@article{smith_gehring_riviere_yeatts_baynes_2004, title={Elimination kinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride after intramammary administration in lactating dairy cows}, volume={224}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.224.1827}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.224.1827}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To determine the elimination kinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride in milk after intramammary administration in lactating dairy cows. Design —Prospective study. Animals —5 lactating dairy cows. Procedure —After collection of baseline milk samples, 300 mg (6 mL) of ceftiofur was infused into the left front and right rear mammary gland quarters of each cow. Approximately 12 hours later, an additional 300 mg of ceftiofur was administered into the same mammary gland quarters after milking. Milk samples were collected from each mammary gland quarter every 12 hours for 10 days. Concentrations of ceftiofur and its metabolites in each milk sample were determined to assess the rate of ceftiofur elimination. Results —Although there were considerable variations among mammary gland quarters and individual cows, ceftiofur concentrations in milk from all treated mammary gland quarters were less than the tolerance (0.1 µg/mL) set by the FDA by 168 hours (7 days) after the last intramammary administration of ceftiofur. No drug concentrations were detected in milk samples beyond this period. Ceftiofur was not detected in any milk samples from nontreated mammary gland quarters throughout the study. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Ceftiofur administered by the intramammary route as an extralabel treatment for mastitis in dairy cows reaches concentrations in milk greater than the tolerance set by the FDA. Results indicated that milk from treated mammary gland quarters should be discarded for a minimum of 7 days after intramammary administration of ceftiofur. Elimination of ceftiofur may be correlated with milk production, and cows producing smaller volumes of milk may have prolonged withdrawal times. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1827–1830)}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Smith, Geof W. and Gehring, Ronette and Riviere, Jim E. and Yeatts, James L. and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={1827–1830} }
 @article{winesett_ade_smith_urquhart_dias_stevens_2003, title={Application of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy to the rubber industry}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1943-4804"]}, DOI={10.5254/1.3547773}, abstractNote={Abstract Materials of commercial significance in the rubber industry are usually multi-component systems composed of several elastomers and various fillers. Elucidating the complex morphology that can arise from blending and understanding how this affects the various properties are essential. A technique advantageous to the study of multi-component elastomeric systems is Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM). STXM utilizes the chemical sensitivity of Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) and combines with relatively high spatial resolution and low beam damage to allow the successful characterization of multi-component materials that may be difficult or impossible with other techniques. An overview of the technique and example applications for the rubber industry is presented.}, number={4}, journal={RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Winesett, DA and Ade, H and Smith, AP and Urquhart, SG and Dias, AJ and Stevens, P}, year={2003}, pages={803–811} }
 @article{rightor_urquhart_hitchcock_ade_smith_mitchell_priester_aneja_appel_wilkes_et al._2002, title={Identification and quantitation of urea precipitates in flexible polyurethane foam formulations by X-ray spectromicroscopy}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1520-5835"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma0122627}, abstractNote={Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to study the morphology and chemical composition of macrophase-segregated block copolymers in plaque formulations based on water-blown flexible polyurethane foams. Although there has been a large body of indirect evidence indicating that the observed macrophase-segregated features in water-rich polyurethane foams are due principally to urea components, this work provides the first direct, spatially resolved spectroscopic proof to support this hypothesis. The STXM results are consistent with a segregation model where urea segments segregate, forming enriched phases with the majority of the polyether−polyol and urethane groups at the chain ends of the urea hard segments. Chemical mapping of the urea, urethane, and polyether distribution about the urea-rich segregated phases showed that the urea concentration changes gradually (across several hundred nanometers) in a butylene oxide-based foam. This mapping also showed the urea-rich segregated phases present as a partial network in an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide sample.}, number={15}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Rightor, EG and Urquhart, SG and Hitchcock, AP and Ade, H and Smith, AP and Mitchell, GE and Priester, RD and Aneja, A and Appel, G and Wilkes, G and et al.}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={5873–5882} }
 @article{smith_ade_smith_koch_spontak_2001, title={Anomalous phase inversion in polymer blends prepared by cryogenic mechanical alloying}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1520-5835"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma001151p}, abstractNote={ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTAnomalous Phase Inversion in Polymer Blends Prepared by Cryogenic Mechanical AlloyingArchie P. Smith, Harald Ade, Steven D. Smith, Carl C. Koch, and Richard J. SpontakView Author Information Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Physics, and Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; and Corporate Research Division, The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239 Cite this: Macromolecules 2001, 34, 6, 1536–1538Publication Date (Web):February 16, 2001Publication History Received5 July 2000Published online16 February 2001Published inissue 1 March 2001https://doi.org/10.1021/ma001151pCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views242Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (288 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Organic compounds,Polymer morphology,Polymers,Viscosity,X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy Get e-Alerts}, number={6}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Smith, AP and Ade, H and Smith, SD and Koch, CC and Spontak, RJ}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={1536–1538} }
 @article{smith_ade_koch_spontak_2001, title={Cryogenic mechanical alloying as an alternative strategy for the recycling of tires}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00804-1}, abstractNote={Abstract Cryogenic mechanical alloying (CMA) is investigated as a viable strategy by which to produce highly dispersed blends composed of thermoplastics and tire, thereby providing a potentially new route by which to recycle discarded tires. Morphological characterization of these blends by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy demonstrates that, upon CMA, ground tire is highly dispersed within poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) matrices at sub-micron size scales. Incorpo-ration of polyisoprene (PI) homopolymer into the blends to improve dispersion efficacy is also examined. Neither PI nor the tire is found to interact chemically with PMMA or PET under the milling conditions employed here.}, number={9}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Smith, AP and Ade, H and Koch, CC and Spontak, RJ}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={4453–4457} }
 @article{sloop_ade_fornes_gilbert_smith_2001, title={Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy of a polycarbonate/poly (acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) blend}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1099-0488"]}, DOI={10.1002/1099-0488(20010301)39:5<531::AID-POLB1026>3.0.CO;2-Q}, abstractNote={Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer PhysicsVolume 39, Issue 5 p. 531-535 Rapid Communication Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy of a polycarbonate/poly(acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) blend C. C. Sloop, Corresponding Author C. C. Sloop ccsloop@us.ibm.com North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209Search for more papers by this authorH. Ade, H. Ade Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209Search for more papers by this authorR. E. Fornes, R. E. Fornes Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209Search for more papers by this authorR. D. Gilbert, R. D. Gilbert Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209Search for more papers by this authorA. P. Smith, A. P. Smith North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209Search for more papers by this author C. C. Sloop, Corresponding Author C. C. Sloop ccsloop@us.ibm.com North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209Search for more papers by this authorH. Ade, H. Ade Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209Search for more papers by this authorR. E. Fornes, R. E. Fornes Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209Search for more papers by this authorR. D. Gilbert, R. D. Gilbert Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209Search for more papers by this authorA. P. Smith, A. P. Smith North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8209Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 January 2001 https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0488(20010301)39:5<531::AID-POLB1026>3.0.CO;2-QCitations: 6Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume39, Issue51 March 2001Pages 531-535 RelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={Sloop, CC and Ade, H and Fornes, RE and Gilbert, RD and Smith, AP}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={531–535} }
 @article{smith_spontak_ade_2001, title={On the similarity of macromolecular responses to high-energy processes: mechanical milling vs. irradiation}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0141-3910"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00055-6}, abstractNote={Recent efforts to blend and compatibilize intrinsically immiscible polymers in the solid state by high-energy methods have shown that macromolecules may undergo scission, crosslinking or amorphization, depending on the chemical nature of the repeat unit, the processing temperature and the initial degree of polymer crystallinity. Identical process-induced molecular and structural modifications have been previously observed in polymers exposed to large doses of electron and γ radiation, suggesting that the responses of polymers to high-energy processes may be mechanistically similar. In this work, we explore a variety of similarities between mechanically-milled and irradiated polymers in terms of molecular characteristics, process temperature and polymer crystallinity, and we demonstrate that these similarities provide predictive guidance for the selection of polymers to be subjected to solid-state processing.}, number={3}, journal={POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY}, author={Smith, AP and Spontak, RJ and Ade, H}, year={2001}, pages={519–524} }
 @article{hitchcock_koprinarov_tyliszczak_rightor_mitchell_dineen_hayes_lidy_priester_urquhart_et al._2001, title={Optimization of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy for the identification and quantitation of reinforcing particles in polyurethanes}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1879-2723"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0304-3991(00)00113-3}, abstractNote={The morphology, size distributions, spatial distributions, and quantitative chemical compositions of co-polymer polyol-reinforcing particles in a polyurethane have been investigated with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). A detailed discussion of microscope operating procedures is presented and ways to avoid potential artifacts are discussed. Images at selected photon energies in the C 1s, N 1s and O 1s regions allow unambiguous identification of styrene-acrylonitrile-based (SAN) copolymer and polyisocyanate polyaddition product-based (PIPA) reinforcing particles down to particle sizes at the limit of the spatial resolution (50 nm). Quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of individual reinforcing particles is achieved by fitting C 1s spectra to linear combinations of reference spectra. Regression analyses of sequences of images recorded through the chemically sensitive ranges of the C 1s, N 1s and O 1s spectra are used to generate quantitative compositional maps, which provide a fast and effective means of investigating compositional distributions over a large number of reinforcing particles. The size distribution of all particles determined by STXM is shown to be similar to that determined by TEM. The size distributions of each type of reinforcing particle, which differ considerably, were obtained by analysis of STXM images at chemically selective energies.}, number={1}, journal={ULTRAMICROSCOPY}, author={Hitchcock, AP and Koprinarov, I and Tyliszczak, T and Rightor, EG and Mitchell, GE and Dineen, MT and Hayes, F and Lidy, W and Priester, RD and Urquhart, SG and et al.}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={33–49} }
 @article{smith_shay_spontak_balik_ade_smith_koch_2000, title={High-energy mechanical milling of poly(methyl methacrylate), polyisoprene and poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00830-7}, abstractNote={High-energy mechanical milling has been performed on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at ambient and cryogenic temperatures, as well as on polyisoprene (PI) and poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) (PEP) at cryogenic conditions only. Milling conducted at ambient temperature has a substantially greater impact on the molecular characteristics of PMMA than milling at cryogenic temperatures. An increase in the milling time is accompanied by substantial reductions in PMMA molecular weight and, hence, glass transition temperature and impact strength under both sets of experimental conditions. An unexpected trend identified here is that the PMMA molecular weight distribution initially broadens and subsequently narrows with increasing milling time. Solid-state mechanical milling promotes comparable decreases in molecular weight and glass transition temperature in PEP (at a slower rate relative to PMMA), but induces chemical crosslinking in PI, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Charlesby–Pinner analysis yields not only the degree of PI crosslinking, but also the relative crosslinking and scission rates of PI, during cryogenic milling.}, number={16}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Smith, AP and Shay, JS and Spontak, RJ and Balik, CM and Ade, H and Smith, SD and Koch, CC}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={6271–6283} }
 @inproceedings{koch_smith_bai_spontak_balik_2000, title={Nonequilibrium processing of polymeric materials by mechanical attrition}, volume={343/346}, number={pts.1&2}, booktitle={International Symposium on Metastable, Mechanically Alloyed and Nanocrystalline Materials (1999: Dresden, Germany)}, publisher={Utikon-Zurich, Switz.; Enfield, NH: Trans Tech Publications}, author={Koch, C. C. and Smith, A. P. and Bai, C. and Spontak, R. J. and Balik, C. M.}, editor={J. Eckert, H. Schlorb and Schultz, L.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={49–561} }
 @article{smith_spontak_koch_smith_ade_2000, title={Temperature-induced morphological evolution in polymer blends produced by cryogenic mechanical alloying}, volume={274}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1439-2054(20000101)274:1<1::aid-mame1>3.3.co;2-r}, number={1}, journal={Macromolecular Materials and Engineering}, author={Smith, A. P. and Spontak, Richard and Koch, C. C. and Smith, S. D. and Ade, H.}, year={2000}, pages={1–12} }
 @article{ade_smith_zhang_zhuang_kirz_rightor_hitchcock_1997, title={X-ray spectromicroscopy of polymers and tribological surfaces at beamline X1A at the NSLS}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1873-2526"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0368-2048(97)00013-3}, abstractNote={We provide a general overview of microspectroscopy and spectromicroscopy for materials characterization at beamline X1A at the national synchrotron light source (NSLS). Two instruments, the scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM) and scanning photoemission microscope (SPEM), are available. The STXM has been able to provide a spatial resolution of better than 50 nm for several years and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is performed in transmission from thin samples at an energy resolution of typically 0.3 eV at the carbon K-edge. Numerous applications in polymer science and biology have been performed to date. We restrict our review to polymer science applications and present new results of several polymer systems. The SPEM has a spatial resolution of about 250 nm in routine operation and was recently upgraded with a hemispherical sector analyzer to improve the data throughput. We present the latest SPEM results, which were generated from a tribological sample.}, number={1-3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA}, author={Ade, H and Smith, AP and Zhang, H and Zhuang, GR and Kirz, J and Rightor, E and Hitchcock, A}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={53–71} }