@article{wiebe_minogue_jones_cowley_krebs_2009, title={Haptic feedback and students' learning about levers: unraveling the effect of simulated touch}, volume={53}, DOI={10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.004}, abstractNote={While there has been extensive experimental research on haptics, less has been conducted on cross-modal interactions between visual and haptic perception and even less still on cross-modal applications in instructional settings. This study looks at a simulation on the principles of levers using both visual and haptic feedback: one group received visual and haptic feedback while the other just visual feedback. Using the triangulation of learning scores, eye tracking data, and video analysis of interaction with the levers, the efficacy of haptic feedback to improve learning was explored. The results indicate that while the total fixation time on the levers and numeric readout was greater for the visual and haptic group, very similar patterns of visual attention were seen between groups. Perhaps surprisingly, the visual only group scored higher on an embedded assessment. Explanations for these results are synthesized from theories of cross-modal perception and cognitive architecture.}, number={2}, journal={Computers & Education}, author={Wiebe, Eric and Minogue, J. and Jones, M. G. and Cowley, J. and Krebs, D.}, year={2009}, pages={667–676} }