@book{wolfram_schilling-estes_2006, title={American English: Dialects and variation}, ISBN={1405112654}, journal={(Language in society (Oxford, England); 25)}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{schilling-estes_2006, title={Fighting the tide}, ISBN={1405121084}, booktitle={American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Schilling-Estes, N.}, editor={W. Wolfram and Ward, B.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{wolfram_schilling-estes_2006, title={Language evolution or dying traditions?: The state of American dialects}, ISBN={1405121084}, booktitle={American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast}, publisher={Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, editor={W. Wolfram and Ward, B.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_2003, title={Language change in "conservative" dialects: The case of past tense be in southern enclave communities}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0003-1283"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-78-2-208}, abstractNote={�� edge the potential for independent, internal linguistic change in such language varieties, the role of innovation tends to be overlooked in favor of the relic assumption, namely, that dialect forms in peripheral dialects will remain relatively static and resistant to language innovation. Indeed, Andersen (1988) maintains that this assumption has led researchers to slight the role of system-internal innovations in language in peripheral communities in favor of explanations grounded in hypothetical (and often unlikely or even impossible) contact situations resulting in the diffusion of change from outside areas. Andersen notes, there are internally motivated innovations which arise independently of any external stimulus. These too have an areal dimension and may appear to spread merely because they arise in different places at different times. [54] Andersen not only admits the potential of internally motivated change but asserts that peripheral varieties existing in closed, concentrated communities actually may show more dramatic changes than those occurring in more mainstream varieties, including “exorbitant phonetic developments” (70). In this study, we compare the trajectory of language change for a single morphosyntactic feature—past tense be leveling—in a set of representative enclave communities in the mid-Atlantic South to examine its path of change over the past century and the general role of innovation in peripheral dialect communities. Though enclave dialect situations have always}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Wolfram, W and Schilling-Estes, N}, year={2003}, pages={208–227} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_2000, title={Language evolution or dying tradition: The state of American dialects}, volume={4}, number={May/June}, journal={American Language Review}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={2000}, pages={13–17} }
 @article{schilling-estes_wolfram_1999, title={Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration}, volume={75}, DOI={10.2307/417058}, abstractNote={The comparison of the moribund dialects of Ocracoke Island, North Carolina, and Smith Island, Maryland, demonstrates that valuable insight into the patterning of variation and change in language death can be obtained by investigating moribund varieties of healthy languages. In addition, it is crucial to investigate not only cases of death by linguistic decay (DISSIPATION), but also cases of death by population attrition in which linguistic distinctiveness is maintained or heightened among fewer speakers (CONCENTRATION). The comparative investigation of both types of language death lends insight into the macrolevel socioeconomic and microlevel sociopsychological factors that lead to the maintenance or demise of moribund languages and language varieties, as well as the nature of change in language death. It is demonstrated that change in both concentrating and dissipating varieties is rapid but otherwise indistinct from change in healthy varieties and that unusual patterns of variation and change can be explained by appealing to the social significance of language features.}, number={3}, journal={Language}, author={Schilling-Estes, N. and Wolfram, W.}, year={1999}, pages={486–521} }
 @book{wolfram_schilling-estes_1998, title={American English: Dialects and variation}, ISBN={0631204865}, publisher={Cambridge, Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.o}, year={1998} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_1998, title={Endangered dialects: a neglected siutuation in the endangerment canon}, volume={14}, number={1998}, journal={Southwest Journal of Linguistics}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={1998}, pages={117–131} }
 @article{schilling-estes_1998, title={Investigating "self-conscious" speech: The performance register in Ocracoke English}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1469-8013"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0047404598001031}, abstractNote={This article examines PERFORMANCE SPEECH in the historically isolated island community of Ocracoke, North Carolina. Over the past several decades islanders have come into increasingly frequent contact with tourists and new residents, who often comment on the island's “quaint” relic dialect. In response, some Ocracokers have developed performance phrases that highlight island features, particularly the pronunciation of/ay/ with a raised/backed nucleus, i.e. [Λ-1]. The analysis of/ay/ in the performance and non-performance speech of a representative Ocracoke speaker yields several important insights for the study of language in its social context. First, performance speech may display more regular patterning than has traditionally been assumed. Second, it lends insight into speaker perception of language features. Finally, the incorporation of performance speech into the variationist-based study of style-shifting offers support for the growing belief that style-shifting may be primarily proactive rather than reactive. (Keywords: Ocracoke, performance speech, style-shifting, stylistic variation, register, self-conscious speech.)}, number={1}, journal={LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY}, author={Schilling-Estes, N}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={53–83} }
 @article{schillingestes_1997, title={Accommodation versus concentration: Dialect death in two post-insular island communities}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.2307/455606}, abstractNote={Dans le but de degager les processus generaux qui conduisent a la disparition d'un dialecte, l'A. analyse deux situations sociolinguistiques particulieres : celles de deux communautes insulaires du sud-est des Etats-Unis. Elle compare les traits morphosyntaxiques et phonologiques des deux dialectes en question (Ile Smith et Ocracoke), ainsi que des traits synchroniques et diachroniques qui permettent d'expliquer le declin de ces langues}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={SchillingEstes, N}, year={1997}, pages={12–32} }
 @book{wolfram_schilling-estes_1997, title={Hoi toide on the Outer Banks: The story of the Ocracoke brogue}, ISBN={080782318X}, publisher={Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={1997} }
 @article{wolfram_schilling-estes_1997, title={Symbolic identity and language change: A comparative analysis of post-insular /ay/ and /aw/}, volume={4}, number={1}, journal={University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.}, year={1997}, pages={83–109} }
 @inbook{wolfram_schilling-estes_hazen_craig_1997, title={The sociolinguistic complexity of quasi-isolated southern coastal communities}, booktitle={Language variety in the South revisited}, publisher={Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press}, author={Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N. and Hazen, K. and Craig, C.}, editor={C. Bernstein, T. Nunnally and Sabino, R.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={173–187} }