@article{metcalf_almond_routh_horton_dillman_orndorff_2000, title={Experimental Salmonella typhi infection in the domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0882-4010"]}, DOI={10.1006/mpat.2000.0367}, abstractNote={The domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica, was examined as a model for typhoid fever, a severe and systemic disease of humans caused by Salmonella typhi. Six pigs were inoculated 1 week post-weaning with approximately 10(10)colony forming units (cfu) of wild type Salmonella typhi strain ISP1820 intranasally and observed for 3 weeks. S. typhi was cultured from the tonsils of 50% of the pigs at necropsy. Cultures from all other organs analysed (ileum, colon, spleen and liver) were negative. No clinical or histopathological signs of disease were observed. Pigs inoculated in parallel with swine-virulent S. choleraesuis all exhibited signs of systemic salmonellosis indicating that the parameters of the experimental infection with S. typhi (e.g. route) were appropriate. Whereas the pig has a gastrointestinal tract that is very similar to humans, our results indicated that the unique features of host and microbe interaction needed to produce typhoid fever were not mimicked in swine. Nevertheless, our observation of tonsillar involvement was consistent with former observations of S. choleraesuis and S. typhimurium infections in swine and supports a role for the tonsil in all porcine salmonella infections.}, number={2}, journal={MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS}, author={Metcalf, ES and Almond, GW and Routh, PA and Horton, JR and Dillman, RC and Orndorff, PE}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={121–126} }
 @article{maurelli_routh_dillman_ficken_weinstock_almond_orndorff_1998, title={Shigella infection as observed in the experimentally inoculated domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0882-4010"]}, DOI={10.1006/mpat.1998.0230}, abstractNote={The domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica, was investigated as a potential animal model for shigellosis. We examined the effects of pig age, pig breed and antibiotic pretreatment upon Shigella infection. Shigella dysenteriae, and Shigella flexneri (both virulent and avirulent strains) were utilized. Our results indicated that young (4-week-old), conventionally re ared, domestic pigs were routinely, but briefly, colonized (average=3.5+/-2.5 days) following oral or gavage administration ofS. flexneri, as determined by direct rectal cultures. The duration of S. dysenteriae colonization was significantly shorter. Inoculation of younger (2 days) or older (9 weeks) pigs with S. flexneri had no significant effect on infection duration. Similarly, infection of 4-week-old pigs with virulent and avirulent strains of S. flexneri had no effect upon the duration of infection, nor did the use of a swine-passaged S. flexneri isolate. Marked clinical, histopathological (gross and microscopic) and immunoIhistopathological signs of disease were absent in all infections. However, in instances where microscopic histopathological evidence was used to correctly identify infected pigs, tonsillar lesions were the consistently noted criteria. The tonsils are believed to be an important portal of entry for Salmonella choleraesuis, another member of the Enterobacteriaceae and a prevalent pig pathogen. Taken altogether, our results indicate that the domestic pig is unsuitable as a model for shigellosis.}, number={4}, journal={MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS}, author={Maurelli, AT and Routh, PR and Dillman, RC and Ficken, MD and Weinstock, DM and Almond, GW and Orndorff, PE}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={189–196} }