@article{rijk_egmond_fels-klerx_herbes_nijs_samson_slate_spiegel_2015, title={A study of the 2013 Western European issue of aflatoxin contamination of maize from the Balkan area}, volume={8}, number={5}, journal={World Mycotoxin Journal}, author={Rijk, T. C. and Egmond, H. P. and Fels-Klerx, H. J. and Herbes, R. and Nijs, M. and Samson, R. A. and Slate, A. B. and Spiegel, M.}, year={2015}, pages={641–651} }
 @article{farkas_slate_whitaker_suszter_ambrus_2015, title={Use of Combined Uncertainty of Pesticide Residue Results for Testing Compliance with Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs)}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf505512h}, abstractNote={The uncertainty of pesticide residue levels in crops due to sampling, estimated for 106 individual crops and 24 crop groups from residue data obtained from supervised trials, was adjusted with a factor of 1.3 to accommodate the larger variability of residues under normal field conditions. Further adjustment may be necessary in the case of mixed lots. The combined uncertainty of residue data including the contribution of sampling is used for calculation of an action limit, which should not be exceeded when compliance with maximum residue limits is certified as part of premarketing self-control programs. On the contrary, for testing compliance of marketed commodities the residues measured in composite samples should be greater than or equal to the decision limit calculated only from the combined uncertainty of the laboratory phase of the residue determination. The options of minimizing the combined uncertainty of measured residues are discussed. The principles described are also applicable to other chemical contaminants.}, number={18}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Farkas, Zsuzsa and Slate, Andrew and Whitaker, Thomas B. and Suszter, Gabriella and Ambrus, Arpad}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={4418–4428} }
 @article{whitaker_slate_nowicki_giesbrecht_2015, title={Variability and distribution among sample test results when sampling unprocessed oat lots for ochratoxin A}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1875-0796"]}, DOI={10.3920/wmj2014.1858}, abstractNote={In 2008, Health Canada announced it was considering the establishment of maximum levels for ochratoxin A (OTA) in a number of foods, including unprocessed wheat and oats and their products. The Canada Grains Council and Canadian National Millers Association initiated a study to measure the variability and distribution among sample test results so that scientifically based sampling plans could be designed to meet regulatory and industry requirements. Twenty lots of oats naturally contaminated with OTA were identified and sampled according to a nested experimental protocol where 16-two kg laboratory samples were taken from each lot, two 100 g test portions were taken from each comminuted laboratory sample, and two aliquots of the extract from each test portion were analysed for OTA by LC. The variance associated with each step of the OTA test procedure were found to be a function of OTA concentration and regression equations were developed to predict the functional relationship. When using the above OTA test procedure on an oat lot at 5 μg/kg, the sampling, sample preparation, analytical, and total variances were 11.26, 0.10, 0.13 and 11.49, respectively. The 2 kg sampling step accounted for 98.0% (11.26/11.49) of the total variability. The observed OTA distribution among the 16 OTA sample results was found to be positively skewed and the negative binomial distribution was selected to model the OTA distribution among sample test results. The sampling statistics were incorporated into the FAO Mycotoxin Sampling Tool where operating characteristic curves were calculated to predict the chances of rejecting good lots (seller’s risk) and accepting bad lots (buyer’s risk) for various sampling plan designs.}, number={4}, journal={WORLD MYCOTOXIN JOURNAL}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Slate, A. B. and Nowicki, T. W. and Giesbrecht, F. G.}, year={2015}, pages={511–524} }
 @article{sharma_khuda_pereira_slate_jackson_pardo_williams_whitaker_2013, title={Development of an Incurred Cornbread Model for Gluten Detection by Immunoassays}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf404072x}, abstractNote={Gluten that is present in food as a result of cross-contact or misbranding can cause severe health concerns to wheat-allergic and celiac patients. Immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and lateral flow device (LFD), are commonly used to detect gluten traces in foods. However, the performance of immunoassays can be affected by non-assay-related factors, such as food matrix and processing conditions. Gluten (0-500 ppm) and wheat flour (20-1000 ppm) incurred cornbread was prepared at different incurred levels and baking conditions (204.4 °C for 20, 27, and 34 min) to study the accuracy and precision of gluten measurement by seven immunoassay kits (three LFD and four ELISA kits). The stability and immunoreactivity of gluten proteins, as measured by western blot using three different antibodies, were not adversely affected by the baking conditions. However, the gluten recovery varied depending upon the ELISA kit and the gluten source used to make the incurred cornbread, affecting the accuracy of gluten quantification (BioKits, 9-77%; Morinaga, 91-137%; R-Biopharm, 61-108%; and Romer Labs, 113-190%). Gluten recovery was reduced with increased baking time for most ELISA kits analyzed. Both the sampling and analytical variance increased with an increase in the gluten incurred level. The predicted analytical coefficient of variation associated with all ELISA kits was below 12% for all incurred levels, indicative of good analytical precision.}, number={49}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Sharma, Girdhari M. and Khuda, Sefat E. and Pereira, Marion and Slate, Andrew and Jackson, Lauren S. and Pardo, Christopher and Williams, Kristina M. and Whitaker, Thomas B.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={12146–12154} }
 @article{khuda_slate_pereira_al-taher_jackson_diaz-amigo_bigley_whitaker_williams_2012, title={Effect of processing on recovery and variability associated with immunochemical analytical methods for multiple allergens in a single matrix: Sugar cookies}, volume={60}, number={17}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry}, author={Khuda, S. and Slate, A. and Pereira, M. and Al-Taher, F. and Jackson, L. and Diaz-Amigo, C. and Bigley, E. C. and Whitaker, T. and Williams, K. M.}, year={2012}, pages={4195–4203} }
 @article{vargas_santos_whitaker_slate_2011, title={Determination of aflatoxin risk components for in-shell Brazil nuts}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1944-0057"]}, DOI={10.1080/19440049.2011.596488}, abstractNote={A study was conducted on the risk from aflatoxins associated with the kernels and shells of Brazil nuts. Samples were collected from processing plants in Amazonia, Brazil. A total of 54 test samples (40 kg) were taken from 13 in-shell Brazil nut lots ready for market. Each in-shell sample was shelled and the kernels and shells were sorted in five fractions: good kernels, rotten kernels, good shells with kernel residue, good shells without kernel residue, and rotten shells, and analysed for aflatoxins. The kernel : shell ratio mass (w/w) was 50.2/49.8%. The Brazil nut shell was found to be contaminated with aflatoxin. Rotten nuts were found to be a high-risk fraction for aflatoxin in in-shell Brazil nut lots. Rotten nuts contributed only 4.2% of the sample mass (kg), but contributed 76.6% of the total aflatoxin mass (µg) in the in-shell test sample. The highest correlations were found between the aflatoxin concentration in in-shell Brazil nuts samples and the aflatoxin concentration in all defective fractions (R 2 = 0.97). The aflatoxin mass of all defective fractions (R 2 = 0.90) as well as that of the rotten nut (R 2 = 0.88) were also strongly correlated with the aflatoxin concentration of the in-shell test samples. Process factors of 0.17, 0.16 and 0.24 were respectively calculated to estimate the aflatoxin concentration in the good kernels (edible) and good nuts by measuring the aflatoxin concentration in the in-shell test sample and in all kernels, respectively.}, number={9}, journal={FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT}, author={Vargas, E. A. and Santos, E. A. and Whitaker, T. B. and Slate, A. B.}, year={2011}, pages={1242–1260} }
 @article{whitaker_slate_adams_birmingham_giesbrecht_2010, title={Comparing the performance of sampling plans that use a single regulatory limit based upon total aflatoxins to sampling plans that use dual limits based upon B-1 and total aflatoxins}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1875-0796"]}, DOI={10.3920/wmj2009.1169}, abstractNote={The European Commission (EC) aflatoxin sampling plan for ready-to-eat tree nuts such as almonds requires that
each of the three 10 kg laboratory samples must all test less than 2 ng/g aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 4 ng/g total aflatoxins
(AFT) for the lot to be accepted. Exporters have observed that the AFB1/AFT ratio varied greatly from sample to
sample and the ratio appeared to average more than 50%. Because of the concern that dual limits associated with
the EC aflatoxin sampling plans may reject more lots than similar sampling plans that use a single limit based upon
total aflatoxins, studies were designed with the objectives to (a) measure the distribution of AFB1/AFT ratio values
using sample test results associated with testing U.S. almond lots exported to the European Union; (b) use Monte
Carlo methods to develop a model to compute the effects of using dual limits based upon AFB1 and AFT on the
probability of accepting almond lots; and (c) compare the probability of accepting almond lots using the current
Codex aflatoxin sampling plans for tree nuts when using single limits versus the use of dual limits. The study
results showed that the mean and median among 3,257 AFB1/AFT ratio values was 87.6% and 91.9%, respectively,
indicating that the distribution among the ratio values was negatively skewed. Only 31% of the 3,257 AFB1/AFT
ratio values are less than the mean ratio of 87.6%. Codex aflatoxin sampling plans for tree nuts using a single limit
based upon total aflatoxins had the highest probability of accepting lots at all lot concentrations when compared to
the probability of accepting lots with dual limits. As the AFB1 limit decreased from 90 to 50% of the total limit, the
probability of rejecting lots at all concentrations increased when compared to the Codex aflatoxin sampling plans
with a single limit based upon total aflatoxins.}, number={1}, journal={WORLD MYCOTOXIN JOURNAL}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Slate, A. B. and Adams, J. G. and Birmingham, T. and Giesbrecht, F. G.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={35–44} }
 @article{brera_de santis_prantera_debegnach_pannunzi_fasano_berdini_slate_miraglia_whitaker_2010, title={Effect of Sample Size in the Evaluation of "In-Field" Sampling Plans for Aflatoxin B-1 Determination in Corn}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf1018356}, abstractNote={Use of proper sampling methods throughout the agri-food chain is crucial when it comes to effectively detecting contaminants in foods and feeds. The objective of the study was to estimate the performance of sampling plan designs to determine aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) contamination in corn fields. A total of 840 ears were selected from a corn field suspected of being contaminated with aflatoxin. The mean and variance among the aflatoxin values for each ear were 10.6 mug/kg and 2233.3, respectively. The variability and confidence intervals associated with sample means of a given size could be predicted using an equation associated with the normal distribution. Sample sizes of 248 and 674 ears would be required to estimate the true field concentration of 10.6 mug/kg within +/-50 and +/-30%, respectively. Using the distribution information from the study, operating characteristic curves were developed to show the performance of various sampling plan designs.}, number={15}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Brera, Carlo and De Santis, Barbara and Prantera, Elisabetta and Debegnach, Francesca and Pannunzi, Elena and Fasano, Eloriana and Berdini, Clara and Slate, Andrew B. and Miraglia, Marina and Whitaker, Thomas B.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={8481–8489} }
 @article{trucksess_whitaker_weaver_slate_giesbrecht_rader_betz_2009, title={Sampling and Analytical Variability Associated with the Determination of Total Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Powdered Ginger Sold As a Dietary Supplement in Capsules}, volume={57}, ISSN={["0021-8561"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf8017854}, abstractNote={The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is studying the need to monitor dietary supplements for mycotoxins such as total aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. An effective mycotoxin-monitoring program requires knowledge of the sampling and analytical variability associated with the determination of total aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in dietary supplements. Three lots of ginger sold as a powder in capsule form and packaged in individual bottles were analyzed for both AF and OTA. The total variability associated with measuring AF and OTA in powdered ginger was partitioned into bottle-to-bottle, within bottle, and analytical variances. The variances were estimated using a nested design. For AF and OTA, the within-bottle variance associated with the 5 g laboratory sample size was the largest component of variability accounting for about 43% and 85% of the total variance, respectively; the analytical variance accounted for about 34% and 9% of the total variability, respectively; and the bottle-to-bottle variance accounted for about 23% and 7% of the total variance, respectively. When the total variance is converted into the coefficient of variation (CV or standard deviation relative to the mean concentration), the CV is lower for AF (16.9%) than OTA (24.7%).}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Trucksess, Mary W. and Whitaker, Thomas B. and Weaver, Carol M. and Slate, Andrew and Giesbrecht, Francis G. and Rader, Jeanne I. and Betz, Joseph M.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={321–325} }
 @article{whitaker_trucksess_weaver_slate_2009, title={Sampling and analytical variability associated with the determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in bulk lots of powdered ginger marketed in 1-lb bags}, volume={395}, ISSN={["1618-2650"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00216-009-2880-z}, abstractNote={Ginger has been used as a food, dietary supplement, and condiment for centuries. Mycotoxins such as the aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) have been reported in ginger roots in several studies. It is important to design effective sampling methods that will accurately and precisely predict the true mycotoxin level in a bulk lot. The objective of this study was to measure the sampling and analytical variability associated with the test procedure used to measure AF and OTA in a bulk lot of powdered ginger using a 5-g laboratory sample and HPLC analytical methods. Twelve 5-g laboratory samples were taken from each of two lots. Duplicate aliquots were removed from each 5-g laboratory sample/solvent blend, and each aliquot was simultaneously analyzed for AF and OTA by HPLC analytical methods. Using a balanced nested design, the total variance associated with the above AF and OTA test procedures was partitioned into sampling and analytical variance components for each lot. Averaged across both lots, the sampling and analytical variances accounted for 87% and 13% of the total variance, respectively, for AF and 97% and 3%, respectively, for OTA. The sampling and analytical coefficients of variation were 9.5% and 3.6%, respectively, for AF, and 16.6% and 2.9%, respectively, for OTA when using a single 5-g laboratory sample and HPLC analytical methods. Equations are derived to show the effect of increasing laboratory sample size and/or number of aliquots on reducing the variability of the test procedures used to estimate OTA and AF in powdered ginger.}, number={5}, journal={ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY}, author={Whitaker, Thomas B. and Trucksess, Mary W. and Weaver, Carol M. and Slate, Andrew}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={1291–1299} }
 @article{whitaker_doko_maestroni_slate_ogunbanwo_2007, title={Evaluating the performance of sampling plans to detect fumonisin B-1 in maize lots marketed in Nigeria}, volume={90}, number={4}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Doko, M. B. and Maestroni, B. M. and Slate, A. B. and Ogunbanwo, B. F.}, year={2007}, pages={1050–1059} }
 @article{whitaker_saltsman_ware_slate_2007, title={Evaluating the performance of sampling plans to detect hypoglycin A in ackee fruit shipments imported into the United States}, volume={90}, number={4}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Saltsman, J. J. and Ware, G. M. and Slate, A. B.}, year={2007}, pages={1060–1072} }
 @article{whitaker_slate_hurley_giesbrecht_2007, title={Sampling almonds for aflatoxin, Part II: Estimating risks associated with various sampling plan designs}, volume={90}, number={3}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Slate, A. B. and Hurley, J. M. and Giesbrecht, F. G.}, year={2007}, pages={778–785} }
 @article{ozay_seyhan_yilmaz_whitaker_slate_giesbrecht_2007, title={Sampling hazelnuts for aflatoxin: Effect of sample size and accept/reject limit on reducing the risk of misclassifying lots}, volume={90}, number={4}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Ozay, G. and Seyhan, F. and Yilmaz, A. and Whitaker, T. B. and Slate, A. B. and Giesbrecht, F. C.}, year={2007}, pages={1028–1035} }
 @article{vargas_whitaker_dos santos_slate_lima_franca_2006, title={Design of a sampling plan to detect ochratoxin A in green coffee}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1944-0057"]}, DOI={10.1080/02652030500258656}, abstractNote={The establishment of maximum limits for ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee by importing countries requires that coffee-producing countries develop scientifically based sampling plans to assess OTA contents in lots of green coffee before coffee enters the market thus reducing consumer exposure to OTA, minimizing the number of lots rejected, and reducing financial loss for producing countries. A study was carried out to design an official sampling plan to determine OTA in green coffee produced in Brazil. Twenty-five lots of green coffee (type 7 – approximately 160 defects) were sampled according to an experimental protocol where 16 test samples were taken from each lot (total of 16 kg) resulting in a total of 800 OTA analyses. The total, sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variances were 10.75 (CV = 65.6%), 7.80 (CV = 55.8%), 2.84 (CV = 33.7%), and 0.11 (CV = 6.6%), respectively, assuming a regulatory limit of 5 µg kg−1 OTA and using a 1 kg sample, Romer RAS mill, 25 g sub-samples, and high performance liquid chromatography. The observed OTA distribution among the 16 OTA sample results was compared to several theoretical distributions. The 2 parameter-log normal distribution was selected to model OTA test results for green coffee as it gave the best fit across all 25 lot distributions. Specific computer software was developed using the variance and distribution information to predict the probability of accepting or rejecting coffee lots at specific OTA concentrations. The acceptation probability was used to compute an operating characteristic (OC) curve specific to a sampling plan design. The OC curve was used to predict the rejection of good lots (sellers’ or exporters’ risk) and the acceptance of bad lots (buyers’ or importers’ risk).}, number={1}, journal={FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT}, author={Vargas, EA and Whitaker, TB and Dos Santos, EA and Slate, AB and Lima, FB and Franca, RCA}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={62–72} }
 @article{johansson_whitaker_hagler_bowman_slate_payne_2006, title={Predicting aflatoxin and fumonisin in shelled corn lots sing poor-quality grade components}, volume={89}, number={2}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Johansson, A. S. and Whitaker, T. B. and Hagler, W. M. and Bowman, D. T. and Slate, A. B. and Payne, G.}, year={2006}, pages={433–440} }
 @article{whitaker_slate_jacobs_hurley_adams_giesbrecht_2006, title={Sampling almonds for aflatoxin, part I: Estimation of uncertainty associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analysis}, volume={89}, number={4}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Slate, A. B. and Jacobs, M. and Hurley, J. M. and Adams, J. C. and Giesbrecht, F. C.}, year={2006}, pages={1027–1034} }
 @article{ozay_seyhan_yilmaz_whitaker_slate_giesbrecht_2006, title={Sampling hazelnuts for aflatoxin: Uncertainty associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analysis}, volume={89}, number={4}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Ozay, G. and Seyhan, F. and Yilmaz, A. and Whitaker, T. B. and Slate, A. B. and Giesbrecht, F.}, year={2006}, pages={1004–1011} }
 @article{vargas_whitaker_santos_slate_lima_franca_2006, title={Testing green coffee for ochratoxin A, part III: Performance of ochratoxin A sampling plan}, volume={89}, number={4}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Vargas, E. A. and Whitaker, T. B. and Santos, E. A. and Slate, A. B. and Lima, F. B. and Franca, R. C. A.}, year={2006}, pages={1021–1026} }
 @article{whitaker_williams_trucksess_slate_2005, title={Immunochemical analytical methods for the determination of peanut proteins in foods}, volume={88}, number={1}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Williams, K. M. and Trucksess, M. W. and Slate, A. B.}, year={2005}, pages={161–174} }
 @article{vargas_whitaker_dos santos_slate_lima_franca_2005, title={Testing green coffee for ochratoxin A, part II: Observed distribution of ochratoxin A test results}, volume={88}, number={3}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Vargas, E. A. and Whitaker, T. B. and Dos Santos, E. A. and Slate, A. B. and Lima, F. B. and Franca, R. C. A.}, year={2005}, pages={780–787} }
 @article{whitaker_trucksess_giesbrecht_slate_thomas_2004, title={Evaluation of sampling plans to detect Cry9C protein in corn flour and meal}, volume={87}, number={4}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Trucksess, M. W. and Giesbrecht, F. G. and Slate, A. B. and Thomas, F. S.}, year={2004}, pages={950–960} }
 @article{vargas_whitaker_santos_slate_lima_franca_2004, title={Testing green coffee for ochratoxin A, Part I: Estimation of variance components}, volume={87}, number={4}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Vargas, E. A. and Whitaker, T. B. and Santos, E. A. and Slate, A. B. and Lima, F. B. and Franca, R. C. A.}, year={2004}, pages={884–891} }
 @article{trucksess_whitaker_slate_williams_brewer_whittaker_heeres_2004, title={Variation of analytical results for peanuts in energy bars and milk chocolate}, volume={87}, number={4}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Trucksess, M. W. and Whitaker, T. B. and Slate, A. B. and Williams, K. M. and Brewer, V. A. and Whittaker, P. and Heeres, J. T.}, year={2004}, pages={943–949} }
 @article{whitaker_richard_giesbrecht_slate_ruiz_2003, title={Estimating deoxynivalenol in shelled corn barge lots by measuring deoxynivalenol in corn screenings}, volume={86}, number={6}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Richard, J. L. and Giesbrecht, F. G. and Slate, A. B. and Ruiz, N.}, year={2003}, pages={1187–1192} }
 @article{whitaker_freese_giesbrecht_slate_2001, title={Sampling grain shipments to detect genetically modified seed}, volume={84}, number={6}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Whitaker, T. B. and Freese, L. and Giesbrecht, F. G. and Slate, A. B.}, year={2001}, pages={1941–1946} }