@article{line_white_kirby-smith_potts_2008, title={Fecal coliform export from four coastal North Carolina areas}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1752-1688"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00185.x}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Fecal coliform (FC) bacteria in coastal waters impair the use of these waters for shellfish harvesting and recreation. This study was designed to quantify and compare FC levels and export in two coastal watersheds with different land uses. Continuous monitoring of rainfall and discharge at three sites in the Jumping Run Creek watershed and one site in the Pettiford Creek watershed were conducted during a 4.5‐year period. Primary land use in the drainage area of one of the three Jumping Run Creek sites is low density industrial, while the other two are residential. Land use in the Pettiford Creek watershed is managed national forest. Nonstorm or base‐flow grab and flow‐proportional storm‐event samples were collected and analyzed for turbidity, conductivity, suspended sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and FC. Geometric mean FC levels for the Jumping Run Creek monitoring sites ranged from 593 to 2,096 mpn/100 ml, while the mean level at the Pettiford Creek site was 191 mpn/100 ml. Levels of most other parameters were greater in storm discharge from the Jumping Run Creek sites as compared to Pettiford Creek indicating that pollutant export from a watershed increases with development. Statistical analysis of the monitoring data suggested that FC levels in stormwater samples consistently increased with storm rainfall, but were not consistently correlated with any other parameter, including total suspended solids. Multivariate analysis indicated that the weekly FC export for each of the four sites was lowest during the December‐February quarter. Export was highest during the spring and summer at the Jumping Run Creek sites, while for the Pettiford Creek site, FC export was highest during September‐November. The cause of the seasonal variability was unknown but was thought to be associated with human activity in the watersheds.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Line, D. E. and White, N. M. and Kirby-Smith, W. W. and Potts, J. D.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={606–617} }
 @article{line_white_2007, title={Effects of development on runoff and pollutant export}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1554-7531"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143006X111736}, abstractNote={Runoff from two similar drainage areas in the Piedmont physiographic region of North Carolina was monitored simultaneously for 5.6 years. One of the drainage areas was developed as part of a large residential subdivision, while the other remained in woods and agricultural fields. Runoff volume was 68% greater for the developed compared with the undeveloped area, and baseflow as a percentage of overall discharge was approximately 0% compared with 25% for the undeveloped area. Overall annual export of sediment was 95% greater for the developed area, while export of nitrogen and phosphorus forms was 66 to 88% greater for the developed area. These results document the significant increases in runoff, sediment, and nutrient export associated with residential development.}, number={2}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Line, D. E. and White, N. M.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={185–190} }
 @article{line_white_osmond_jennings_mojonnier_2002, title={Pollutant export from various land uses in the upper Neuse River Basin}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1061-4303"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143002X139794}, abstractNote={Because of the relatively high variability of pollutant export from urban land uses, a significant number of monitoring studies, including data from many storms, are needed to adequately characterize export from urban land uses. Pollutant runoff from six small drainage areas with different land uses was monitored for at least 20 storm events over the course of more than 1 year. The land uses included single‐family residential, golf course, industrial, dairy cow pasture, construction site, and wooded site. Average event mean concentrations and total annual load were computed for nitrogen forms, total phosphorus, and sediment from the land uses. Annual total nitrogen export was greatest for the construction land use during the house‐building phase, followed closely by the residential and golf course land uses. Total phosphorus export was greatest for the golf course site followed by the pasture and residential land uses. Sediment export was greatest for the construction site during the rough grading phase, which averaged more than 10 times more sediment export than any of the other sites. To estimate export from a multiuse urban watershed, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from the residential, golf course, and construction sites were averaged. The average total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from the three land uses was, respectively, 269, 302, and 256% greater than the corresponding exports from the wooded site, which was considered similar to the predevelopment land use. Additionally, analyses of rainfall samples indicated that a considerable portion of the nitrogen export from these sites likely comes from nitrogen in rainfall.}, number={1}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Line, DE and White, NM and Osmond, DL and Jennings, GD and Mojonnier, CB}, year={2002}, pages={100–108} }
 @article{line_white_2001, title={Efficiencies of temporary sediment traps on two North Carolina construction sites}, volume={44}, DOI={10.13031/2013.6451}, abstractNote={Sediment export from construction sites is receiving increasing scrutiny, and correspondingly the efficiencies of 
sediment controls are being questioned. Sediment or total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations 
in outflow from, as well as sediment accumulation, in three temporary sediment traps located on North Carolina construction 
sites were monitored to assess the efficiencies of the traps. The trapping efficiency of the trap located on a Coastal Plain site 
(Woodsong) was 69%, while the efficiencies of two traps located on a Piedmont site (Carpenter) averaged 59%. In addition, 
the Carpenter trap retained 30% of the TP coming off the site, while the Woodsong trap retained 9%. Sediment size analyses 
of a limited number of samples indicated that the Woodsong trap retained 91%, 43%, and 21% of the sand, silt, and clay 
primary particles entering the trap, while the Carpenter traps retained 68%, 72%, and 40% of the sand, silt, and clay particles 
entering it. The turbidity of outflow samples was also measured and correlated to TSS concentrations. A relatively strong 
linear correlation was found for data from the Carpenter traps (r2 = 0.96), and a weaker correlation was documented for the 
Woodsong trap (r2 = 0.64). These data indicate that for sites with high TSS concentrations in runoff and relatively little organic 
matter left on the site, TSS may be computed from turbidity; however, more data is needed to confirm this assertion.}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Line, D. E. and White, N. M.}, year={2001}, pages={1207–1215} }
 @article{white_line_potts_kirby-smith_doll_hunt_2000, title={Jump Run Creek Shellfish Restoration Project}, volume={19}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Shellfish Research}, author={White, N. M. and Line, D. E. and Potts, J. D. and Kirby-Smith, W. and Doll, B. and Hunt, W. F.}, year={2000}, pages={473–476} }
 @article{wefering_danielson_white_2000, title={Using the AMOEBA approach to measure progress toward ecosystem sustainability within a shellfish restoration project in North Carolina}, volume={130}, ISSN={["0304-3800"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00205-2}, abstractNote={Sustainable development, a concept of concern today in the political decision-making arena, captures and combines the need for economic development and the urgency of ecosystem protection. Sustainability indicators not only describe the environmental situation and the current burden on it; they also show what environmental burden the ecosystem is able to withstand in the long-run. Sustainability indicators tell us if, and to what degree, we are making progress toward the goal of sustainable development. This paper examines the purposes and requirements of sustainability indicators, using the AMOEBA approach as its main focus. AMOEBA, in the Dutch language, stands for ‘general method of ecosystem description and assessment’. In the AMOEBA approach, quantitative and verifiable objectives are developed that allow for a quantitative description and assessment of ecosystems. The AMOEBA approach is a tool in aiding political decision makers to better understand the ecological status of an area of concern. AMOEBA is described both in general terms and with respect to its application at Jumping Run Creek shellfish restoration project in North Carolina. The project seeks to mitigate impacts to watershed hydrology due to land use changes that contribute to excessive bacterial loading and bed closure. Parameters being studied are indicators of bacterial stores, hydrologic modification and building density. An altered AMOEBA was developed which graphically presents the selected indicators and allows for an assessment of ecosystem impairments.}, number={1-3}, journal={ECOLOGICAL MODELLING}, author={Wefering, FM and Danielson, LE and White, NM}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={157–166} }