 months with a range of 2 weeks-6 months. Seven dogs had a history of swimming. Peripheral eosinophilia was observed in 14 of the dogs. Cytological evaluation of discharge, aspirates, or impression smears made from biopsy specimens revealed hyphae in five of 11 dogs (45%). Histopathological evaluation using the Gomori Methenamine-Silver (GMS) stain was the most useful test for providing presumptive evidence of cutaneous pythiosis. Immunotherapy or antifungal therapy using either amphotericin B, liposomal nystatin, itraconazole, or ketoconazole were all unsuccessful. The only dog to survive underwent amputation of the affected limb; thus, the prognosis for cutaneous pythiosis in the dog is poor.}, number={6}, journal={MEDICAL MYCOLOGY}, author={Dykstra, MJ and Sharp, NJH and Olivry, T and Hillier, A and Murphy, KM and Kaufman, L and Kunkle, GA and Pucheu-Haston, C}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={427–433} }
 @article{schatzberg_olby_steingold_keene_atkins_meurs_solomon_goedegebuure_wilton_sharp_1999, title={A polymerase chain reaction screening strategy for the promoter of the canine dystrophin gene}, volume={60}, number={9}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Schatzberg, S. and Olby, N. and Steingold, S. and Keene, B. and Atkins, C. and Meurs, K. and Solomon, G. and Goedegebuure, S. A. and Wilton, S. and Sharp, N.}, year={1999}, pages={1040–1046} }
 @article{olby_sharp_muñana_papich_1999, title={Chronic and Acute Compressive Spinal Cord Lesions in Dogs due to Intervertebral Disc Herniation Are Associated With Elevation in Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutamate Concentration}, volume={16}, ISSN={0897-7151 1557-9042}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.1999.16.1215}, DOI={10.1089/neu.1999.16.1215}, abstractNote={Acute injury to the central nervous system initiates a series of biochemical events that cause secondary tissue damage. The accumulation of excessive concentrations of glutamate in the extracellular space causes excitotoxic damage, and is incriminated as a mediator of this secondary tissue damage. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from the cerebellomedullary cistern and lumbar subarachnoid space in dogs with acute and chronic compressive injuries of the cervical and thoracolumbar spinal cord, and to correlate the glutamate concentration with injury severity. The results demonstrate that focal injuries of the spinal cord do not affect the glutamate concentration in CSF taken from the cerebellomedullary cistern. However, dogs with severe, acute thoracolumbar disc herniations have two- to 10-fold increases in glutamate concentration in their lumbar CSF at intervals of >12 h after injury. Moreover, the severity of their clinical signs is directly related to the glutamate concentration. Dogs with chronic compressive thoracolumbar lesions have a two-fold elevation of CSF glutamate concentration, suggesting that excitotoxicity may also be a component of chronic spinal cord compression.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Neurotrauma}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Olby, Natasha J. and Sharp, Nick J.H. and Muñana, Karen R. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={1215–1224} }
 @article{sharp_davis_guy_cullen_steingold_kornegay_1999, title={Hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in two kittens attributed to intrauterine parvovirus infection}, volume={121}, ISSN={["0021-9975"]}, DOI={10.1053/jcpa.1998.0298}, abstractNote={Six weeks after vaccination with modified live feline parvovirus vaccine, a cat gave birth to five kittens, three of which died soon afterwards. The remaining two kittens (A and B) survived, but at 8 weeks of age were unable to walk and showed abnormal behaviour, with lack of menace and oculovestibular responses, and severe dysmetria. These signs suggested multifocal disease associated with the cerebrum and cerebellum. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated severe bilateral (kitten A) or unilateral (kitten B) hydrocephalus or hydranencephaly, combined with cerebellar agenesis (kitten A) or severe hypoplasia (kitten B). Hydranencephaly was confirmed histopathologically in both kittens. Parvovirus was isolated from the kidney of one kitten. Parvoviral DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from paraffin wax-embedded brain of both kittens. The severe malformations observed in these kittens presumably resulted from an in-utero parvovirus infection, possibly due to vaccination, that occurred late in the first, or early in the second, trimester of pregnancy.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY}, author={Sharp, NJH and Davis, BJ and Guy, JS and Cullen, JM and Steingold, SF and Kornegay, JN}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={39–53} }
 @article{schatzberg_olby_breen_anderson_langford_dickens_wilton_zeiss_binns_kornegay_et al._1999, title={Molecular analysis of a spontaneous dystrophin 'knockout' dog}, volume={9}, ISSN={["0960-8966"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0960-8966(99)00011-5}, abstractNote={We have determined the molecular basis for skeletal myopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy in two male German short-haired pointer (GSHP) littermates. Analysis of skeletal muscle demonstrated a complete absence of dystrophin on Western blot analysis. PCR analysis of genomic DNA revealed a deletion encompassing the entire dystrophin gene. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of lymphocytes from the dam and both dystrophic pups confirmed a visible deletion in the p21 region of the affected canine X chromosome. Utrophin is up-regulated in the skeletal muscle, but does not appear to ameliorate the dystrophic canine phenotype. This new canine model should further our understanding of the physiological and biochemical processes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.}, number={5}, journal={NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS}, author={Schatzberg, SJ and Olby, NJ and Breen, M and Anderson, LVB and Langford, CF and Dickens, HF and Wilton, SD and Zeiss, CJ and Binns, MM and Kornegay, JN and et al.}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={289–295} }
 @article{dunn_ehrlich_sharp_reiss_solomon_hawkins_baserga_barrett_1998, title={A dominant negative mutant of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor inhibits the adhesion, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer}, volume={58}, number={15}, journal={Cancer Research}, author={Dunn, S. E. and Ehrlich, M. and Sharp, N. J. H. and Reiss, K. and Solomon, G. and Hawkins, R. and Baserga, R. and Barrett, C. J.}, year={1998}, pages={3353–3361} }
 @article{schatzberg_anderson_wilton_kornegay_mann_solomon_sharp_1998, title={Alternative dystrophin gene transcripts in golden retriever muscular dystrophy}, volume={21}, number={8}, journal={Muscle and Nerve}, author={Schatzberg, S. J. and Anderson, L. V. B. and Wilton, S. D. and Kornegay, J. N. and Mann, C. J. and Solomon, G. G. and Sharp, N. J. H.}, year={1998}, pages={991–998} }
 @article{steingold_sharp_mcgahan_hughes_dunn_page_1998, title={Characterization of canine MDR1 mRNA: Its abundance in drug resistant cell lines and in vivo}, volume={18}, number={1A}, journal={Anticancer Research}, author={Steingold, S. F. and Sharp, N. J. and McGahan, M. C. and Hughes, C. S. and Dunn, S. E. and Page, R. L.}, year={1998}, pages={393–400} }
 @article{osborne_sharp_1998, title={Putting "wobblers" back on track - Part II}, volume={19}, number={8}, journal={Veterinary Technician}, author={Osborne, J. N. and Sharp, N. J. H.}, year={1998}, pages={519–526} }
 @article{fernandez_grindem_brown_sharp_saulnier_1997, title={Cytologic and histologic features of a poorly differentiated glioma in a dog}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.1997.tb00733.x}, abstractNote={A 5-year old female Boxer with a 1-week history of progressive paresis and paraplegia had a T10-13 subarachnoid filling defect on myelography. Exploratory hemilaminectomy revealed an intramedullary spinal cord tumor which was subsequently diagnosed as a poorly differentiated glioma, most likely an anaplastic ependymoma. The cytologic, histologic, and immunocytochemical staining characteristics of this neoplasm are described. Differential diagnoses, including primary and secondary tumors involving the central nervous system are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Fernandez, FR and Grindem, CB and Brown, TT and Sharp, NJH and Saulnier, M}, year={1997}, pages={182–186} }