@article{schaberg_aruna_cubbage_hess_abt_richter_warren_gregory_snider_sherling_et al._2005, title={Economic and ecological impacts of wood chip production in North Carolina: an integrated assessment and subsequent applications}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00029-7}, abstractNote={The North Carolina Wood Chip Mill Study represents an integrated assessment of the economic and ecological impacts associated with production of wood chips at satellite chip mills in the state of North Carolina (NC), USA. Mandated by the Governor of NC, the study was attended by a high degree of public scrutiny. We report principal findings, and describe the processes by which we dealt with uncertainty resulting from limited data availability, methods used to foster public involvement and efforts to reconcile public concerns over forest harvests with our narrower mandate to examine chip mills. We considered the hypotheses that chip mills fostered widespread industrial clearcutting, increased utilization of previously noncommercial timber (especially small hardwoods), depleted future growing stocks of sawtimber, and might create adverse ecological consequences or impair aesthetics important to recreational forest users. NC wood-based industries are a major component of the state's economy, but lagged the state in economic growth from 1977 to 1996. Over the same period, the nature-based tourism sector grew rapidly. Forest land losses in North Carolina from 1982 to 1997 totaled more than one million acres. We used an econometric model to adjust timber land base and project timber supply dynamics to 2020. The simulation indicated that softwood removals exceeded growth from 1990 onward. Hardwood removals exceed growth by 2005, causing inventory levels to decline slightly by the end of the projection period. Wood chip mills processed approximately 27% of the state's chipwood harvest and 12% of the state's total timber harvest. They were statistically correlated with increased timber harvests in the state, especially in the Piedmont and the Mountains. Chip mills have effective storm water management plans and do not show visible signs of adversely affecting water quality. Higher levels of timber harvest alter forest structures in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, generally creating less habitat for bird, amphibian and reptile species of conservation concern. Fewer species are adversely affected in the Mountains. Public opinion about chip mills is polarized, and controversy exists principally in the western portion of the state. Overall, public acceptance of study findings was favorable, and selected elements of the research findings have been used to support a variety of advocacy positions.}, number={2}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Schaberg, RH and Aruna, PB and Cubbage, FW and Hess, GR and Abt, RC and Richter, DD and Warren, ST and Gregory, JD and Snider, AG and Sherling, S and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={157–174} }
 @article{potter_cubbage_blank_schaberg_2004, title={A Watershed-Scale Model for Predicting Nonpoint Pollution Risk in North Carolina}, volume={34}, ISSN={0364-152X 1432-1009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0117-7}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-004-0117-7}, abstractNote={The Southeastern United States is a global center of freshwater biotic diversity, but much of the region's aquatic biodiversity is at risk from stream degradation. Nonpoint pollution sources are responsible for 70% of that degradation, and controlling nonpoint pollution from agriculture, urbanization, and silviculture is considered critical to maintaining water quality and aquatic biodiversity in the Southeast. We used an ecological risk assessment framework to develop vulnerability models that can help policymakers and natural resource managers understand the impact of land cover changes on water quality in North Carolina. Additionally, we determined which landscape characteristics are most closely associated with macroinvertebrate community tolerance of stream degradation, and therefore with lower-quality water. The results will allow managers and policymakers to weigh the risks of management and policy decisions to a given watershed or set of watersheds, including whether streamside buffer protection zones are ecologically effective in achieving water quality standards. Regression analyses revealed that landscape variables explained up to 56.3% of the variability in benthic macroinvertebrate index scores. The resulting vulnerability models indicate that North Carolina watersheds with less forest cover are at most risk for degraded water quality and steam habitat conditions. The importance of forest cover, at both the watershed and riparian zone scale, in predicting macrobenthic invertebrate community assemblage varies by geographic region of the state.}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Management}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Potter, Kevin M. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Blank, Gary B. and Schaberg, Rex H.}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={62–74} }
 @article{dodrill_cubbage_schaberg_abt_2002, title={Wood chip mill harvest volume and area impacts in North Carolina}, volume={52}, number={11-12}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, author={Dodrill, J. D. and Cubbage, F. W. and Schaberg, R. H. and Abt, R. C.}, year={2002}, pages={29–37} }