@article{hopkins_bailly_elmgren_glegg_sandberg_stottrup_2012, title={A systems approach framework for the transition to sustainable development: Potential value based on coastal experiments}, volume={17}, number={3}, journal={Ecology and Society}, author={Hopkins, T. S. and Bailly, D. and Elmgren, R. and Glegg, G. and Sandberg, A. and Stottrup, J. G.}, year={2012} }
 @misc{boehm_hopkins_pietrafesa_churchill_2006, title={Continental slope sea level and flow variability induced by lateral movements of the Gulf Stream in the Middle Atlantic Bight}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0079-6611"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pocean.2006.07.005}, abstractNote={Abstract As described by [Csanady, G.T., Hamilton, P., 1988. Circulation of slope water. Continental Shelf Research 8, 565–624], the flow regime over the slope of the southern Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) includes a current reversal in which southwestward flow over the upper and middle slope becomes entrained in the northeastward current adjacent to the Gulf Stream. In this paper we use satellite-derived data to quantify how lateral motions of the Gulf Stream impact this current system. In our analysis, the Gulf Stream’s thermal front is delineated using a two-year time series of sea surface temperature derived from NOAA/AVHRR satellite data. Lateral motions of the Gulf Stream are represented in terms of temporal variations of the area, east of 73°W, between the Gulf Stream thermal front and the shelf edge. Variations of slope water flow within this area are represented by anomalies of geostrophic velocity as derived from the time series of the sea level anomaly determined from TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimeter data. A strong statistical relationship is found between Gulf Stream displacements and parabathic flow over the continental slope. It is such that the southwestward flow over the slope is accelerated when the Gulf Stream is relatively far from the shelf edge, and is decelerated (and perhaps even reversed) when the Gulf Stream is close to the shelf edge. This relationship between Gulf Stream displacements and parabathic flow is also observed in numerical simulations produced by the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Model. In qualitative terms, it is consistent with the notion that when the Gulf Stream is closer to the 200-m isobath, it is capable of entraining a larger fraction of shelf water masses. Alternatively, when the Gulf Stream is far from the shelf-break, more water is advected into the MAB slope region from the northeast. Analysis of the diabathic flow indicates that much of the cross-slope transport by which the southwestward flow entering the study region is transferred to the northeastward flow exiting the region occurs in a narrow band roughly centered at 36.75°N, order 150 km north of Cape Hatteras. This transport, and thus the cyclonic circulation of the southern MAB, strengthens when the Gulf Stream is relatively close to the shelf edge, and weakens when the Gulf Stream is far from the shelf edge.}, number={2-4}, journal={PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Boehm, E. and Hopkins, T. S. and Pietrafesa, L. J. and Churchill, J. H.}, year={2006}, pages={196–212} }
 @article{bignami_hopkins_2003, title={Salt and heat trends in the shelf waters of the southern Middle-Atlantic Bight}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0278-4343"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00023-2}, abstractNote={Abstract This work reports on the evolution of water masses within the southern portion of the Middle-Atlantic Bight (MAB) and their exchange with the slope waters based upon the Ocean Margins Program hydrographic dataset (February–October 1996). Water mass distributions were quantified in terms of their content of freshwater and of Gulf Stream Water, with the Cold Pool Water (CPW) as the core shelf water. The CPW entered the area during the early spring, migrated offshore during the early summer and disappeared by early fall. An analysis of the salt and heat balance was estimated from the observed data, extended over an annual cycle. Surface heat and evaporative exchanges were obtained using an atmospheric Eta-coordinate model. This analysis supported the concept that the southernmost portion of the MAB circulates more as a positive estuary, exchanging with the slope waters, than as a shelf conduit exporting MAB waters to the Southern Atlantic Bight. Thus, the primary disposition of the shelf waters, entering the SMAB from the north, is in an offshore surface flow. This offshore flow requires, in turn, a sub-surface onshore flow. Significantly, the type of estuarine circulation switches during the year. During the stratified period, the circulation was analogous to that of a ‘highly stratified’ estuary; during the unstratified period, it resembled that of a ‘well-mixed’ estuary. The important difference between these two modes is that the winter exchange is enhanced, relative to that during the summer period; for example, the offshore flow increased from 2.8 to 3.4 10 5  m s −1 and the onshore flow from 0.44 to 1.0 10 5  m s −1 , respectively. It is suggested that the enhanced exchange is linked to the reduced density gradients, in both the vertical and horizontal, characteristic of the winter convective season. The slower exchange during summer favored freshwater retention in the SMAB volume, with salinities decreasing by 2 psu over the period; the shorter, more intense exchange during the winter favored freshwater loss (salting). In addition to providing salt, the onshore flow brought enough heat to dominate the heat budgets; for example, the advective heat gain increased from 46 to 135 W m −2 , between the summer and winter periods. With regard to the OMP objectives, these results suggest a significantly enhanced potential for carbon loss off the shelf during the winter period, compared to that of summer.}, number={6}, journal={CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH}, author={Bignami, F and Hopkins, TS}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={647–667} }
 @article{hopkins_2002, title={Abiotic variability and biocomplexity in the northern Adriatic, some research perspectives.}, volume={9}, number={1}, journal={Biologia Marina Mediterranea}, author={Hopkins, T. S.}, year={2002}, pages={1–47} }
 @article{da silva_duck_hopkins_rodrigues_2002, title={Evaluation of the nutrient inputs to a coastal lagoon: the case of the Ria de Aveiro, Portugal}, volume={475}, number={1}, journal={Hydrobiologia}, author={Da Silva, J. F. and Duck, R. W. and Hopkins, T. S. and Rodrigues, M.}, year={2002}, pages={379–385} }
 @article{da silva_duck_hopkins_anderson_2002, title={Nearshore circulation revealed by wastewater discharge from a submarine outfall, Aveiro Coast, Portugal}, volume={6}, number={6}, journal={Hydrology and Earth System Sciences}, author={Da Silva, J. F. and Duck, R. W. and Hopkins, T. S. and Anderson, J. M.}, year={2002}, pages={983–988} }
 @article{hopkins_2001, title={Thermohaline feedback loops and natural capital}, volume={65}, number={2001 Sep}, journal={Scientia Marina}, author={Hopkins, T. S.}, year={2001}, pages={231–256} }
 @article{logan_morrison_pietrafesa_hopkins_churchill_2000, title={Physical oceanographic processes affecting inflow/outflow through Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina}, volume={16}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Coastal Research}, author={Logan, D. G. and Morrison, J. M. and Pietrafesa, L. J. and Hopkins, T. S. and Churchill, J.}, year={2000}, pages={1111–1125} }
 @article{smethie_schlosser_bonisch_hopkins_2000, title={Renewal and circulation of intermediate waters in the Canadian Basin observed on the SCICEX 96 cruise}, volume={105}, ISSN={["2169-9291"]}, DOI={10.1029/1999jc900233}, abstractNote={During the summer of 1996 the nuclear submarine USS Pogy occupied a line of stations extending through the middle of the Canadian Basin between about 88°N, 44°W (Lomonosov Ridge) and about 78°N, 144°W (center of the Canada Basin). CTD/Niskin bottle casts extending to 1600 m were carried out at eight stations, providing the first high-quality temperature, salinity, CFC, tritium, and 3He data obtained from this region, although XCTD data had previously been collected in this region. These data, along with data from stations at the basin boundary to the south and west, reveal the presence of well-ventilated intermediate water beneath the halocline in the center of the Canada Basin, indicating renewal times of the order of 1–2 decades. The least ventilated intermediate water was observed at the northern end of the Canada Basin along the southern flank of the Alpha Ridge. Intermediate water is derived from the Atlantic Ocean and enters the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait and the Barents Sea. It flows around the Arctic basins in boundary currents and splits in the eastern Amundsen Basin with one branch crossing the Lomonosov Ridge and flowing along the East Siberian continental slope and the other flowing along the Eurasian flank of the Lomonosov Ridge. From the 1996 Scientific Ice Expedition (SCICEX 96) observations we conclude that the branch that flows along the East Siberian continental slope transports this water to the Chukchi Rise, where it apparently enters the central Canada Basin with some flow continuing along the boundary to the southern Canada Basin. The Fram Strait Branch Water mixes extensively with waters from the Canadian Basin during its transit along the East Siberian continental slope, being diluted by a factor of about 5 by the time it reaches the central Canada Basin. The Barents Sea Branch Water does not undergo such extensive mixing and is diluted by a factor of only about 2 when it reaches the central Canada Basin.}, number={C1}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS}, author={Smethie, WM and Schlosser, P and Bonisch, G and Hopkins, TS}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={1105–1121} }
 @article{hopkins_1999, title={Physical control of the eutrophic response in the northern Adriatic Sea, illustrated by a nitrogen budget from ELNA data}, volume={35}, number={3}, journal={Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita}, author={Hopkins, T. S.}, year={1999}, pages={355} }
 @article{hopkins_1999, title={The thermohaline forcing of the Gibraltar exchange}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0924-7963"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0924-7963(98)00068-2}, abstractNote={A conceptual framework for understanding the exchange through Gibraltar and its thermohaline forcing is presented. The Mediterranean Sea annually produces a dense water mass that sinks and accumulates above the level of the sill until the internal pressure gradient generated through the Strait is sufficiently strong to force it out at a rate equal to the rate of its mean interannual production. The dense water forced out creates a sea-level drop through the Strait that drives a compensatory inflow of surface Atlantic water. The two-way exchange can be calculated geostrophically by requiring that the baroclinic outflow equal the opposing barotropic inflow plus the net water balance of the Basin. Bottom friction acts as a retarding force for the outflow and reduces the geostrophic flow by roughly a half. The exchange was calculated from the steric heights derived from a series of historical hydrographic transects across the western Alboran Sea and the eastern Gulf of Cadiz. Bottom Ekman frictional parameters were estimated from the current-meter data of the Gibraltar Experiment. The mean outflow determined from these data was ∼0.84±0.3 Sv. It is shown that time-dependent fluctuations of the sea level can generate an additional, net mass exchange through a `barotropic pumping' mechanism that increases the outflow by ∼50% to 1.26 Sv. This fluctuating flow component is susceptible to hydraulic control during the percentage of the time that the combined outflow (or inflow) achieves a supercritical state. This combined outflow suggests an interannual mean value of ∼96 cm/yr for the internal water balance the annual value of which has little direct effect on the exchange due to the ∼9-year e-folding time for draining the reservoir of dense water accumulated to ∼180 m above the depth of the sill. This relatively stable accumulation of dense water provides the steady force for the exchange from seasonal to interannual time scales. However, significant variability in the exchange on weekly to seasonal time scales exists owing to the variability in the Basin's internal circulations, that supply the dense water to and evacuate the Atlantic water from the western Alboran, together with the variability in the sea-level fluctuations that drive barotropic-pumping exchange. In addition, variations in the amplitude of the exchange are damped by negative feedback loops that exist due to the interdependency between the exchange and the force generating it. This interpretation of an exchange buffered from the variability in its meteorological forcing and responsive to the variability in local potential energy suggests that any objective to detect a response to climatic trends in the Strait of Gibraltar should be coordinated with observations of the sea level, internal potential energy, water-mass characteristics, and air–sea interaction both locally and within the Basin and its sub-basins.}, number={1-4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS}, author={Hopkins, TS}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={1–31} }
 @article{manghnani_morrison_hopkins_bohm_1998, title={Advection of upwelled waters in the form of plumes off Oman during the Southwest Monsoon}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0967-0645"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00062-9}, abstractNote={Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery of sea-surface-temperature, TOPEX/POSEIDON measurements of sea-level-anomaly (SLA), and modeled surface winds and wind-stress fields are used in concert with other ancillary data to describe the influence of the 1995 Southwest Monsoon on the distribution of upwelled waters off the coast of Oman. The Oman upwelling zone is characterized by the entrainment of cold upwelled waters into plumes extending from the coast into the deep ocean unaffected by the steep bottom gradients. The most prominent of these plumes is found offshore of Ras al Madraka. A mechanism for the entrainment of upwelled water into plumes is hypothesized, and validated by observational data. It is proposed that the location of the plume is primarily governed by the sea level structure away from the coast and that coastally upwelled water is passively advected offshore through regions of low sea level. Analysis of the surface wind-stress fields show significant spatial variability associated with the predominantly cyclonic mean wind-stress curl, with relatively weak curl observed in the region south of Ras al Madraka and north of Ras Marbat. Decomposition of the surface wind-stress fields through Principal Component Analysis shows that, at certain periods, the development of strong along-shore winds and cyclonic wind-stress curl in the region north of Ras al Madraka. This information, combined with concurrent observations of TOPEX/POSEIDON sea-level-anomalies (SLAs), satellite derived sea-surface-temperatures (SST), and surface current measurements, shows that the combined effects of a strong along-shore wind field and positive wind-stress curl forces a depression in sea level in the region north of Ras al Madraka. The sea level gradient, caused by the presence of a sustained high sea level to the south of Ras al Madraka, causes geostrophic advection of coastally upwelled waters away from the shelf. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) velocity measurements along with SST maps further prove that the upwelled water is geostrophically advected offshore as opposed to being an offshore deflection of a wind-driven coastal current. Comparison of interannual features in the TOPEX/POSEIDON SLAs suggest that the plumes coming off coast in the Oman upwelling zone may not be directly linked to the coastal topography or bathymetry but are a result of interaction between mesoscale variations in the wind field and the underlying ocean. The strong along-shore winds and cyclonic wind-stress curl to the north of Ras al Madraka becomes enhanced when the Findlater Jet moves closer to the Oman coast than its mean position.}, number={10-11}, journal={DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Manghnani, V and Morrison, JM and Hopkins, TS and Bohm, E}, year={1998}, pages={2027–2052} }
 @misc{hopkins_1998, title={Author's reply to ''The geostrophic velocity field in shallow water over topography'' by H. Charnock and P. Killworth}, volume={18}, number={1}, journal={Continental Shelf Research}, author={Hopkins, T. S.}, year={1998}, pages={119–120} }