@article{singh_ajeet_kwatra_cela_ziriax_d'andrea_lazzi_2010, title={Computation of Induced Current Densities in the Human Body at Low Frequencies Due to Contact Electrodes Using the ADI-FDTD Method}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1558-187X"]}, DOI={10.1109/temc.2009.2039482}, abstractNote={We report the use of the alternating direction implicit (ADI) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in a D-H formulation to compute induced current densities and recruitment volumes in the human body due to contact electrodes for human electromuscular incapacitation devices at frequencies below 200 kHz. A computational model resolution of 1 mm has been used for most of the human body model, including regions proximal to the electrode contact points, while a progressively coarser resolution up to 5 mm is utilized, according to an expanding grid scheme for body regions distant from the source, such as the lower extremities. Using quasi-static assumptions, discrete Fourier transforms have been used to average the electric field values at the desired frequencies for times much shorter than their time periods. The field values induced in the human body were then obtained as ratios with respect to the source, which can be scaled depending on the magnitude. This study suggests that the ADI-FDTD method can be used for the solution of low-frequency large-scale bioelectromagnetic problems. It is shown that, when used with quasi-static assumptions, Fourier series decomposition, and expanding grid, the D-H ADI-FDTD can be an effective computational bioelectromagnetics tool.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY}, author={Singh, Vinit and Ajeet, Ajeet and Kwatra, Nitin and Cela, Carlos J. and Ziriax, John and D'Andrea, John and Lazzi, Gianluca}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={537–544} }
 @article{singh_qusba_roy_castro_mcclure_dai_greenberg_weiland_humayun_lazzi_2009, title={Specific Absorption Rate and Current Densities in the Human Eye and Head Induced by the Telemetry Link of an Epiretinal Prosthesis}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1558-2221"]}, DOI={10.1109/TAP.2009.2028498}, abstractNote={The fields induced in the human head by the wireless telemetry used for Second Sight Medical Product, Inc.'s epiretinal prosthesis system are characterized for compliance testing with international safety standards using a three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code in D-H formulation. The specific system under consideration utilizes an inductive link with a primary coil mounted on the subject's eyeglasses and a secondary coil that is strapped on the eye, over the sclera. The specific absorption rate (SAR) and the current density have been obtained computationally for different relative positions of the primary and secondary coils to account for the relative misalignment of the two due to the movement of the eye with the implant. For a peak normalized current of 0.62 A in the primary coil at 10 MHz, the highest peak 1-g SAR was found to be 0.45 W/Kg, and the maximum root mean square (rms) current density averaged over a 1-cm2 area was found to be 16.05 A/m2, both of which are within the limits imposed by IEEE and ICNIRP safety standards. Simulations between 2 and 20 MHz indicated that the induced electric field values scale well with frequency, thus providing guidelines for the determination of the final frequency and input power requirements of operation for the telemetry system to meet safety standards.}, number={10}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION}, author={Singh, Vinit and Qusba, Amit and Roy, Arup and Castro, Richard A. and McClure, Kelly and Dai, Rongching and Greenberg, Robert J. and Weiland, James D. and Humayun, Mark S. and Lazzi, Gianluca}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={3110–3118} }
 @inproceedings{lazzi_qusba_singh_2008, title={On the design of telemetry coils and implantable small antennas for a retinal prosthesis to restore partial vision to the blind}, ISBN={978-1-4244-2041-4}, booktitle={2008 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting}, publisher={[Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE}, author={Lazzi, G. and Qusba, A. and Singh, V.}, year={2008}, pages={592–594} }