@article{brauer_tittle_antonaccio_2019, title={The Costs of Coercive Control: Assessing Behavioral and Mental Health Correlates of Erratic and Oppressive Coercion}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1745-9109"]}, DOI={10.1080/07418825.2017.1403643}, abstractNote={Some theorists argue that coercion’s consequences depend upon the consistency with which it is experienced. This study measures the consistency of coercive experiences across social domains and lifespan stages then tests hypotheses linking coercion’s consistency to crime, prosocial behaviors, and depressive symptoms using data from randomly selected respondents in Ukraine and Bangladesh. Descriptive analyses test theoretical claims that erratic coercion generates crime while oppressive coercion deters crime, but at the cost of suppressing prosocial behaviors and exacerbating depressive symptoms. Findings show positive associations between projected criminal behavior and coercion’s magnitude, and between relative erratic but not absolute erratic coercion and projected criminal behavior. Oppressive coercion is linked to more depressive symptoms and, contradicting theoretical expectations, higher levels of criminal intent. Overall, this study’s findings challenge widespread reliance on coercive controls to influence social outcomes by documenting higher levels of projected criminal behavior and mental health problems among more coerced respondents.}, number={2}, journal={JUSTICE QUARTERLY}, author={Brauer, Jonathan R. and Tittle, Charles R. and Antonaccio, Olena}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={255–286} }
 @article{brauer_tittle_2012, title={SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY AND HUMAN REINFORCEMENT}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1521-0707"]}, DOI={10.1080/02732173.2012.646160}, abstractNote={Scholars differ in their assumptions about the strength of accumulated evidence concerning social learning theory. One area of potential weakness is a possible dearth of evidence regarding differential reinforcement, the theory's central causal mechanism. We report results from a systematic review of (1) a sample of experimental studies concerning human reinforcement learning as well as (2) criminological/sociological studies cited by proponents as supportive of social learning theory. This review is designed to assess the empirical basis for reinforcement and social learning. It suggests that results of experimental research, though supportive of the reinforcement process, may be limited in applicability to social learning theory's hypotheses regarding differential reinforcement, and direct tests of differential reinforcement hypotheses are rare in the non-experimental literature. We conclude that the strength of social learning theory could be enhanced by more thorough and direct testing of reinforcement hypotheses and we offer suggestions about how to accomplish that.}, number={2}, journal={SOCIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM}, author={Brauer, Jonathan R. and Tittle, Charles R.}, year={2012}, pages={157–177} }
 @article{brauer_2009, title={TESTING SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY USING REINFORCEMENT'S RESIDUE: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS OF SELF-REPORTED THEFT AND MARIJUANA USE IN THE NATIONAL YOUTH SURVEY}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1745-9125"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00164.x}, abstractNote={Critics have expressed concerns regarding measurement strategies or analytic techniques often used in social learning research (Horan and Phillips, 2003; Krohn, 1999; Sampson, 1999; Tittle, 2004). In response to these concerns, this study tests the hypothesized causal relationships among reinforcement, general definitions, and self‐reported crime (theft and marijuana use) using a multilevel modeling approach with longitudinal data from the first five waves of the National Youth Survey (NYS), as well as with indirect parent and friend reinforcement measures that incorporate both the assumed products of reinforcement (expected consequences of behavior) and the efficacy of reinforcement (expected influence of the reinforcement source). Within‐subject analyses present a challenge to the theory as social learning variables do not covary significantly over time with criminal offending rates. Between‐subject analyses offer support for the theory as across‐person differences in average parent and friend reinforcement are significantly related to offending rates, and these reinforcement–crime relationships are mediated partially or fully by learned definitions. Implications of these findings are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={CRIMINOLOGY}, author={Brauer, Jonathan R.}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={929–970} }