@article{crouch_grimes_christensen_krueger_2002, title={Effect of physical feed restriction during rearing on Large White turkey breeder hens: 3. Body and carcass composition}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.12.1792}, abstractNote={Large White turkey breeder hens were used to evaluate the effect of three different levels of physical feed restriction on subsequent body and carcass composition. The four feed treatments were 1) ad libitum fed throughout the study (CC), 2) feed restricted from 16 to 24 wk (CR), 3) feed restricted from 3 to 16 wk (RC), and 4) feed restricted from 3 to 24 wk (RR). Feed restriction was implemented so that RC and RR hens achieved a 45% reduction in BW compared to CC hens at 16 wk. From 16 to 24 wk, feed was allotted to RR and CR hens to maintain a slight increase in BW. At the completion of each restriction period, hens were gradually returned to ad libitum feeding. At 30 wk, hens were photostimulated for a 20-wk summer season egg production cycle. Restricted fed hens had increased moisture levels at 16 and 30 wk and decreased fat levels at 16, 30, 39, and 54 wk (P < or = 0.05). Absolute and relative weights of the pectoralis major muscle were greater in hens fed ad libitum through 43 wk (P < or = 0.05). There were no differences in the number of maturing yellow follicles due to treatment. However, restricted fed hens had higher peak egg production during early lay but decreased subsequent and cumulative egg production. Changes in egg production were associated with changes in breast muscle weight. Prolactin levels were greater in hens in-production compared to hens out-of-production; however, there were no differences due to feed treatment. In conclusion, further research on quantitative feed-restriction programs, which result in body weight reductions as described in this study, should address specific physiological and nutritional requirements and not be implemented as general programs.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Krueger, KK}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1792–1797} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_krueger_2002, title={Effect of physical feed restriction during rearing on large white turkey breeder hens: 1. Growth performance}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.1.9}, abstractNote={Large White turkey breeder hens were fed ad libitum (CC), feed-restricted from 16 to 24 wk (CR), feed-restricted from 3 to 16 wk (RC), or feed-restricted from 3 to 24 wk (RR). Feed restriction was implemented so that RC and RR hens achieved a 45% reduction in BW compared to CC hens at 16 wk. From 16 to 24 wk, feed was allotted to RR and CR hens to maintain a slight increase in BW. At the completion of each restriction period, hens were gradually released back to ad libitum feeding. At 30 wk of age, hens were photostimulated for a 20-wk summer season egg production cycle. Mean BW for all treatments were different (P < or = 0.05) at 16 and 30 wk. At the end of lay, hens on treatment CR were not different in BW from treatment CC hens, and treatment RR hens were not different in BW from treatment RC hens. Hens on treatment RR had the greatest BW gain and feed consumption leading into the production cycle. All treatment hens lost BW from the time of first egg until 47 wk of age. Hens on treatment CC lost significantly (P < or = 0.05) more relative BW (%) than those in any other treatment. Coefficient of variation for flock uniformity was similar for all treatments at time of photostimulation. At the end of the study, cumulative feed consumption was significantly less for restricted treatments: 86.5, 83.1, 75.8, and 70.7 kg/hen for treatments CC, CR, RC, and RR, respectively.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Krueger, KK}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={9–15} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_krueger_2002, title={Effect of physical feed restriction during rearing on large white turkey breeder hens: 2. Reproductive performance}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.1.16}, abstractNote={Large White turkey breeder hens were used to evaluate the effect of three different levels of physical feed restriction on subsequent reproductive performance. The feed treatments were: 1) fed ad libitum throughout the study (CC), 2) feed-restricted from 16 to 24 wk (CR), 3) feed-restricted from 3 to 16 wk (RC), and 4) feed-restricted from 3 to 24 wk (RR). Feed restriction was implemented so that restricted-fed hens (RC and RR) achieved a 45% reduction in BW as compared to CC hens at 16 wk. From 16 to 24 wk, feed was allotted to RR and CR hens to maintain a slight increase in BW. At the completion of the respective restriction periods, hens were gradually returned to ad libitum feeding. At 30 wk of age, hens were photostimulated for a 20-wk summer season egg production cycle. Hens receiving RC and RR treatments laid significantly more eggs than did CC and CR hens for the first 5 wk of lay. However, once the house temperature increased to 26.7 to 29.4 C during 6 to 10 wk of lay, egg production of all hens decreased, resulting in a significant decrease in cumulative egg production for RR and RC hens compared to CC and CR hens. Egg and poult weights were less for RC and RR hens compared to those from CC and CR hens. In conclusion, age of breeder, season of implementation, and length of physical feed restriction have significant effects on the reproductive performance of turkey breeder hens.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Krueger, KK}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={16–22} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_garlich_2001, title={Restriction of feed consumption and body weight in turkey breeder hens during the rearing period to improve reproductive performance}, ISBN={0392-0593}, number={5}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Crouch, A. N. and Grimes, J. L. and Christensen, V. L. and Garlich, J. D.}, year={2001}, pages={50} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_garlich_1999, title={Restriction of feed consumption and body weight in two strains of large white turkey breeder hens}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/78.8.1102}, abstractNote={Large White female-line turkey breeder hen poults (576) of two strains (N, female line and B, male line) were brooded by strain in floor pens from day of hatch until 3 wk of age (WOA). At 3 WOA, all poults were randomly distributed by strain to 48 floor pens in a curtain-sided house. Poults were feed (calorie) restricted beginning at 3 (N3, B3) or 6 (N6, B6) WOA to obtain a 45% reduction in BW at 16 WOA compared to ad libitum controls (NC, BC). At 16 WOA, all hens were gradually returned to ad libitum feeding. At 18 to 30 WOA, all hens were subjected to 8 h light/d. At 30 WOA, all hens were photostimulated with 15.5 h/d. Hens were inseminated weekly with semen from same strain, male-line breeder males. Eggs were collected daily, and all settable eggs from weeks of lay (WOL) 5 to 6, 10 to 11, 15 to 16, 20 to 21, and 24 to 25 were incubated by pen in a common incubator for each set date. Measurements included BW, feed consumption, egg production, mortality, egg fertility, egg hatchability, and poult weight. Statistical analysis of means was performed by strain. Target BW were obtained for feed-restricted hens. Restricted hens increased their feed consumption upon re-alimentation but did not achieve the cumulative feed consumption or BW of control fed hens by 56 WOA. Egg production of N3 hens was greater than NC hens for WOL 2 and 3. Total and settable eggs per hen were greater for N3 hens than for NC for WOL 1 to 5. There were no differences observed for egg weight, egg fertility, hatch of all eggs set, hatch of fertile eggs, or offspring weight among N hen treatments. The B0 hens produced more eggs than B3 or B6 hens. The B6 hens produced lighter weight eggs than B0 hens. It was concluded that early severe feed restriction of female line breeder hens might improve subsequent reproductive performance.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Garlich, JD}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={1102–1109} }
 @article{grimes_crouch_1997, title={Enzyme supplementation may improve bird performance}, volume={69}, number={22}, journal={Feedstuffs}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Crouch, A. N.}, year={1997}, pages={18–193334} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_ferket_thomas_sefton_1997, title={Enzyme supplementation to enhance wheat utilization in starter diets for broilers and turkeys}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/6.2.147}, abstractNote={Abstract Two trials, one using chicks and the other poults, were conducted to determine the efficacy of an enzyme designed to enhance the utilization of wheat non-starch polysaccharides in two sources of wheat. There were five treatment rations: corn-soybean meal (CSBM) and four other diets containing 40% wheat from two locations (North Carolina, NC, and western Canada, CN) supplemented with and without enzyme. Intestinal viscosity was decreased for both chicks and poults with enzyme supplementation of both wheat sources. Body weight gain was improved for both chicks and poults fed NC wheat. Birds fed NC wheat did not grow as well as birds fed CN wheat or corn-based diets. It was concluded that 1) supplementation of wheat sources for both chicks and poults lowered intestinal viscosity; 2) enzyme supplementation of NC wheat diets improved performance of chicks and poults; and 3) source of wheat affected chick and poult performance.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Ferket, PR and Thomas, LN and Sefton, AE}, year={1997}, pages={147–154} }