@article{thomas_britton_clewis_askew_wilcut_2006, title={Glyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) response and weed management with trifloxysulfuron, glyphosate, prometryn, and MSMA}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-257R1.1}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted at three locations to evaluate glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton response, weed control, and cotton lint yields to two formulations of glyphosate (diammonium salt– glyphosate and isopropylamine salt–glyphosate) and trifloxysulfuron applied early postemergence (EPOST) alone or to tank mixtures of trifloxysulfuron with each glyphosate formulation, with and without a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA. Trifloxysulfuron and both formulations of glyphosate controlled common lambsquarters and pitted morningglory. Both glyphosate formulations provided equivalent control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and smooth pigweed. Trifloxysulfuron controlled smooth pigweed better than either glyphosate formulation but did not control goosegrass or prickly sida. Prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY improved late-season control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and pitted morningglory for all EPOST systems and improved late-season smooth pigweed control for EPOST systems that did not include trifloxysulfuron. Cotton injury was 2% or less from both glyphosate formulations, while trifloxysulfuron injured ‘Deltapine 5415RR’ 7 to 16% at two locations. At a third location, trifloxysulfuron injured ‘Paymaster 1218RR/BG’ 24%, and when applied in mixture with either glyphosate formulation, injury increased to at least 72%. Cotton injury was transient at the first two locations and was not visually apparent 3 to 5 wk later. Cotton yield at the third location was reduced. High cotton yields reflected high levels of weed control.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Thomas, WE and Britton, TT and Clewis, SB and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2006}, pages={6–13} }
 @article{burke_askew_corbett_wilcut_2005, title={Glufosinate antagonizes clethodim control of goosegrass (Eleusine indica)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-214R1.1}, abstractNote={Because of a previously reported antagonism of clethodim activity by other herbicides, greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine goosegrass control with clethodim and glufosinate postemergence alone, in tank mixtures, and as sequential treatments. Herbicide treatments consisted of glufosinate at 0, 290, or 410 g ai/ha and clethodim at 0, 105, or 140 g ai/ha, each applied alone, in all possible combinations of the above application rates, or sequentially. Glufosinate at either rate alone controlled goosegrass at the two- to four-leaf growth stage <44%, and control was less for goosegrass at the one- to two- and four- to six-tiller growth stages. Clethodim controlled two- to four-leaf and one- to two-tiller goosegrass 91 and 99% at application rates of 105 and 140 g/ha, respectively, and controlled four- to six-tiller goosegrass 68 and 83% at application rates of 105 and 140 g ai/ha, respectively. All tank mixtures of glufosinate with clethodim reduced goosegrass control at least 52 percentage points when compared to the control with clethodim alone. Glufosinate at 290 or 410 g/ha when applied sequentially 7 or 14 d prior to clethodim reduced goosegrass control at least 50 percentage points compared to the control obtained with clethodim applied alone. Clethodim at rates of 105 or 140 g/ha when applied 7 or 14 d prior to glufosinate controlled goosegrass equivalent to the control obtained with each respective rate of clethodim applied alone at the two- to four-leaf and one- to two-tiller growth stage. Clethodim should be applied to goosegrass no larger than at the one- to two-tiller growth stage at least 7 d prior to glufosinate application or 14 d after a glufosinate application for effective goosegrass control.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Burke, IC and Askew, SD and Corbett, JL and Wilcut, JW}, year={2005}, pages={664–668} }
 @article{burke_troxler_askew_wilcut_smith_2005, title={Weed management systems in glyphosate-resistant cotton}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-182R1}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted at Clayton, Lewiston-Woodville, and Rocky Mount, NC, to evaluate weed and cotton response to herbicide systems in glyphosate-resistant cotton in 1995 and 1997. Herbicide systems evaluated included various combinations of soil-applied (trifluralin and fluometuron) and postemergence (POST) (glyphosate or pyrithiobac) herbicides with or without late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatments of cyanazine plus MSMA. Glyphosate-resistant cotton injury was less than 5% with all herbicide treatments. Glyphosate POST systems were as efficacious in weed control as other herbicide systems. Depending on location, glyphosate and pyrithiobac POST systems usually required cyanazine plus MSMA LAYBY for season-long control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, large crabgrass, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and Texas panicum. Glyphosate POST applied as needed provided weed control equivalent to soil-applied plus POST herbicides, although lint yield was slightly reduced depending on location. Herbicide systems that included soil-applied herbicides required one to two treatments of glyphosate POST and post-directed for season-long weed control and high cotton lint yields, whereas the same herbicide systems without soil-applied herbicides required two to three glyphosate treatments. In all herbicide systems, a residual soil-applied or LAYBY herbicide treatment increased yield compared with glyphosate POST only systems. Location influenced weed control and cotton yield. Generally, as herbicide inputs increased, yield increased.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Burke, IC and Troxler, SC and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW and Smith, WD}, year={2005}, pages={422–429} }
 @article{thomas_askew_wilcut_2004, title={Tropic croton interference in peanut}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-018R}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted to evaluate density-dependent effects of tropic croton on weed and peanut growth and peanut yield. Tropic croton remained taller than peanut throughout the growing season, yet tropic croton density did not affect peanut or tropic croton heights. Tropic croton biomass per plant decreased linearly with increasing plant density. Peanut pod weight decreased linearly 4.7 kg/ha with each gram of increase in tropic croton biomass per meter of crop row. The rectangular hyperbola model was used to describe effects of tropic croton density on percent peanut yield loss. Estimated coefficients for a (maximum yield loss) and i (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) were 81 and 26 in 1988, 41 and 33 in 1989, and 33 and 61 in 1998, respectively. Although a and i values varied between years, yield loss predictions were stable between years at weed densities below two plants per meter of crop row. Even though the results show that tropic croton is less competitive than many broadleaf weeds in peanut, it has potential to substantially reduce yields and subsequently reduce economic return. Nomenclature: Tropic croton, Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis Muell.-Arg. #3 CVNGS; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 10C’, ‘Florigiant’. Additional index words: Competition, economic threshold, models, plant height, weed biomass, weed density. Abbreviations: PRE, preemergence.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Thomas, WE and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2004}, pages={119–123} }
 @article{corbett_askew_thomas_wilcut_2004, title={Weed efficacy evaluations for bromoxynil, glufosinate, glyphosate, pyrithiobac, and sulfosate}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-139R}, abstractNote={Thirteen field trials were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate postemergence (POST) weed control with single applications of bromoxynil at 420 or 560 g ai/ha, glufosinate at 291 or 409 g ai/ha, glyphosate at 1,120 g ai/ha, pyrithiobac at 36 or 72 g ai/ha, or sulfosate at 1,120 g ai/ha. Additional treatments evaluated included two applications with glufosinate at both rates in all possible combinations, two applications of glyphosate, and two applications of sulfosate. Weeds were 2 to 5 cm or 8 to 10 cm tall for annual grass and broadleaf weeds whereas yellow nutsedge and glyphosate-resistant corn were 8 to 10 cm tall. All herbicide treatments controlled 2- to 5-cm common cocklebur, Florida beggarweed, jimsonweed, ladysthumb smartweed, Pennsylvania smartweed, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, redroot pigweed, smooth pigweed, and velvetleaf at least 90%. All herbicide treatments except pyrithiobac at either rate controlled 2- to 5-cm common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and tall morningglory at least 90%; pyrithiobac at the lower rate was the only treatment that failed to control entireleaf and ivyleaf morningglory at least 90%. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac at either rate controlled 2- to 5-cm sicklepod 33 to 68% whereas glufosinate, glyphosate, and sulfostate controlled ≥99%. Glyphosate and sulfosate applied once or twice controlled hemp sesbania less than 70% and volunteer peanut less than 80%. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac were the least effective treatments for control of annual grass species and bromoxynil controlled Palmer amaranth less than 80%. Glufosinate controlled broadleaf signalgrass, fall panicum, giant foxtail, green foxtail, large crabgrass, yellow foxtail, seedling johnsongrass, Texas panicum, and glyphosate-resistant corn at least 90% but controlled goosegrass less than 60%. Glyphosate and sulfosate controlled all grass species except glyphosate-resistant corn at least 90%. In greenhouse research, goosegrass could be controlled with glufosinate POST plus a late POST-directed treatment of prometryn plus monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Corbett, JL and Askew, SD and Thomas, WE and Wilcut, JW}, year={2004}, pages={443–453} }
 @article{bailey_askew_dorai-raj_wilcut_2003, title={Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) interference and seed production dynamics in cotton}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0094:VATIAS]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Velvetleaf has been a major concern of Southern cotton growers, yet information on its competitiveness and seed production in cotton is lacking. Experiments were conducted in 1997 and 1998 at the Central Crops Research Station in Clayton, NC, to evaluate density-dependent effects of velvetleaf interference and seed production dynamics in conventional tillage cotton. Velvetleaf at densities of up to 3.5 plants m−1 of row did not influence cotton height until at least 4 wk after planting. Velvetleaf height increased as plant density increased throughout the season in 1997, but it was not affected until 9 wk after planting in 1998. Because of differences in environmental conditions, velvetleaf and cotton achieved maximum height later in 1998 than in 1997; however, velvetleaf seed production and cotton yields were higher in 1998 than in 1997 regardless of velvetleaf density. Velvetleaf density had no effect on the fresh weight, dry weight, and stem diameter of velvetleaf plants in 1997. But in 1998, all these parameters decreased significantly with increasing velvetleaf density. Velvetleaf seed production in 1998 was nearly twice that in 1997. Averaged over velvetleaf densities, the greatest number of seed were produced between nodes 6 and 20 in 1997 and between nodes 1 and 10 in 1998. In both years, cotton yield loss increased with velvetleaf density. Maximum yield loss was 84% at 3.5 velvetleaf plants m−1 of row. Yield losses of 5 and 10% were caused by 0.2 and 0.4 velvetleaf plants m−1 of row (1,930 and 4,110 plants ha−1), respectively, in 1997 and by 0.03 and 0.08 velvetleaf plants m−1 of row (360 and 850 plants ha−1), respectively, in 1998. To understand better the applicability of these results, we hypothesized that environmental variation caused differences in measured responses between 1997 and 1998. Therefore, kriging methods were used to fit correlations between observed rainfall and growing degree days (GDD) each year at the experiment site. Results based on climate data from 4 yr at 110 sites indicated that inference space was higher for GDD than for rainfall. The conditions observed at the experiment site in 1997 were deemed most appropriate for the recommendations made in the surrounding area. Nomenclature: Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medicus ABUTH; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville BXN 47‘ and ‘Deltapine 51’.}, number={1}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Bailey, WA and Askew, SD and Dorai-Raj, S and Wilcut, JW}, year={2003}, pages={94–101} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_2002, title={Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied CGA 362622 in cotton, peanut, and selected weeds}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0293:ATAMOF]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies were conducted to evaluate absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-CGA 362622 when foliar applied to cotton, peanut, jimsonweed, and sicklepod. Differential metabolism is the basis for tolerance in cotton and jimsonweed. In addition, cotton absorbs less herbicide compared with the other three species, thus aiding in tolerance. Only jimsonweed translocated appreciable herbicide (25%) out of treated leaves and acropetally to the meristematic tissue where the herbicide was quickly metabolized. No plant species translocated over 2% of applied radioactivity below the treated leaves. Most of the metabolites formed by the four species were more polar than CGA 362622 and averaged 51, 48, 30, and 25% of the radioactivity detected in the treated leaves of cotton, jimsonweed, peanut, and sicklepod, respectively. The half-life of CGA 362622 was estimated to be 0.8, 1.9, 4, and 6 d in treated leaves of cotton, jimsonweed, sicklepod, and peanut, respectively. Nomenclature: CGA 362622, N-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)carbamoyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-pyridin-2-sulfonamide sodium salt; jimsonweed, Datura stramonium L. DATST; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barnaby CASOB; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville 474’; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 10C’.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2002}, pages={293–298} }
 @article{corbett_askew_porterfield_wilcut_2002, title={Bromoxynil, prometryn, pyrithiobac, and MSMA weed management systems for bromoxynil-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0712:BPPAMW]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: Field studies were conducted at two locations in North Carolina in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate weed and bromoxynil-resistant cotton response to bromoxynil, pyrithiobac, and MSMA applied early postemergence (EPOST), alone or mixtures in all combinations (two way and three way), and to prometryn plus MSMA applied late postemergence directed (LAYBY). Trifluralin preplant incorporated followed by fluometuron preemergence controlled common lambsquarters, eclipta, and smooth pigweed at least 90%. These herbicides also provided greater than 90% common ragweed control at two locations but only 65% control at a third location. Pyrithiobac and pyrithiobac plus MSMA EPOST increased sicklepod control more than did bromoxynil or bromoxynil plus MSMA EPOST. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac were more effective for sicklepod control when applied in mixture with MSMA. Bromoxynil plus pyrithiobac EPOST or with MSMA controlled (≥ 90%) common lambsquarters, common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, prickly sida, and smooth pigweed early season. But the LAYBY treatment of prometryn plus MSMA frequently improved late-season control of entireleaf morningglory, large crabgrass, prickly sida, and sicklepod. A tank mixture of MSMA plus bromoxynil or pyrithiobac and the three-component tank mixture (bromoyxnil, MSMA, plus pyrithiobac) provided a broader weed control spectrum than did either bromoxynil or pyrithiobac alone. Cotton lint yields were increased with all postemergence systems, and the LAYBY treatment of prometryn plus MSMA increased cotton yields in 13 out of 16 comparisons. High cotton yields were indicative of high levels of weed control. Nomenclature: Bromoxynil, fluometuron, MSMA, prometryn, pyrithiobac, trifluralin, common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L. # ECLAL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby # CASOB; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville BXN 47’. Additional index words: Crop injury, herbicide-resistant cotton, Brachiaria platyphylla, BRAPP. Abbreviations: EPOST, early postemergence; fb, followed by; LAYBY, late postemergence directed; PDS, postemergence directed; PRE, preemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Corbett, JL and Askew, SD and Porterfield, D and Wilcut, JW}, year={2002}, pages={712–718} }
 @article{troxler_askew_wilcut_smith_paulsgrove_2002, title={Clomazone, fomesafen, and bromoxynil systems for bromoxynil-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0838:CFABSF]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: Studies were conducted at Clayton, Lewiston, and Rocky Mount, NC, to evaluate weed and cotton response to herbicide systems in bromoxynil-resistant Stoneville BXN 47 cotton. Herbicide systems that included clomazone preemergence (PRE) controlled broadleaf signalgrass, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and prickly sida greater than 88%. Inconsistent Palmer amaranth control was observed with the addition of fomesafen PRE to clomazone PRE and pendimethalin preplant-incorporated (PPI) herbicide systems. Addition of bromoxynil early postemergence (EPOST) to clomazone and pendimethalin systems increased ivyleaf morningglory control to greater than 84% and provided higher yields than did the same systems without bromoxynil. Bromoxynil EPOST followed by (fb) cyanazine + MSMA late postemergence directed (LAYBY) improved weed control in clomazone and pendimethalin systems. Clomazone PRE and pendimethalin PPI with or without fomesafen PRE fb bromoxynil EPOST fb LAYBY herbicides controlled weeds and yielded equivalent to the standard herbicide system of pendimethalin PPI fb fluometuron PRE fb bromoxynil EPOST fb LAYBY. Nomenclature: Bromoxynil; clomazone; cyanazine; fluometuron; fomesafen; MSMA; pendimethalin; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb) Nash. #3 BRAPP; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis L. # DIGSA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. # AMAPA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville BXN 47’. Additional index words: Herbicide-tolerant crops. Abbreviations: EPOST, early postemergence; fb, followed by; LAYBY, late postemergence directed; PD, postemergence directed; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Troxler, SC and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW and Smith, WD and Paulsgrove, MD}, year={2002}, pages={838–844} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_cranmer_2002, title={Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and weed response to flumioxazin applied preplant and postemergence directed}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0184:CGHAWR]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Separate field experiments were conducted to evaluate weed control and cotton response to flumioxazin in North Carolina. Flumioxazin postemergence directed (PD) at 70 g ai/ha applied alone or mixed with glyphosate or MSMA completely controlled common lambsquarters, common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, ivyleaf morningglory, Palmer amaranth, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, sicklepod, smooth pigweed, and tall morningglory 4 wk after treatment. Glyphosate at 1,120 g ai/ha controlled sicklepod and entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglory less than flumioxazin. Weed-free experiments were conducted to evaluate cotton injury, fresh biomass reduction, and yield response to flumioxazin at 70 g ai/ha preplant (PP) and two rates PD. Nine PP applications were made at various timings between 0 and 10 wk prior to planting. Cotton was stunted 12% initially, and midseason cotton biomass was reduced when flumioxazin was applied at planting in 1 yr. Flumioxazin did not injure 15- or 30-cm–tall cotton when applied PD at 36 or 70 g/ha. Cotton yield differed between years, but was not affected by various flumioxazin treatments compared with commercial standards and nontreated controls. Nomenclature: Flumioxazin; glyphosate; MSMA; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S.Wats. # AMAPA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia Irwin and Banaby # CASOB; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 51’, ‘Suregrow 125’. Additional index words: Burn-down application, fresh biomass, injury, LAYBY, stale seedbed. Abbreviations: LAYBY, the last postemergence-directed herbicide application; PD, postemergence directed; POST, postemergence; PP, preplant; PRE, preemergence; WAP, weeks after planting.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW and Cranmer, JR}, year={2002}, pages={184–190} }
 @article{clewis_shawn_wilcut_2002, title={Economic assessment of diclosulam and flumioxazin in strip- and conventional-tillage peanut}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0378:EAODAF]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Experiments were conducted in Lewiston, NC, in 1999 and 2000 and Rocky Mount, NC, in 1999 to evaluate weed management systems in strip- and conventional-tillage peanut. The peanut cultivars grown were ‘NC 10C’, ‘NC 12C’, and ‘NC 7’, respectively. Weed management systems consisted of different combinations of preemergence (PRE) herbicides including diclosulam and flumioxazin plus commercial postemergence (POST) herbicide systems. Dimethenamid plus diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE controlled common lambsquarters, eclipta, and prickly sida at least 91%. Diclosulam and flumioxazin provided variable control of three Ipomoea species (59 to 91%) and bentazon plus acifluorfen POST provided > 90% control. Only diclosulam systems controlled yellow nutsedge 90% late season. Annual grass control required clethodim late POST, regardless of tillage system. Dimethenamid plus diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE produced equivalent yields and net returns with no significant differences between the two PRE options. Both systems produced higher yields and net returns than dimethenamid regardless of the POST herbicide option. The tillage production system did not influence weed control of eight weeds, peanut yields, or net returns. The addition of diclosulam or flumioxazin to dimethenamid PRE improved weed control compared with dimethenamid PRE alone. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; bentazon; clethodim; diclosulam; dimethenamid; flumioxazin; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL; eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L. ECLAL; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. SIDSP; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES; peanut, ‘NC-7’, ‘NC-10’, ‘NC-12’, Arachis hypogaea L.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Clewis, SB and Shawn, A and Wilcut, J}, year={2002}, pages={378–385} }
 @article{askew_bailey_scott_wilcut_2002, title={Economic assessment of weed management for transgenic and nontransgenic cotton in tilled and nontilled systems}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0512:EAOWMF]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies were conducted to evaluate weed management programs in nontransgenic, bromoxynil-resistant, and glyphosate-resistant cotton in nontilled and tilled environments. Tillage did not affect weed control provided by herbicides. Early-season stunting in nontilled cotton was 3% regardless of the herbicide system and was no longer evident at midseason. Cotton yield was 10 to 15% greater, on an average, under tilled conditions than that under nontilled conditions. Excellent (> 90%) common lambsquarters, entireleaf morningglory, ivyleaf morningglory, jimsonweed, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, tall morningglory, and velvetleaf control was achieved with treatments containing pyrithiobac, bromoxynil, and glyphosate. Preemergence (PRE) or postemergence-directed (PD) herbicide inputs were necessary for adequate large crabgrass and goosegrass control. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac postemergence did not control sicklepod unless supplemented with MSMA and followed by a late-postdirected treatment of cyanazine plus MSMA. Treatments that included glyphosate controlled sicklepod regardless of the late-PD treatment. Economic returns were at least $930 ha−1 and not different from the higher yielding programs in nontransgenic cotton when fluometuron applied PRE was included in the bromoxynil programs. Late-season weed control was usually greater than 90% from glyphosate programs, and net returns from glyphosate programs were as high or higher than the net returns from programs that used midseason treatments of bromoxynil, pyrithiobac, or fluometuron plus MSMA. Nomenclature: Bromoxynil; cyanazine; fluometuron; glyphosate; MSMA; pendimethalin; pyrithiobac; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray IPOHG; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. ELEIN; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. IPOHE; jimsonweed, Datura stramonium L. DATST; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DIGSA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barnaby CASOB; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. AMACH; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea L. PHBPU; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medicus ABUTH; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Paymaster 1330RR’, ‘Stoneville BXN47’, ‘Stoneville 474’.}, number={4}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Askew, SD and Bailey, WA and Scott, GH and Wilcut, JW}, year={2002}, pages={512–520} }
 @article{scott_askew_wilcut_bennett_2002, title={Economic evaluation of HADSS (TM) computer program in North Carolina peanut}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0091:EEOHCP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Field studies were conducted at four locations in North Carolina in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate a computer program, Herbicide Application Decision Support System (HADSS™), for weed management in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Weed management systems included metolachlor or ethalfluralin preplant-incorporated (PPI) used alone or in combination with diclosulam preemergence (PRE) or flumioxazin PRE. These herbicide combinations were used alone, followed by (fb) postemergence (POST) herbicides recommended by HADSS™ or fb a standard POST program of paraquat plus bentazon early postemergence (EPOST) fb acifluorfen plus bentazon POST. The standard POST herbicide system and HADSS™ POST recommendations were also used without soil-applied herbicides. Ethalfluralin PPI alone controlled large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) better than metolachlor PPI. Combinations of metolachlor or ethalfluralin PPI with either diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE provided equivalent control of all weeds evaluated except yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). The addition of diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE to systems containing metolachlor or ethalfluralin PPI always improved control of ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea) and yellow nutsedge and improved yield and net returns in 15 of 16 comparisons where no POST herbicides were used. For systems that used diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE, the HADSS™ POST and standard POST herbicide systems improved yield in 4 of 12 and 2 of 12 comparisons, respectively, compared with similar systems that did not use diclosulam or flumioxazin. However, in systems using either HADSS™ POST or the standard POST system, yield was always improved when compared with metolachlor or ethalfluralin PPI alone. HADSS™ POST provided equal or higher weed control, peanut yield, and net returns when compared with the standard POST herbicide system. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; bentazon; ethalfluralin; metolachlor; paraquat; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DIGSA; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 7’ and ‘NC 10C’.}, number={1}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Scott, GH and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW and Bennett, AC}, year={2002}, pages={91–100} }
 @article{burke_askew_wilcut_2002, title={Flumioxazin systems for weed management in North Carolina peanut (Arachis hypogaea)}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0743:FSFWMI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate flumioxazin preemergence (PRE) at 71 and 105 g ai/ha, when used with dimethenamid PRE, dimethenamid preplant incorporated (PPI), or ethalfluralin PPI, for crop injury, weed control, and yield. Peanut injury from treatments including flumioxazin 2 wk after soil-applied treatment (WAST) was less than 2% at two locations and 50 to 67% at a third location. Peanut injury increased with flumioxazin rate. Soil-applied treatments that included flumioxazin at either rate controlled common lambsquarters and prickly sida at least 96 and 89%, respectively. Addition of postemergence (POST) herbicides to any soil-applied program controlled prickly sida and ivyleaf morningglory at least 94 and 98%, respectively. Treatments that included ethafluralin or dimethenamid controlled goosegrass at least 82%. With a few exceptions, peanut yields were not improved by use of POST herbicides. Where peanut injury occurred, increased flumioxazin rate resulted in lower peanut yield when averaged over PPI and POST herbicide treatments. Nomenclature: Dimethenamid; ethalfluralin; flumioxazin; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 7’, ‘NC 10C’. Additional index words: Acifluorfen, bentazon, 2,4-DB, imazapic. Abbreviations: fb, followed by; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; WAPT, weeks after POST treatment; WAST, weeks after soil-applied treatment.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Burke, IC and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2002}, pages={743–748} }
 @article{scott_askew_wilcut_2002, title={Glyphosate systems for weed control in glyphosate-tolerant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0191:GSFWCI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted at three locations in North Carolina to evaluate clomazone preemergence (PRE) in glyphosate-tolerant cotton. Cotton was injured by fluometuron PRE at one location. Clomazone PRE controlled common ragweed, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and prickly sida better than trifluralin preplant incorporated (PPI). Trifluralin controlled Palmer amaranth better than clomazone. The addition of a late post-directed (LAYBY) treatment of cyanazine plus MSMA improved the control of goosegrass. Glyphosate at 0.8 kg ai/ha, used postemergence as needed, controlled tall morningglory and entireleaf morningglory at least 84%. Common ragweed was controlled with all herbicides, except trifluralin PPI. Prickly sida was controlled 94% or greater in glyphosate-containing systems. Cotton yields and net returns were similar for all glyphosate systems, regardless of soil-applied herbicides and LAYBY treatment options. Nomenclature: Clomazone; cyanazine; fluometuron; glyphosate; MSMA; trifluralin; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. #3 AMBEL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S.Wats # AMAPA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Paymaster 1330RR’, ‘DP5415RR’. Additional index words: Economic analysis, herbicide-resistant crops. Abbreviations: ANS, as needed spray; DAP, days after planting; EPOST, early postemergence; fb, followed by; LAYBY, late post directed; POST, postemergence; POT, postemergence over-the-top; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Scott, GH and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2002}, pages={191–198} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_2002, title={Ladysthumb interference and seed production in cotton}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0326:LIASPI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the effect of interference between ladysthumb and cotton on plant growth and productivity. Ladysthumb remained shorter than cotton until at least 70 d after cotton planting. However, ladysthumb grew over twice as tall as cotton and, depending on plant density, produced between 179 and 681 g dry biomass per plant by cotton harvest. Ladysthumb biomass per plant was not affected by weed density when grown with cotton. When grown alone, ladysthumb produced over 2,000 g dry biomass per plant, which was over four times greater than biomass produced by plants grown with cotton. Cotton lint yield decreased between 0.7 and 0.9 kg ha−1 with each gram increase in weed dry biomass per meter of the row. The relationship between ladysthumb density and cotton percent yield loss was described by the rectangular hyperbola model with the asymptote (coefficient a) constrained to 100% maximum yield loss. The estimated coefficient i (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) was 35 ± 5 and 14 ± 2 in 1998 and 2000, respectively. Ladysthumb seed production was also described by the hyperbolic function. Estimated seed production at 1 plant m−1 of cotton row was 33,000 and 47,000 seed m−2 in 1998 and 2000, respectively. Nomenclature: Ladysthumb, Polygonum persicaria var. persicaria L. POLPE; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘BXN 47’.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2002}, pages={326–332} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_2002, title={Pale smartweed interference and achene production in cotton}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0357:PSIAAP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Field studies were conducted at two North Carolina locations to determine the effect of interference between pale smartweed and cotton on plant growth and productivity. Pale smartweed remained shorter than cotton until at least 70 d after cotton planting. However, pale smartweed grew over twice as tall as cotton and produced considerable dry biomass by cotton harvest. Pale smartweed biomass per plant was not affected by weed density up to 3.5 plants m−1 of row when grown with cotton. Cotton competition reduced pale smartweed dry biomass per plant at least 400%. The relationship between pale smartweed and cotton percent yield loss was described by the rectangular hyperbola model with the asymptote (coefficient a) constrained to 100% maximum yield loss. The estimated coefficient i (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) was 29 ± 4 and 23 ± 4 in 1998 and 2000, respectively. Pale smartweed achene production was also described by the hyperbolic function. Estimated achene production of smartweed at 1 plant m−1 cotton row was 63,000 and 25,000 achenes m−2 in 1998 and 2000, respectively. Nomenclature: Pale smartweed, Polygonum lapathifolium var. lapathifolium L. POLPE; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville BXN 47’.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2002}, pages={357–363} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_2002, title={Pennsylvania smartweed interference and achene production in cotton}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0350:PSIAAP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the effect of interference between Pennsylvania smartweed and cotton on plant growth and productivity. Pennsylvania smartweed remained shorter than cotton until at least 80 d after cotton planting. However, Pennsylvania smartweed produced considerable dry biomass by cotton harvest. Pennsylvania smartweed biomass per plant was not affected by weed density when grown with cotton. When grown alone, Pennsylvania smartweed produced 1,640 and 2,060 g dry biomass plant−1 depending on the year. This biomass was over four times greater than the biomass produced by plants grown with cotton. Cotton lint yield decreased between 1.3 and 1.1 kg ha−1 with each gram increase in weed dry biomass per meter of row. The relationship between Pennsylvania smartweed density and cotton percent yield loss was described by the hyperbolic function. The estimated coefficients a (maximum yield loss as density approaches infinity) and i (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) were 102 ± 23 and 51 ± 12, respectively, in 1998 and 53 ± 1 and 98 ± 5, respectively, in 2000. Pennsylvania smartweed achene production was also described by the hyperbolic function. Estimated achene production at 1 plant m−1 cotton row was 18,000 and 26,000 achenes m−2 in 1998 and 2000, respectively. Nomenclature: Pennsylvania smartweed, Polygonum pensylvanicum var. laevigatum Fern. POLPY; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville BXN 47’.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2002}, pages={350–356} }
 @article{porterfield_wilcut_askew_2002, title={Weed management with CGA-362622, fluometuron, and prometryn in cotton}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0642:WMWCFA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract An experiment conducted at five locations in North Carolina during 1998 and 1999 evaluated weed management systems in cotton with CGA-362622 and pyrithiobac. Weed management systems evaluated different combinations with or without fluometuron preemergence (PRE) followed by (fb) CGA-362622 early postemergence (EPOST), postemergence (POST), or EPOST + POST; or pyrithiobac EPOST fb prometryn plus MSMA late postemergence directed (LAYBY) or no LAYBY treatment. The weed species evaluated include common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, sicklepod, tall morningglory, and yellow nutsedge. Fluometuron PRE improved the control of all weed species by at least 17 percentage points and increased cotton lint yield compared with the systems that did not use fluometuron PRE. Prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY improved the control of all weed species and increased lint yield compared with the systems that did not use prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY when PRE or POST herbicides were used. Control with CGA-362622 at all application timings was greater than 70% for all weed species evaluated (common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, sicklepod, tall morningglory, and yellow nutsedge), except prickly sida. Control of all three morningglory species and prickly sida was at least 70% with pyrithiobac, whereas control of common ragweed, sicklepod, and yellow nutsedge was lower. The only cotton that yielded over 800 kg ha−1 was treated with fluometuron PRE fb CGA-362622 EPOST, POST, or EPOST + POST fb prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY. Cotton treated with pyrithiobac EPOST gave yields that were similar to those given by cotton treated with CGA-362622 EPOST in systems with fluometuron PRE and less than those given by cotton treated with CGA-362622 EPOST in systems without fluometuron PRE. Early-season injury with CGA-362622 was greater than 60% at Clayton and Rocky Mount in 1998, whereas 12% or less injury was observed at the other locations. Pyrithiobac resulted in 25 to 45% injury at these two locations. No injury was observed 45 d after treatment. Nomenclature: CGA-362622; fluometuron; MSMA; prometryn; pyrithiobac; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBEL; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray IPOHG; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth PHBPU; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barnaby CASOB; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. SIDSP; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville 474’.}, number={5}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Porterfield, D and Wilcut, JW and Askew, SD}, year={2002}, pages={642–647} }
 @article{clewis_askew_wilcut_2001, title={Common ragweed interference in peanut}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0768:CRIIP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies were conducted to evaluate density-dependent effects of common ragweed on weed growth and peanut growth and yield. Common ragweed height was not affected by weed density and peanut canopy diameter. Weed height exceeded peanut height throughout the growing season, indicating that competition for light occurred between the two species. Common ragweed aboveground dry biomass per plant decreased as weed density increased, but total weed dry biomass per meter of crop row increased with weed density. The rectangular hyperbola model described the effect of weed density on percent peanut yield loss. With the asymptote constrained to 100% maximum yield loss, the I coefficient (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) was 68.3 ± 12.2%. Common ragweed did not influence the occurrence of tomato spotted wilt virus, early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola), southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii), and Cylindrocladium black rot (Cylindrocladium crotalariae). However, as common ragweed density increased, the incidence of late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum) increased. Results indicate that common ragweed is one of the more competitive weeds in peanut and a potential economic threat to peanut growers. Nomenclature: Common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBEL; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 7’.}, number={6}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Clewis, SB and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2001}, pages={768–772} }
 @article{scott_askew_bennett_wilcut_2001, title={Economic evaluation of HADSS (TM) computer program for weed management in nontransgenic and transgenic cotton}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0549:EEOHCP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Field studies were conducted at four locations in North Carolina in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate the use of the Herbicide Application Decision Support System (HADSS™) for weed management in nontransgenic, bromoxynil-resistant, and glyphosate-resistant cotton. Weed management systems included trifluralin preplant incorporated (PPI) plus fluometuron preemergence (PRE) or no soil-applied herbicides. Postemergence (POST) options included bromoxynil, glyphosate, or pyrithiobac early POST (EPOST) followed by (fb) MSMA plus prometryn late postemergence–directed (LAYBY) or herbicide recommendations given by HADSS. Glyphosate-resistant systems provided control equivalent to or better than control provided by bromoxynil-resistant and nontransgenic systems for smooth pigweed, Palmer amaranth, large crabgrass, goosegrass, ivyleaf morningglory, and fall panicum. Trifluralin PPI fb fluometuron PRE fb HADSS POST provided equivalent or higher levels of weed control and yield than trifluralin PPI fb fluometuron PRE fb bromoxynil, glyphosate, or pyrithiobac EPOST fb MSMA plus prometryn LAYBY. The trifluralin PPI fb fluometuron PRE fb HADSS POST systems controlled large crabgrass at Goldsboro and fall panicum better than HADSS POST-only systems in nontransgenic cotton. Cotton yield and net returns in the glyphosate-resistant systems were always equal to or higher than the nontransgenic and bromoxynil-resistant systems. Net returns were higher for the soil-applied fb HADSS POST treatments in 8 of 12 comparisons with HADSS POST systems without soil-applied herbicides. Early-season weed interference reduced cotton lint yields and net returns in POST-only systems. Nomenclature: Bromoxynil; fluometuron; glyphosate; MSMA; prometryn; pyrithiobac; trifluralin; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 51’, ‘BXN 47’, ‘Deltapine 5415RR’; fall panicum, Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. PANDI; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. ELEIN; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DIGSA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. AMACH.}, number={4}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Scott, GH and Askew, SD and Bennett, AC and Wilcut, JW}, year={2001}, pages={549–557} }
 @article{scott_askew_wilcut_2001, title={Economic evaluation of diclosulam and flumioxazin systems in peanut (Arachis hypogaea)}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0360:EEODAF]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: Field studies were conducted at two locations in North Carolina in 1998 and in 1999 to evaluate weed control and peanut response following diclosulam at 27 g ai/ha preemergence (PRE) or flumioxazin at 87 g ai/ha preemergence (PRE) alone and in systems with postemergence (POST) commercial standards. All plots received a preplant incorporated (PPI) treatment of metolachlor at 1,400 g ai/ha. Metolachlor PPI plus diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE controlled common lambsquarters, common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, large crabgrass, and yellow nutsedge as well as or better than metolachlor PPI followed by (fb) acifluorfen plus bentazon POST or paraquat plus bentazon early postemergence fb acifluorfen plus bentazon POST. Metolachlor PPI plus diclosulam PRE or flumioxazin PRE controlled ivyleaf morningglory as well as metolachlor PPI fb acifluorfen plus bentazon POST. Metolachlor PPI plus flumioxazin PRE controlled common lambsquarters better than metolachlor PPI plus diclosulam PRE while diclosulam PRE controlled common ragweed better. There was no difference in common lambsquarters control between flumioxazin and diclosulam PRE when POST herbicides were used. There was only one difference in peanut yield and net returns between metolachlor PPI fb either diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE when POST herbicides were used. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; bentazon; diclosulam; flumioxazin; metolachlor; paraquat; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop. # DIGSA; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. # CYPES; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., ‘NC 7’, ‘NC 10C’. Additional index words: Economic analysis, acifluorfen, bentazon, paraquat. Abbreviations: EPOST, early postemergence; fb, followed by; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Scott, GH and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2001}, pages={360–364} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_2001, title={Tropic croton interference in cotton}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0184:TCIIC]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the effect of interference between tropic croton (Croton glandulosus) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on plant growth and productivity. Tropic croton height was not affected by weed density, but cotton height decreased with increased weed density 10 wk after planting. Tropic croton biomass per plant was not affected by weed density, but total weed biomass per meter of crop row increased with weed density. Cotton lint yield decreased linearly 2 kg ha−1 with each gram increase in weed dry biomass per meter of row. Percent yield loss–density relationship was described by the rectangular hyperbola model. Estimated coefficients A (maximum yield loss) and I (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) were 129.6 ± 42.2 and 35.6 ± 8.0%, respectively, when asymptotic iterations were based on least sums of squares. When A was constrained to 100% yield loss, I was 42.5 ± 5.1%. Results indicated that tropic croton was less competitive with cotton than many weeds but represents an economic threat to cotton growers. Nomenclature: Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 51’; tropic croton, Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis Muell.-Arg. CVNGS.}, number={2}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2001}, pages={184–189} }
 @article{wilcut_askew_bailey_spears_isleib_2001, title={Virginia market-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivar tolerance and yield response to flumioxazin preemergence}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0137:VMTPAH]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate response of eight peanut cultivars to flumioxazin applied preemergence (PRE) at 71 g ai/ha. Peanut cultivars evaluated include ‘NC 12C’, ‘NC 7’, ‘VAC 92R’, ‘NC-V 11’, ‘NC 10C’, ‘AT VC 1’, ‘NC 9’, and the experimental breeding line ‘N9001OE’. Visible injury 3 wk after planting in 1996 was 3% or less regardless of cultivar. In 1997, all cultivars were injured 15 to 28% with flumioxazin PRE, except VC 1, which was injured 45%. No visible injury was observed at 5 and 9 wk after planting. Flumioxazin did not influence the incidence of early leaf spot, late leaf spot, southern stem rot, cylindrocladium black rot, or tomato spotted wilt virus. Flumioxazin did not affect percentage of extra-large kernels, sound mature kernels, other kernels, and total yield. Nomenclature: Flumioxazin; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., ‘NC 12C’, ‘NC 7’, ‘VAC 92R’, ‘NC-V 11’, ‘NC 10C’, ‘AT VC 1’, ‘NC 9’, ‘N9001OE’. Additional index words: Disease interaction, Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell and Sobers, Cercospora arachidicola Hori, Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. and Curt.), Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., grade parameters, extra-large kernels, sound mature kernels, sound splits, total kernels, other kernels, fancy pods. Abbreviations: CBR, cylindrocladium black rot; DAP, days after planting; ELK, extra-large kernels; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; SMK, sound mature kernels; SS, sound splits; TMSK, total sound mature kernels; TSWV, tomato spotted wilt virus; WAP, weeks after planting.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Wilcut, JW and Askew, SD and Bailey, WA and Spears, JF and Isleib, TG}, year={2001}, pages={137–140} }
 @article{scott_askew_wilcut_brownie_2000, title={Datura stramonium interference and seed rain in Gossypium hirsutum}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0613:DSIASR]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 at the Central Crops Research Station near Clayton, NC, to evaluate density-dependent effects of Datura stramonium on weed growth and seed rain and Gossypium hirsutum growth and yield. Datura stramonium height was not affected by density in either year. Crop height never exceeded weed height during the growing season, indicating that competition for light occurred between the two species. Eight weeks after planting or later, G. hirsutum height decreased as D. stramonium density increased. An increase in D. stramonium density from 1 to 32 plants (9.1 m of row)−1 resulted in a decrease in capsule production per plant of 92 and 60 in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Total D. stramonium dry weight per 9.1 m of row increased via a quadratic relationship as weed density increased. Gossypium hirsutum lint yields decreased as D. stramonium biomass and density increased in both years. Estimated yield losses of 10 and 25% were caused by D. stramonium at 0.5 and 1.5 plants (9.1 m of row)−1 (572 and 1,716 plants ha−1), respectively, in 1998 and 0.6 and 1.8 plants (9.1 m of row)−1 (690 and 2,060 plants ha−1), respectively, in 1999. Nomenclature: Datura stramonium L. DATST, jimsonweed; Gossypium hirsutum L., ‘Deltapine 51’, cotton.}, number={5}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Scott, GH and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW and Brownie, C}, year={2000}, pages={613–617} }
 @article{smith_askew_morris_shaw_boyette_2000, title={Droplet size and leaf morphology effects on pesticide spray deposition}, volume={43}, DOI={10.13031/2013.2700}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted to determine the effects of droplet size, leaf morphology, and a spray thickener on 
pesticide spray deposition using chlorpyrifos as the indicator compound. The predicted deposition efficiencies for 140 µm 
droplets were 99, 77, 65, and 55%, respectively, for cocklebur, entireleaf morninglory, velvetleaf, and coffee senna leaves. 
Predicted deposition efficiencies decreased as droplet size increased for all four leaf types. The slopes of the linear 
regression equations indicated that deposition efficiency would decrease by 16, 10, 8, and 6% , respectively, with each 
100 µm increase in droplet diameter. Addition of a viscosity modifying adjuvant did not improve the deposition efficiency 
on coffee senna leaves.}, number={2000}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Smith, D. B. and Askew, S. D. and Morris, W. H. and Shaw, D. R. and Boyette, M.}, year={2000}, pages={255–259} }
 @article{askew_shaw_street_2000, title={Graminicide application timing influences red rice (Oryza sativa) control and seedhead reduction in soybean (Glycine max)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0176:GATIRR]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: Several graminicides were evaluated at various application timings for control and seedhead suppression of red rice (Oryza sativa) in soybean (Glycine max). One application of clethodim, fluazifop-P, quizalofop-P, or sethoxydim at any timing did not control red rice more than 86% 2 wk after treatment. Emergence of red rice seedlings subsequent to applications reduced control later in the season. At a naturally infested location, seedhead reduction was greatest, regardless of graminicide, when application was delayed until the four-leaf stage. At a second location, seedhead reductions were highest following graminicide applications at the two-leaf stage of growth. No single graminicide application completely eliminated red rice seedhead production. Soybean yields were reduced when graminicide application was delayed until the boot stage at both locations, and following two-leaf stage applications at the naturally infested location. Nomenclature: Clethodim, (E,E)-(±)-2-[1-[[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy]imino]propyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one; fluazifop-P, (R)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid; quizalofop-P, (R)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid; sethoxydim, 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one; red rice, Oryza sativa L. #3 ORYSA; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Hartz 4464’ and ‘Terra-Vig 5452’. Additional index words: Clethodim, fluazifop-P, quizalofop-P, sethoxydim, ORYSA. Abbreviations: POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; WAT, weeks after treatment.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Askew, SD and Shaw, DR and Street, JE}, year={2000}, pages={176–181} }
 @article{wilcut_askew_brecke_bridges_brown_chandler_hayes_kendig_miller_nichols_et al._1999, title={A beltwide evaluation of weed management in transgenic and non-transgenic cotton}, volume={1}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Wilcut, J. W. and Askew, S. D. and Brecke, B. J. and Bridges, D. C. and Brown, S. M. and Chandler, J. M. and Hayes, R. M. and Kendig, J. A. and Miller, D. K. and Nichols, R. L. and et al.}, year={1999}, pages={746} }
 @inbook{wilcut_askew_1999, title={Chemical approaches to weed management}, booktitle={Handbook of pest management}, publisher={New York: Marcel Dekker}, author={Wilcut, J. W. and Askew, S. D.}, year={1999}, pages={627–661} }
 @article{scott_askew_wilcut_bailey_1999, title={Command 3ME and Roundup Ultra systems for Roundup Ready cotton}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Scott, G. H. and Askew, S. D. and Wilcut, J. W. and Bailey, W. A.}, year={1999}, pages={734} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_bailey_scott_1999, title={Competition and proliferation of four smartweed species in cotton}, volume={1}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Askew, S. D. and Wilcut, J. W. and Bailey, W. A. and Scott, G. H.}, year={1999}, pages={753–754} }
 @article{bailey_wilcut_askew_1999, title={Competition and seed-rain dynamics of velvetleaf in cotton}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Bailey, W. A. and Wilcut, J. W. and Askew, S. D.}, year={1999}, pages={753} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_1999, title={Cost and weed management with herbicide programs in glyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)}, volume={13}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00041786}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted at Clayton, Goldsboro, and Rocky Mount, NC, to evaluate weed and cotton response to herbicide programs in glyphosate-resistant cotton. Just prior to cotton harvest, programs containing norflurazon, trifluralin, fluometuron, glyphosate, MSMA, cyanazine, and/or pyrithiobac in various combinations controlled common lambsquarters, common ragweed, goosegrass, ivyleaf morningglory, and smooth pigweed at least 94%. Glyphosate-resistant cotton injury was no more than 5%. Yields for glyphosate programs differed only at Clayton, where glyphosate programs containing residual herbicides yielded more than glyphosate alone. Depending on location, programs utilizing glyphosate as needed required a minimum of two and a maximum of four applications to prevent yield loss when minimal soil-applied herbicides were used. Other as-needed programs required one-three glyphosate applications, depending on location. For comparison based on application, herbicide, and adjuvant costs, the standard program of trifluralin preplant incorporated (PPI), pyrithiobac postemergence (POST), and fluometuron plus MSMA postemergence-directed (PD) was $119/ha compared with trifluralin PPI followed by (fb) two applications of glyphosate ($54/ha) or four applications of glyphosate ($94/ha).}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={1999}, pages={308–313} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_paulsgrove_1999, title={Weed management in BXN cotton with Command-Reflex-Buctril systems}, volume={1}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Askew, S. D. and Wilcut, J. W. and Paulsgrove, M. D.}, year={1999}, pages={741} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_bailey_scott_1999, title={Weed management in conventional and no-tillage cotton using BXN, Roundup Ready, and staple OT systems}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Askew, S. D. and Wilcut, J. W. and Bailey, W. A. and Scott, G. H.}, year={1999}, pages={743–744} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_cranmer_1999, title={Weed management in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with flumioxazin preemergence}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x0004625x}, abstractNote={Flumioxazin plus metolachlor mixtures preemergence (PRE) were evaluated with or without postemergence (POST) herbicides for weed control and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) response in three North Carolina studies. Metolachlor PRE at 2.24 kg ai/ha controlled goosegrass (Eleusine indica) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) 93 and 80%, respectively, and control was not improved with flumioxazin or norflurazon. Metolachlor plus flumioxazin PRE at 0.07 or 0.11 kg ai/ha controlled common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album); entireleaf (Ipomoea hederaceavar.integriuscula), ivyleaf (I. hederacea), and pitted morningglory (I. lacunosa); and prickly sida (Sida spinosa) better than metolachlor plus norflurazon PRE at 1.34 kg ai/ha. Morningglories (Ipomoeaspp.) were controlled 77 and 86% with flumioxazin PRE at 0.07 and 0.11 kg/ha, respectively, and control was increased to nearly 100% with acifluorfen plus 2,4-DB or lactofen plus 2,4-DB POST. Peanut injury by flumioxazin and norflurazon was observed at one location in 1997; however, yields were not reduced. Peanut treated with metolachlor plus flumioxazin PRE at either rate yielded at least 3,750 kg/ha compared to 3,120 kg/ha with metolachlor plus norflurazon PRE or 1,320 kg/ha with metolachlor PRE.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW and Cranmer, JR}, year={1999}, pages={594–598} }
 @article{askew_wilcut_langston_1999, title={Weed management in soybean (Glycine max) with preplant-incorporated herbicides and cloransulam-methyl}, volume={13}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00041737}, abstractNote={Cloransulam-methyl applied postemergence (POST) following various preplant-incorporated (PPI) herbicides was evaluated in four experiments for weed control in North Carolina soybean over a 2-yr period at three locations. Acifluorfen plus bentazon or chlorimuron alone applied POST injured soybean more than cloransulam-methyl when following any soil-applied herbicide. When following trifluralin PPI, cloransulam-methyl controlled common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, and pitted morningglory comparable to acifluorfen plus bentazon or chlorimuron. Common lambsquarters and prickly sida control was higher when acifluorfen plus bentazon was applied POST following trifluralin PPI compared to trifluralin PPI followed by cloransulam-methyl or chlorimuron. Acifluorfen plus bentazon or chlorimuron POST controlled yellow nutsedge and smooth pigweed more than cloransulam-methyl POST when following trifluralin PPI. When trifluralin was applied PPI in mixtures with chlorimuron plus metribuzin, flumetsulam, or imazaquin, control of most species was similar regardless of POST treatment used. Soybean treated with cloransulam-methyl yielded 250 kg/ha more than treatments with chlorimuron when these herbicides followed trifluralin plus flumetsulam or trifluralin plus imazaquin. Net returns with different herbicide systems followed trends similar to soybean yield.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW and Langston, VB}, year={1999}, pages={276–282} }
 @article{wilcut_askew_scott_bailey_1999, title={Weed management in strip-tillage Roundup Ready cotton}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Wilcut, J. W. and Askew, S. D. and Scott, G. H. and Bailey, W. A.}, year={1999}, pages={734} }
 @article{askew_bailey_wilcut_hinton_1998, title={Command 3ME and roundup systems for weed control in roundup ready cotton}, volume={1}, number={1998}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Askew, S. D. and Bailey, W. A. and Wilcut, J.W. and Hinton, J. D.}, year={1998}, pages={860} }
 @article{bailey_wilcut_jordan_askew_hinton_langston_1998, title={Evaluation of Strongarm (DE 564, diclosulam) for weed control in southeastern peanuts}, volume={51}, number={1998}, journal={Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society}, author={Bailey, W. A. and Wilcut, J. W. and Jordan, D. L. and Askew, S. D. and Hinton, J. D. and Langston, V. B.}, year={1998}, pages={59} }
 @article{askew_bailey_wilcut_cranmer_1998, title={Flumioxazin systems for weed management in North Carolina peanuts}, volume={51}, number={1998}, journal={Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society}, author={Askew, S. D. and Bailey, W. A. and Wilcut, J.W. and Cranmer, J.}, year={1998}, pages={60} }
 @article{askew_street_shaw_1998, title={Herbicide programs for red rice (Oryza sativa) control in soybean (Glycine max)}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0890037x00042640}, abstractNote={A study was conducted in 1994 and 1995 at two Mississippi locations to evaluate preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) applications of alachlor, clomazone, SAN 582, metolachlor, pendimethalin, and trifluralin, and postemergence (POST) applications of AC 263,222 and imazethapyr alone or followed by clethodim late postemergence (LPOST) for red rice control in soybean. Applications of 110 g ai/ha clethodim increased red rice control when following any earlier herbicide application at one location that harbored a high natural infestation. In 1 yr at one location, red rice seedhead suppression from PPI and PRE herbicide applications alone was greater than 95% due to high activity from herbicides and drought conditions during red rice seedhead development. Early postemergence (EPOST) applications of 30 g ae/ha AC 263,222 suppressed at least 95% of red rice seedheads, regardless of year, location, or clethodim LPOST application. At one location, any treatment where 110 g/ha clethodim followed an earlier herbicide application suppressed red rice seedheads at least 95%. Compared to the nontreated control, only AC 263,222 injured soybean (30%) and reduced soybean yield (200 kg/ha).}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Askew, SD and Street, JE and Shaw, DR}, year={1998}, pages={103–107} }
 @article{burleson_wilcut_keyes_askew_bailey_1998, title={Influence of moisture stress and temperature on sicklepod germination}, volume={51}, number={1998}, journal={Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society}, author={Burleson, A. W. and Wilcut, J. W. and Keyes, B. and Askew, S. D. and Bailey, W. A.}, year={1998}, pages={254–255} }
 @article{wilcut_hayes_askew_1998, title={New weed management programs for weed control in no-till cotton}, volume={1}, number={1998}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Wilcut, J. W. and Hayes, R. and Askew, S. D.}, year={1998}, pages={865} }
 @article{askew_shaw_1998, title={Red rice (Oryza sativa) control and seedhead reduction with glyphosate}, volume={12}, number={1998}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Askew, S. D. and Shaw, D. R.}, year={1998}, pages={504–506} }
 @article{bailey_askew_wilcut_hinton_1998, title={Roundup Ready systems for weed control in North Carolina}, volume={1}, number={1998}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Bailey, W. A. and Askew, S. D. and Wilcut, J. W. and Hinton, J. D.}, year={1998}, pages={862–863} }
 @article{bailey_askew_wilcut_1998, title={Velvetleaf interference and seed-rain dynamics in cotton}, volume={51}, number={1998}, journal={Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society}, author={Bailey, W. A. and Askew, S. D. and Wilcut, J. W.}, year={1998}, pages={266–267} }
 @article{askew_bailey_wilcut_hinton_1998, title={Weed control in cotton with different tillage systems and herbicide resistances}, volume={1}, number={1998}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Askew, S. D. and Bailey, W. A. and Wilcut, J.W. and Hinton, J. D.}, year={1998}, pages={866} }
 @article{wilcut_askew_bailey_cranmer_1998, title={Weed management in North Carolina peanut with flumioxazin}, volume={51}, number={1998}, journal={Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society}, author={Wilcut, J. W. and Askew, S. D. and Bailey, W. A. and Cranmer, J.}, year={1998}, pages={56–57} }
 @article{askew_bailey_wilcut_langston_1998, title={Weed management in soybean with combinations of PPI herbicides and cloransulam-methyl post}, volume={51}, number={1998}, journal={Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society}, author={Askew, S. D. and Bailey, W. A. and Wilcut, J.W. and Langston, V. B.}, year={1998}, pages={274} }
 @article{paulsgrove_wilcut_askew_collins_hinton_1998, title={Weed management with buctril and staple mixtures in BXN cotton}, volume={51}, number={1998}, journal={Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society}, author={Paulsgrove, M. D. and Wilcut, J. W. and Askew, S. D. and Collins, J. R. and Hinton, J. D.}, year={1998}, pages={264–265} }