@article{robinette_noga_2001, title={Histone-like protein: a novel method for measuring stress in fish}, DOI={10.3354/dao044097}, abstractNote={We assessed the effect of chronic stress using a group of potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial polypeptides, called histone-like proteins (HLPs), which appear to be an important component of non-specific immunity in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus skin. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure the predominant HLP (HLP-1) in channel catfish skin. Catfish were then exposed to a chronic stress consisting of overcrowding and elevated ammonia. Healthy unstressed fish had consistently high HLP-1 levels, but fish that had been stressed for 1 wk had significantly depressed HLP-1 levels; HLP-1 levels declined further in fish stressed for 3 or 4 wk. The time-dependent decline in HLP-1 levels was not accompanied by any gross signs of disease. In contrast to HLP-1 levels, antibacterial activity in the skin was significantly greater in fish stressed for 1 wk compared with unstressed fish; in addition, antibacterial activity was the same in fish that were unstressed or stressed for 3 or 4 wk. This suggests that other antibiotics besides HLP-1 may be induced in the skin, especially during early stages of stress, that may compensate for depressed HLP-1 levels. Our results indicate that chronic stress has a significant suppressive effect on HLP-1 levels in channel catfish skin. The reduction of HLP-1 in the absence of clinical signs of disease, combined with evidence that its levels are not affected by the acute stressors of capture or sampling, suggests that HLP levels may be a promising indicator for monitoring fish health.}, number={2}, journal={Diseases of Aquatic Organisms}, author={Robinette, DW and Noga, EJ}, year={2001}, month={Jan} }
 @article{khoo_robinette_noga_1999, title={Callinectin, an antibacterial peptide from blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, hemocytes}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={Marine Biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Khoo, L. and Robinette, D. W. and Noga, E. J.}, year={1999}, pages={44–51} }