@article{storer_peck_gould_van duyn_kennedy_2003, title={Sensitivity analysis of a spatially-explicit stochastic simulation model of the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton}, volume={96}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.173}, abstractNote={Abstract The sensitivities of a model simulating the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea to Bt toxins in transgenic crops were investigated by examining effects of each of the model parameters on the frequency of resistance alleles after 8 yr. The functional dominance of resistance alleles and the initial frequency of those alleles had a major impact on resistance evolution. The survival of susceptible insects on the transgenic crops and the population dynamics of the insect, driven by winter survival and reproductive rates, were also important. In addition, agricultural practices including the proportion of the acreage planted to corn, and the larval threshold for spraying cotton fields affected the R-allele frequency. Many of these important parameters are inherently variable or cannot be measured with accuracy, so model output cannot be interpreted as being a forecast. However, this analysis is useful in focusing empirical research on those aspects of the insects’ life system that have the largest effects on resistance development, and indicates ways in which to improve products and agricultural practices to increase the expected time to resistance. The model can thus be used as a scientific basis for devising a robust resistance management strategy for Bt crops.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Storer, NP and Peck, SL and Gould, F and Van Duyn, JW and Kennedy, GG}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={173–187} }
 @article{storer_peck_gould_van duyn_kennedy_2003, title={Spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton in a mixed agroecosystem: a biology-rich stochastic simulation model}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.156}, abstractNote={Abstract A simulation model is developed to examine the role of spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea populations to Bt corn and Bt cotton. The model is developed from the stochastic spatially explicit Heliothis virescens model described by Peck et al. (1999), to accommodate a spatial mix of two host crops (corn and cotton), and to reflect the agronomic practices, as well as the spatial and temporal population dynamics of H. zea, in eastern North Carolina. The model suggests that selection for resistance is more intense in Bt cotton fields than in Bt corn fields. It further suggests that local gene frequencies are highly dependent on local deployment levels of Bt crops despite the high mobility of the adult insects. Region-wide average gene frequencies depend on the region-wide level of Bt deployment, so incomplete technology adoption slows the rate of resistance evolution. However, on a local scale, H. zea populations in clusters of fields in which Bt use is high undergo far more rapid evolution than populations in neighboring clusters of fields in which Bt use is low. The model suggests that farm-level refuge requirements are important for managing the risk of resistance. The model can be used as an aid in designing plans for monitoring for resistance by suggesting the appropriate distribution of monitoring locations, which should focus on areas of highest Bt crop deployment. The findings need to be placed in the context of the input parameters, many of which are uncertain or highly variable in nature, and therefore, a thorough sensitivity analysis is warranted.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Storer, NP and Peck, SL and Gould, F and Van Duyn, JW and Kennedy, GG}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={156–172} }
 @article{hess_campbell_fiscus_hellkamp_mcquaid_munster_peck_shafer_2000, title={A conceptual model and indicators for assessing the ecological condition of agricultural lands}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900030007x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Hess, GR and Campbell, CL and Fiscus, DA and Hellkamp, AS and McQuaid, BF and Munster, MJ and Peck, SL and Shafer, SR}, year={2000}, pages={728–737} }
 @article{hellkamp_bay_campbell_easterling_fiscus_hess_mcquaid_munster_olson_peck_et al._2000, title={Assessment of the condition of agricultural lands in six mid-Atlantic states}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900030015x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Hellkamp, AS and Bay, JM and Campbell, CL and Easterling, KN and Fiscus, DA and Hess, GR and McQuaid, BF and Munster, MJ and Olson, GL and Peck, SL and et al.}, year={2000}, pages={795–804} }
 @article{peck_ellner_gould_2000, title={Varying migration and deme size and the feasibility of the shifting balance}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0014-3820"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00035.x}, abstractNote={EvolutionVolume 54, Issue 1 p. 324-327 Free Access VARYING MIGRATION AND DEME SIZE AND THE FEASIBILITY OF THE SHIFTING BALANCE Steven L. Peck, Steven L. Peck USDA/ARS, Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 4459, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 E-mail: sp@aloha.net Present address: Zoology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602–5255; E-mail: steven_peck@byu.edu.Search for more papers by this authorStephen P. Ellner, Stephen P. Ellner Biomathematics Graduate Program, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–8203 E-mail: ellner@stat.ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorFred Gould, Fred Gould Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7634 E-mail: fgould@unity.ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author Steven L. Peck, Steven L. Peck USDA/ARS, Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 4459, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 E-mail: sp@aloha.net Present address: Zoology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602–5255; E-mail: steven_peck@byu.edu.Search for more papers by this authorStephen P. Ellner, Stephen P. Ellner Biomathematics Graduate Program, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–8203 E-mail: ellner@stat.ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorFred Gould, Fred Gould Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7634 E-mail: fgould@unity.ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 May 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00035.xCitations: 17 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume54, Issue1February 2000Pages 324-327 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={EVOLUTION}, author={Peck, SL and Ellner, SP and Gould, F}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={324–327} }
 @book{anderson_stubbs_peck_slusher_1999, title={Ants: Using biological indicators to investigate environmental conditions}, ISBN={0892780088}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: SCI-LINK/GLOBE-NET Projects, North Carolina State University; Burlington, N.C.: Carolina Biological Supply Co.}, author={Anderson, N. D. and Stubbs, H. S. and Peck, S. L. and Slusher, J. W.}, year={1999} }
 @article{storer_gould_kennedy_peck_van duyn_1999, title={Evolution of region-wide resistance in cotton bollworm to Bt cotton as influenced by Bt corn: Identification of key factors through computer simulation}, volume={2}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Storer, N. P. and Gould, F. and Kennedy, G. G. and Peck, S. L. and Van Duyn, J. W.}, year={1999}, pages={952–956} }
 @article{peck_gould_ellner_1999, title={Spread of resistance in spatially extended regions of transgenic cotton: Implications for management of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)}, volume={92}, DOI={10.1093/jee/92.1.1}, abstractNote={Through the use of a stochastic, spatially explicit, simulation model, we explored factors that may influence the regional development of resistance in Heliothis virescens (F.) to a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) δ-endotoxin in transgenic cotton. The model represents the age structure of adults and larvae, plant to plant movement of larvae within a field, migration of adults among fields, plant type-genotype specific selection, and development time. We find that the spatial scale and the temporal pattern of refuges can have a strong effect on the development of resistance to B. thuringiensis in transgenic cotton. The time to resistance was in general significantly longer in regions where the same fields were used as a refuge year after year, compared with regions where the refuge fields are changed randomly from year to year. Spring movement of emerging adults onto wild hosts delays resistance if the movement is far enough from the field in which pupae overwintered. Increases in the summer migration rate and the distance moved delayed resistance development up to a point at which higher rates do not further delay resistance. Refuges were an effective strategy for delaying resistance. We found that delays in larval development time on Bt cotton may either increase or decrease the rate of resistance development, depending on complex interactions with the length of the growing season. Larval movement between Bt and non-Bt plants was found to increase the rate at which resistance developed, but this may be ameliorated with increasing mortality costs associated with larval movement.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Peck, S. L. and Gould, Fred and Ellner, S. P.}, year={1999}, pages={1–16} }
 @article{peck_ellner_gould_1998, title={A spatially explicit stochastic model demonstrates the feasibility of Wright's Shifting Balance Theory}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1558-5646"]}, DOI={10.2307/2411353}, number={6}, journal={EVOLUTION}, author={Peck, SL and Ellner, SP and Gould, F}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={1834–1839} }
 @article{hellkamp_shafer_campbell_bay_fiscus_hess_mcquaid_munster_olson_peck_et al._1998, title={Assessment of the condition of agricultural lands in five mid-Atlantic states}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0167-6369"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1005955807061}, number={1-2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT}, author={Hellkamp, AS and Shafer, SR and Campbell, CL and Bay, JM and Fiscus, DA and Hess, GR and McQuaid, BF and Munster, MJ and Olson, GL and Peck, SL and et al.}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={317–324} }
 @article{peck_mcquaid_campbell_1998, title={Using ant species (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) as a biological indicator of agroecosystem condition}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/27.5.1102}, abstractNote={Ant species assemblages have been used as biological indicators of environmental condition in many different ecosystems. To assess the potential of using ants as environmental indicators of agroecosystem condition, ants were collected from a stratified random sample of agricultural fields planted in annually harvested herbaceous crops at 90 sites in North Carolina and Virginia. The ants were identified to species and correlations with soil, management and crop variables were examined as the 1st step in developing an environmental indicator of agroecosystem condition. A total of 41 species of ants was found. Ant species assemblages were found to differ significantly between the fields and the field margin. Ant species assemblages were correlated with soil variables, tillage practices, and insecticide use, suggesting that ants have potential as a biological indicator of agroecosystem condition.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Peck, SL and McQuaid, B and Campbell, CL}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={1102–1110} }
 @article{peck_ellner_1997, title={The effect of economic thresholds and life-history parameters on the evolution of pesticide resistance in a regional setting}, volume={149}, ISSN={["0003-0147"]}, DOI={10.1086/285978}, abstractNote={We explore the dynamics of alleles conferring insecticide resistance in agroecosystems in which economic thresholds are used to manage insect pest populations. The dynamics of economic thresholds on resistance evolution are first explored in a single-field model. A two-dimensional cellular automata model is then used to examine the effects of migration, refuges, and crop rotation in a large region of fields under different management strategies. The single-field model indicates that economic thresholds may have important implications for pesticide management strategies, because resistance evolution is no longer independent of the growth process. In the regional model, the growth rate of the population, the selection pressure on the resistant allele, and migration all affect the time to resistance. Rotation is most beneficial when migration rates are either very high or very low and has little effect at intermediate migration rates. Resistance develops in large patches, so the level of resistance in a given field may be only weakly related to the history of pesticide treatment in that field. This finding may explain the high regional variability found in field studies of resistance in pests such as Colorado potato beetle.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN NATURALIST}, author={Peck, SL and Ellner, SP}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={43–63} }