@article{lin_odle_2003, title={Changes in Kinetics of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase in Liver and Skeletal Muscle of Dogs (Canis familiaris) throughout Growth and Development}, volume={133}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.4.1113}, DOI={10.1093/jn/133.4.1113}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to investigate developmental changes in the kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) within hepatic and skeletal muscle tissues of the canine species. Carnitine concentrations, CPT activity and the apparent K(m) for carnitine were measured in tissue homogenates from dogs in six age categories: newborn; 24-h-old; 3-, 6- and 9-wk-old; and adult. Hepatic CPT activity was low at birth, increased by 100% during the suckling period (P < 0.05) and then declined after weaning to adult levels. In contrast, CPT activity in muscle continued to increase with age, reaching adult levels after 9 wk. Congruent with CPT activity, nearly identical concentration profiles of liver and muscle acylcarnitines were observed. The apparent K(m) of hepatic CPT for carnitine also paralleled the increase in CPT activity during the suckling period; however, free and total liver carnitine concentrations declined by 50% during this time (P < 0.05). Beginning at 3 wk of age, the hepatic concentration of free carnitine was at or below the apparent K(m) of CPT for carnitine. A similar relationship existed in muscle of young dogs, but in adults, the free carnitine concentration was markedly increased and exceeded the apparent K(m) by 5-fold. Collectively, we infer that fatty acid oxidation capacity increases rapidly after birth in the canine, after ontogenic increases in CPT activity. Furthermore, based on the relatively low tissue carnitine concentrations when compared with the apparent carnitine K(m) of CPT, we suggest that carnitine may have an important role in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation and that increased dietary carnitine may improve fatty acid oxidative capacity in developing dogs.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Lin, Xi and Odle, Jack}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={1113–1119} }
 @article{gatlin_see_larick_lin_odle_2002, title={Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Combination with Supplemental Dietary Fat Alters Pork Fat Quality}, volume={132}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.10.3105}, DOI={10.1093/jn/131.10.3105}, abstractNote={Interest in fortification of human foods, including pork, with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is growing and may provide benefits as a neutraceutical based on research evaluating CLA as an anticarcinogen, immune modulator, antiatherogenic agent and a body composition modulator. This study evaluated the combined effects of dietary CLA and supplemental fat source on growth, fatty acid composition and belly quality of lean genotype gilts (n = 144). Pigs (49.3 kg) were randomly assigned to six diets (3 x 2 factorial) varying in supplemental fat (none, 4 g/100 g yellow grease or 4 g/100 g tallow) and linoleic acid [1 g/100 g corn oil (CO) or 1 g/100 g CLA (CLA-60)] for 47 d. Both the cis-9, trans-11 and the trans-10, cis-12 isomers of CLA were increased in belly and longissimus fat depots from pigs fed CLA, and that increase was up to 92% greater when CLA was fed with 4 g/100 g supplemental fat (fat source x linoleic acid interaction, P < 0.05). Pigs fed CLA had a greater concentration of 18:0 and less 18:1 cis-9 (P < 0.01) in various fat depots, suggesting a reduction in Delta(9) desaturase activity. The iodine value of belly fat from pigs consuming tallow and CLA combined was reduced to 62.0 from an initial value of 70.4. CLA supplementation also increased belly weights (P < 0.05). CLA did not affect longissimus muscle area, backfat depth and the percentage of fat-free lean (P > 0.10), but it increased the subjective intramuscular fat score by 18.8% (P < 0.01). In conclusion, CLA enrichment of pork products may be enhanced when combined with additional supplemental dietary fat, and together with tallow can be used to increase the saturated fatty acid content of pork.}, number={10}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gatlin, L. Averette and See, M. T. and Larick, D. K. and Lin, X. and Odle, J.}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={3105–3112} }
 @article{evans_lin_odle_mcintosh_2002, title={Trans-10, Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Increases Fatty Acid Oxidation in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes}, volume={132}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.3.450}, DOI={10.1093/jn/132.3.450}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 0-50 micromol/L trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomers on lipid and glucose metabolism in cultures of differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Specifically, we investigated the effects of 6 d of CLA treatment on the following: 1) (14)C-glucose and (14)C-oleic acid incorporation and esterification into lipid; 2) (14)C-glucose and (14)C-fatty acid oxidation; and 3) basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA supplementation (25 and 50 micromol/L) increased both (14)C-glucose and (14)C-oleic acid incorporation into the cellular lipid fraction, which was primarily triglyceride (TG), compared with bovine serum albumin (BSA) controls. Although glucose oxidation ((14)C-glucose to (14)C-CO(2)) was unaffected by CLA supplementation, oleic acid oxidation ((14)C-oleic acid to (14)C-CO(2)) was increased by approximately 55% in the presence of 50 micromol/L trans-10, cis-12 CLA compared with BSA controls. In contrast, 50 micromol/L linoleic acid (LA) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA-treated cultures had approximately 50% lower CO(2) production from (14)C-oleic acid compared with control cultures after 6 d of fatty acid exposure. Finally, 50 micromol/L trans-10, cis-12 CLA modestly increased basal, but not isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis compared with control cultures. Thus, the TG-lowering actions of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in cultures of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes may be via increased fatty acid oxidation, which exceeded its stimulatory effects on glucose and oleic acid incorporation into lipid.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Evans, M. and Lin, X. and Odle, J. and McIntosh, M.}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={450–455} }
 @article{heo_odle_lin_kempen_han_2001, title={Determination of Carnitine Renal Threshold and Effect of Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Carnitine Profiles in Newborn Pigs}, volume={14}, ISSN={1011-2367 1976-5517}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.237}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2001.237}, number={2}, journal={Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences}, publisher={Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies}, author={Heo, K. N. and Odle, J. and Lin, X. and Kempen, T. A. T. G. van and Han, In K.}, year={2001}, month={Feb}, pages={237–242} }
 @misc{shih_lin_miller_1998, title={DNA encoding Bacillus lichenformis PWD-1 keratinase}, volume={5,712,147}, number={1998 Jan. 27}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Shih, J. C. H. and Lin, X. and Miller, E. S.}, year={1998} }
 @article{lin_wong_miller_shih_1997, title={Expression of the Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 keratinase gene in B-subtilis}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0169-4146"]}, DOI={10.1038/sj.jim.2900440}, abstractNote={The kerA gene which encodes the enzyme keratinase was isolated from the feather-degrading bacterium Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1. The entire gene, including pre-, pro- and mature protein regions, was cloned with Pker, its own promoter, P43, the vegetative growth promoter, or the combination of P43-Pker into plasmid pUB18. Transformation of the protease-deficient strain B. subtilis DB104 with these plasmids generated transformant strains FDB-3, FDB-108 and FDB-29 respectively. All transformants expressed active keratinase in both feather and LB media, in contrast to PWD-1, in which kerA was repressed when grown in LB medium. With P43-Pker upstream of kerA, FDB-29 displayed the highest activity in feather medium. Production of keratinase in PWD-1 and transformants was further characterized when glucose or casamino acids were supplemented into the feather medium. These studies help understand the regulation of kerA expression and, in the long run, can help strain development and medium conditioning for the production of this industrially important keratinase.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Lin, X and Wong, SL and Miller, ES and Shih, JCH}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={134–138} }
 @article{lin_lee_casale_shih_1992, title={Purification and characterization of a keratinase from a feather-degrading Bacillus licheniformis strain}, volume={58}, number={10}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, author={Lin, X. and Lee, C. G. and Casale, E. S. and Shih, J. C. H.}, year={1992}, pages={3271} }