@article{winesett_story_luning_ade_2003, title={Tuning substrate surface energies for blends of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, DOI={10.1021/la030129x}, abstractNote={We compare the efficacies of three preparation methods intended to create in an easy and inexpensive way a nonpreferential surface for a two-component homopolymer blend of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). The first method is to physically absorb two different high molecular weight copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate onto hydroxylated silicon oxide. The second method consists of covalently bonding octyltrichlorosilane onto hydroxylated silicon oxide with gradient coverage to create a region with a neutral surface. The third method utilizes hydroxyl terminated, miscible, low molecular weight homopolymers of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) covalently attached to the substrate. We characterize the relative effectiveness of all three methods and their temporal stability using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, contact angle measurements, as well as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy and spectroscopy. The preparation methods explored should be extendable to a number of polymer systems.}, number={20}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Winesett, DA and Story, S and Luning, J and Ade, H}, year={2003}, month={Sep}, pages={8526–8535} }
 @article{zhang_ge_wang_rafailovich_dhez_winesett_ade_shafi_ulman_popovitz-biro_et al._2003, title={Use of functionalized WS2 nanotubes to produce new polystyrene/polymethylmethacrylate nanocomposites}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00053-3}, abstractNote={Multiwall WS2 nanotubes of 40–50 nm diameter were functionalized with n-octadecyl phosphonic acid by sonication in toluene and blended with mixtures of polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to form new nanocomposite (NC) materials. The surface and domain structures were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for various levels of loading of nanotubes up to 20 wt%. Phase-separated domain size and surface roughness of the nanocomposite films were found to be dramatically reduced relative to the pure homopolymer blend and good dispersal of the nanotubes in the blend matrix was attained.}, number={7}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Zhang, W and Ge, S and Wang, Y and Rafailovich, MH and Dhez, O and Winesett, DA and Ade, H and Shafi, KVPM and Ulman, A and Popovitz-Biro, R and et al.}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={2109–2115} }
 @article{smith_urquhart_winesett_mitchell_ade_2001, title={Use of near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectromicroscopy to characterize multicomponent polymeric systems}, volume={55}, DOI={10.1366/0003702011954008}, abstractNote={ The merits of a polymer characterization technique, near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectromicroscopy, are demonstrated through the characterization of a multilayer polymer film with partially unknown chemical composition. The combination of chemical speciation through NEXAFS spectroscopy with the high spatial resolution available in X-ray microscopy allows the characterization of polymeric materials not possible with conventional techniques. Analysis of a multilayer with layers as thin as 4 μm has yielded results that differ from those previously obtained by infrared microscopy. Layers below the spatial resolution limit of infrared microscopy were characterized. }, number={12}, journal={Applied Spectroscopy}, author={Smith, A. P. and Urquhart, S. G. and Winesett, D. A. and Mitchell, G. and Ade, Harald}, year={2001}, pages={1676–1681} }
 @article{morin_ikeura-sekiguchi_tyliszczak_cornelius_brash_hitchcock_scholl_nolting_appel_winesett_et al._2001, title={X-ray spectromicroscopy of immiscible polymer blends: polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate)}, volume={121}, DOI={10.1016/S0368-2048(01)00335-8}, abstractNote={Abstract Spun cast thin films of blends of low and high molecular weight mono-disperse polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with nominal compositions ranging from 66/33 wt.%/wt.% (w/w) up to 10/90 w/w PS/PMMA have been studied, as-made and after annealing. Two synchrotron-based X-ray microscopies — scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM) — as well as several variants of atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to probe the composition and morphology of the bulk and surface of these blends. The chemical sensitivities and spatial resolutions of these three techniques are compared. All samples are observed to have a PS signal in the C 1s X-ray absorption spectrum of the surface of the PMMA-rich domains as measured in the X-PEEM. A continuous thin PS layer is not expected at a PMMA surface since neither polymer should wet the other at thermodynamic equilibrium. The likely origin of this PS surface signal is from a bimodal distribution of PS domain sizes with the PS signal arising from domains at the surface which are smaller than the ∼200-nm resolution of the X-PEEM. High resolution AFM and STXM provide direct evidence for this explanation.}, number={1-3}, journal={Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena}, author={Morin, C. and Ikeura-Sekiguchi, H. and Tyliszczak, T. and Cornelius, R. and Brash, J. L. and Hitchcock, A. P. and Scholl, A. and Nolting, F. and Appel, G. and Winesett, D. A. and et al.}, year={2001}, pages={203–224} }
 @article{slep_asselta_rafailovich_sokolov_winesett_smith_ade_anders_2000, title={Effect of an interactive surface on the equilibrium contact angles in bilayer polymer films}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, DOI={10.1021/la990031b}, abstractNote={Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) were used to obtain the three-dimensional concentration profiles and the late-stage morphology of liquid bilayer thin films of the two imiscible polymers polystyrene (PS) and (polybromostyrene) (PBrx=0.79S), where x = fraction of monomers brominated) as a function of the lower PS film thickness. The results showed that the apparent contact angle at the polymer/air interface decreases exponentially with increasing PS film thickness with a constant that scales with the PS radius of gyration (Rg). In contrast, the Neuman angle, as determined from the PBrS STXM images, increases with substrate thickness. NEXAFS and PEEM data show that the droplets consist of a PBrS core fully encapsulated by PS for substrate thicknesses greater than Rg. Only partial encapsulation is seen for substrates less than Rg. These results could not b...}, number={5}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Slep, D and Asselta, J and Rafailovich, MH and Sokolov, J and Winesett, DA and Smith, AP and Ade, H and Anders, S}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={2369–2375} }
 @article{winesett_ade_sokolov_rafailovich_zhu_2000, title={Substrate dependence of morphology in thin film polymer blends of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate)}, volume={49}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(200005)49:5<458::aid-pi373>3.0.co;2-5}, abstractNote={We studied the effects of different substrates on the development of the morphologies in thin film polymer blends in as-spun and annealed films. We have utilized thin films of blends of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) spun cast on Si, Au and Co surfaces, and produced quantitative composition maps with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy as a function of annealing time. We observed a marked dependence of the morphologies and the qualitative dynamics on the surface composition. # 2000 Society of Chemical Industry}, number={5}, journal={Polymer International}, author={Winesett, D. A. and Ade, Harald and Sokolov, J. and Rafailovich, M. and Zhu, S.}, year={2000}, pages={458–462} }
 @article{winesett_zhu_sokolov_rafailovich_ade_2000, title={Time-temperature superposition of phase separating polymer blend films}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0954-0083"]}, DOI={10.1088/0954-0083/12/4/315}, abstractNote={ We have examined the structure formations in symmetric blend films of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) during phase separation and coalescence in the melt. We qualitatively verify the principle of time–temperature superposition by observing morphology development in which characteristic structures develop independently of annealing temperature and initial morphology. Domain structures proceed to qualitatively similar morphologies regardless of the initial morphology due to the intrinsic viscosity of the blend films. }, number={4}, journal={HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS}, author={Winesett, DA and Zhu, S and Sokolov, J and Rafailovich, M and Ade, H}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={599–602} }
 @article{zhu_liu_rafailovich_sokolov_gersappe_winesett_ade_1999, title={Confinement-induced miscibility in polymer blends}, volume={400}, number={6739}, journal={Nature}, author={Zhu, S. and Liu, Y. and Rafailovich, M. H. and Sokolov, J. and Gersappe, D. and Winesett, D. A. and Ade, H.}, year={1999}, pages={49–51} }
 @article{ade_winesett_smith_qu_ge_sokolov_rafailovich_1999, title={Phase segregation in polymer thin films: Elucidations by X-ray and scanning force microscopy}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0295-5075"]}, DOI={10.1209/epl/i1999-00198-7}, abstractNote={We have used quantitative X-ray microscopy in combination with Scanning Force Microscopy to monitor the phase separation of spun cast thin films of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) blends upon annealing. Both techniques complement and enhance each other in elucidating the complicated structures that develop as a function of annealing time. We have determined the composition of the mixed phases that result from solvent spin casting. We subsequently observe the sudden rearrangement into domains much smaller than those originally formed. Unique, intricate hydrodynamic mass flow patterns form during coarsening which are in qualitative agreement with recent simulations of phase segregation in two-dimensional viscous fluids. Complicated polymer-polymer interfaces persist even in the later stages that are explained in terms of the geometric constraints of a thin film and the dependance of polymer viscosity on film thickness.}, number={4}, journal={EUROPHYSICS LETTERS}, author={Ade, H and Winesett, DA and Smith, AP and Qu, S and Ge, S and Sokolov, J and Rafailovich, M}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={526–532} }
 @article{ade_winesett_smith_anders_stammler_heske_slep_rafailovich_sokolov_stohr_1998, title={Bulk and surface characterization of a dewetting thin film polymer bilayer}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0003-6951"]}, DOI={10.1063/1.122891}, abstractNote={We have monitored the progression of the dewetting of a partially brominated polystyrene (PBrS) thin film on top of a polystyrene (PS) thin film with scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) as well as photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM). We mapped the projected thickness of each constituent polymer species and the total thickness of the film with STXM, while we determined the surface composition with PEEM. Our data show that the PBrS top layer becomes encapsulated during the later stages of dewetting and that atomic force microscopy topographs cannot be utilized to determine the contact angle between PBrS and PS.}, number={25}, journal={APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS}, author={Ade, H and Winesett, DA and Smith, AP and Anders, S and Stammler, T and Heske, C and Slep, D and Rafailovich, MH and Sokolov, J and Stohr, J}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={3775–3777} }