@article{zibura_salmon_lopez_lascelles_westermeyer_2021, title={Glaucoma-associated pain results in mechanical sensitivity changes in dogs: A pilot study}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12800}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Zibura, Ashley E. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Lopez, Beatriz Belda and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={116–124} }
 @article{gilger_crabtree_song_llanga_cullen_blanchard_salmon_patel_zarnitsyn_hirsch_2020, title={A Fixed-Depth Microneedle Enhances Reproducibility and Safety for Corneal Gene Therapy}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1536-4798"]}, DOI={10.1097/ICO.0000000000002182}, abstractNote={
            Purpose:
            Drug delivery directly to the corneal stroma currently relies on microscopic injections that demonstrate low reproducibility and clinician-dependent variability. With use of biological drugs such as adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, precise and consistent drug deposition is critical to reduce concerns related to off-target transduction and the host's immune response to the viral capsid and/or transgene-derived product. Therefore, a precise corneal injection (PCI) microneedle was designed to allow accurate depth-specific injections into the corneal stroma in a macroscopic setting.
          }, number={3}, journal={CORNEA}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Crabtree, Elizabeth and Song, Liujiang and Llanga, Telmo and Cullen, Megan and Blanchard, Allison and Salmon, Jacklyn and Patel, Samirkumar and Zarnitsyn, Vladimir and Hirsch, Matthew}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={362–369} }
 @article{crabtree_song_llanga_bower_cullen_salmon_hirsch_gilger_2019, title={AAV-mediated expression of HLA-G1/5 reduces severity of experimental autoimmune uveitis}, volume={9}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56462-3}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-019-56462-3}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Crabtree, E. and Song, L. and Llanga, T. and Bower, J.J. and Cullen, M. and Salmon, J.H. and Hirsch, M.L. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={19864} }
 @article{hirsch_conatser_smith_salmon_wu_buglak_davis_gilger_2017, title={AAV vector-meditated expression of HLA-G reduces injury-induced corneal vascularization, immune cell infiltration, and fibrosis}, volume={7}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18002-9}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-017-18002-9}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Hirsch, Matthew L. and Conatser, Laura M. and Smith, Sara M. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Wu, Jerry and Buglak, Nicholas E. and Davis, Rich and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2017}, month={Dec} }
 @article{schaefer_smith_salmon_abbaraju_amin_weiss_grau_velagaleti_gilger_2017, title={Evaluation of Intracameral Pentablock Copolymer Thermosensitive Gel for Sustained Drug Delivery to the Anterior Chamber of the Eye}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1557-7732"]}, DOI={10.1089/jop.2016.0181}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To investigate PTSgels (Pentablock copolymers) as an injectable formulation technology for sustained ocular drug delivery. Drug release profile, tolerability, and polymer degradation for one of the thermosensitive, biodegradable, and biocompatible compositions were investigated through intracameral (IC) injection in rabbits.


METHODS
New Zealand White rabbit eyes were injected IC (50 μL) with 100 μg near-infrared-immunoglobulin G (NIR-IgG) in balanced salt solution (BSS) or 20% PTSgel; or with PTSgel or BSS alone. Ocular irritation scoring, intraocular pressure (IOP), and corneal thickness (CT) measurement, as well as color and infrared photography, were performed for up to 28 days postinjection. Upon euthanasia at 7, 14, or 28 days, eyes underwent ex vivo imaging (Xenogen IVIS) followed by tissue fixation and histopathology.


RESULTS
IC injection of PTSgel (liquid at room temperature) was performed without difficulty using a 31G needle. The polymer quickly gelled in the IC space resulting in an inferior anterior chamber deposit. The tested PTSgel was well tolerated, with no significant changes in IOP or CT. Eyes injected with NIR-IgG in PTSgel had visible NIR-IgG through 9 days postinjection, and ex vivo imaging detected a strong NIR-IgG signal in the anterior chamber through day 28. The gel deposit steadily decreased in size over time and was nearly eliminated by 28 days.


CONCLUSIONS
The PTSgel released IgG for 28 days and was well tolerated. The polymer degraded in parallel with drug release. These results demonstrate the potential of intracameral PTSgel formulations for sustained delivery of biologic therapies to the ocular anterior segment.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Schaefer, Elizabeth and Smith, Sara M. and Salmon, Jacklyn and Abbaraju, Santhi and Amin, Rasidul and Weiss, Sidney and Grau, Ulrich and Velagaleti, Poonam and Gilger, Brian}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={353–360} }
 @article{smith_abbaraju_salmon_amin_weiss_grau_velagaleti_gilger_2017, title={Evaluation of pentablock co-polymer (PTS sol ) for sustained topical ocular drug delivery}, volume={39}, ISSN={1773-2247}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2017.05.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.jddst.2017.05.005}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study is to evaluate ocular retention, tolerability, and sustained pharmacodynamics of a clear topical formulation of brinzolamide (BRZ) in PTSsol pentablock co-polymer. To test for ocular retention, PTSsol or saline containing near infrared dye-labeled (NIR) IgG was applied to the corneal surface of mice and monitored by in vivo imaging. To evaluate pharmacodynamics, dogs were dosed for 3 consecutive days with PTSsol once daily (qd) at doses of 1% and 2.5% and compared to PTSsol qd, or commercial BRZ 1% (Azopt®) three times daily (tid). Intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular exams were performed each treatment day and two additional days post-treatment. The NIR-IgG saline remained on the ocular surface for <3 h, while NIR-IgG in PTSsol remained for >21 h. All formulations were well tolerated in dogs and by day 3 of dosing, IOP was significantly lower in 2.5% BRZ PTSsol qd dosed eyes compared to vehicle or baseline (p < 0.014). On day 5, 48 h after dosing, IOP remained significantly lower in eyes treated with 2.5% BRZ PTSsol qd compared to those dosed with Azopt (p = 0.036). This suggests that drugs in PTSsol may allow for once a day or less frequent dosing.}, journal={Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smith, Sara M. and Abbaraju, Santhi and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Amin, Rasidul and Weiss, Sidney L. and Grau, Ulrich and Velagaleti, Poonam and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={475–483} }
 @article{curto_messenger_salmon_gilger_2016, title={Cytokine and chemokine profiles of aqueous humor and serum in horses with uveitis measured using multiplex bead immunoassay analysis}, volume={182}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.09.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.09.008}, abstractNote={To determine whether horses with clinically diagnosed Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) and those with Leptospirosis infection have a specific cytokine profile in their aqueous humor (AH) and serum that differs from horses with uveitis secondary to other ocular inflammatory processes and from horses with normal eyes.Twenty-five client-owned horses with uveitis that were presented to the North Carolina State University Ophthalmology Service, and four University-owned horses without history or clinical signs of ocular disease.Samples of AH and serum were obtained from horses with ERU (n=13), acute or non-recurrent uveitis (UV; n=7), uveitis secondary to infectious keratitis (IK; n=5), and normal eyes (N; n=4). Cytokine levels in AH and serum were quantified using a multiplex bead immunoassay. Leptospiral antibody titers in serum and AH and PCR for Leptospiral DNA in AH were performed.In the AH of horses with ERU, increased levels of IL-1a, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, FGF-2, G-CSF, and RANTES were measured compared to UV, IK and N eyes, but the differences were not significant. However, IL-10 was significantly higher in ERU eyes compared to IK and N (P=0.029; 0.013), and IP-10 in ERU eyes was significantly higher than in UV and N (P=0.004). Furthermore, MCP-1 was significantly higher in ERU than N (P=0.04). In the serum, increased levels of IL-1a, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, fractalkine, and G-CSF were measured in horses with ERU, but the levels were not significantly higher than those observed in UV, IK, or N horses. However, serum IP-10 levels in horses with ERU were significantly higher than in UV and N horses (P=0.005) and MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in ERU than N (P=0.03). Horses with marked ocular inflammation had significantly higher serum levels of G-CSF, IL-1a, fractalkine, IL-13, IL-4, IL-17a, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, and MCP-1. Elevated IL-10 in AH was significantly associated with disease chronicity, both overall and in ERU eyes (P=0.049), and in horses with positive ocular leptospiral titers or leptospiral PCR, significant elevations of IL-10 (P=0.0018; 0.0032) and IP-10 (P=0.0342; 0.043) were detected in the AH compared to leptospiral negative eyes.The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IP-10 appear to play an important role in ERU. Further studies are needed to further clarify and characterize cytokine profiles of specific ocular inflammatory diseases, but multiplex bead immunoassay technology shows promise as a diagnostically valuable tool.}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Curto, Elizabeth and Messenger, Kristen M. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={43–51} }
 @article{schaefer_abbaraju_walsh_newman_salmon_amin_weiss_grau_velagaleti_gilger_et al._2016, title={Sustained Release of Protein Therapeutics from Subcutaneous Thermosensitive Biocompatible and Biodegradable Pentablock Copolymers (PTSgels)}, volume={2016}, ISSN={["2090-3022"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2407459}, DOI={10.1155/2016/2407459}, abstractNote={Objective. To evaluate thermosensitive, biodegradable pentablock copolymers (PTSgel) for sustained release and integrity of a therapeutic protein when injected subcutaneously. Materials and Methods. Five PTSgels with PEG-PCL-PLA-PCL-PEG block arrangements were synthesized. In vitro release of IgG from PTSgels and concentrations was evaluated at 37°C. Released IgG integrity was characterized by SDS-PAGE. In vitro disintegration for 10GH PTSgel in PBS was monitored at 37°C over 72 days using gravimetric loss and GPC analysis. Near-infrared IgG in PTSgel was injected subcutaneously and examined by in vivo imaging and histopathology for up to 42 days. Results. IgG release was modulated from approximately 7 days to more than 63 days in both in vitro and in vivo testing by varying polymer composition, concentration of PTSgel aqueous solution, and concentration of IgG. Released IgG in vitro maintained structural integrity by SDS-PAGE. Subcutaneous PTSgels were highly biocompatible and in vitro IgG release occurred in parallel with the disappearance of subcutaneous gel in vivo. Conclusions. Modulation of release of biologics to fit the therapeutic need can be achieved by varying the biocompatible and biodegradable PTSgel composition. Release of IgG parallels disappearance of the polymeric gel; hence, little or no PTSgel remains after drug release is complete.}, journal={JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Schaefer, Elizabeth and Abbaraju, Santhi and Walsh, Mary and Newman, Donna and Salmon, Jacklyn and Amin, Rasidul and Weiss, Sidney and Grau, Ulrich and Velagaleti, Poonam and Gilger, Brian and et al.}, year={2016} }
 @article{abarca_salmon_gilger_2013, title={Effect of Choroidal Perfusion on Ocular Tissue Distribution After Intravitreal or Suprachoroidal Injection in an Arterially Perfused Ex Vivo Pig Eye Model}, volume={29}, ISSN={1080-7683 1557-7732}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.2013.0063}, DOI={10.1089/jop.2013.0063}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To compare tissue distribution of dye-drug surrogates after intravitreal (IVT) and suprachoroidal (SCS) delivery to determine the influence of drug lipophilicity and choroidal circulation.


METHODS
Thirty-two pig eyes were collected immediately after euthanasia. Sixteen eyes were perfused for 30 min through one long posterior ciliary artery with nondye containing nutrient media. An IVT or SCS injection was performed with either a 100 μL balanced salt solution (BSS, n=8), 1% sodium fluorescein (NaF, n=12) or 0.12% lipophilic carbocyanine dye (DiI, n=12). Globes were maintained at 37°C for 15 min, and then snap-frozen and dissected. Aqueous extraction and measurement of NaF or DiI concentration was performed using spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry, respectively.


RESULTS
After SCS delivery of NaF scleral, iris-ciliary body, choroidal and vitreous dye levels were higher in nonperfused eyes compared to perfused eyes. After DiI SCS or IVT delivery, no significant differences were found in dye tissue concentrations in perfused eyes compared to nonperfused eyes. Following perfusion, a better and even drug distribution was found in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)-choroid following IVT and SCS delivery of the hydrophilic drug and after IVT injection of the lipophilic drug compared to nonperfused eyes.


CONCLUSIONS
Choroidal circulation reduces the tissue drug concentration of the hydrophilic drug suggesting an early clearance mechanism after SCS delivery. SCS injections of lipid and hydrophilic drugs allowed direct drug delivery to the retina and RPE-choroid with limited exposition to the anterior segment.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Abarca, Eva M. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={715–722} }
 @article{gilger_abarca_salmon_patel_2013, title={Treatment of Acute Posterior Uveitis in a Porcine Model by Injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide Into the Suprachoroidal Space Using Microneedles}, volume={54}, ISSN={1552-5783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-11747}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.13-11747}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To evaluate the effect of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) administered into the suprachoroidal space (SCS) using a microneedle and compare it with intravitreal (IVT) TA injections in a porcine model of acute posterior segment inflammation.


MATERIALS
An IVT injection of balanced salt solution (BSS) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was followed 24 hours later with an injection of 0.2 mg or 2.0 mg of TA into the SCS or IVT. The SCS was accessed using microneedles in a minimally invasive procedure. Ocular inflammatory scores and IOP measurements were collected daily, whereas electroretinography, optical coherence tomography, and wide-field ocular fundus photography was performed on -1, 0, and 3 days after treatment. Aqueous and vitreous humor cell counts and protein levels and histopathology were also compared.


RESULTS
Delivery of TA to the SCS using microneedles was simple, effective, and not associated with adverse effects or toxicity. SCS injection of low (0.2 mg) and high doses (2.0 mg) of TA was as effective in reducing acute inflammation in the ocular posterior segment as high-dose IVT injection. Low-dose SCS TA was also effective in reducing inflammation; however, low-dose IVT TA was not.


CONCLUSIONS
Results from this study suggest that 0.2 mg and 2.0 mg of SCS TA was as effective in reducing inflammation as 2.0 mg IVT TA injection in a model of acute posterior segment inflammation. There were no adverse effects, increased IOP, or evidence of procedural or drug toxicity following injection of TA into the SCS in porcine eyes.}, number={4}, journal={Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Abarca, Eva M. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Patel, Samirkumar}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={2483} }
 @article{gilger_stoppini_wilkie_clode_pinto_hempstead_gerding_salmon_2013, title={Treatment of immune-mediated keratitis in horses with episcleral silicone matrix cyclosporine delivery devices}, volume={17}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12087}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12087}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Stoppini, Riccardo and Wilkie, David A. and Clode, Alison B. and Pinto, Nelson H. and Hempstead, Julie and Gerding, Joseph and Salmon, Jacklyn H.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={23–30} }
 @article{gilger_wilkie_salmon_peel_2012, title={A topical aqueous calcineurin inhibitor for the treatment of naturally occurring keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs}, volume={16}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01056.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01056.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Wilkie, David A. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Peel, Michael R.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={192–197} }
 @article{pate_clode_olivry_cullen_salmon_gilger_2012, title={Immunohistochemical and immunopathologic characterization of superficial stromal immune-mediated keratitis in horses}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863476431&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.7.1067}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Pate, D.O. and Clode, A.B. and Olivry, T.M. and Cullen, J.M. and Salmon, J.H. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2012}, pages={1067–1073} }
 @article{davis_yi_salmon_charlton_colitz_gilger_2012, title={Sustained-Release Celecoxib from Incubated Acrylic Intraocular Lenses Suppresses Lens Epithelial Cell Growth in an Ex Vivo Model of Posterior Capsule Opacity}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1080-7683"]}, DOI={10.1089/jop.2011.0196}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To determine whether celecoxib (CXB) can be released from incubated intraocular lenses (IOLs) sufficiently to inhibit lens epithelial cell (LEC) growth in an ex vivo model of posterior capsule opacification (PCO).


MATERIALS
LEC growth was evaluated for 14 days in canine lens capsules (LCs) that had been exposed to media containing 20 μM CXB for 1-5 days. After the incubation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic IOLs in CXB solution, the determination of the in vitro release of CXB from the IOLs was performed for up to 28 days. The incubated and nonincubated IOLs were evaluated in the ex vivo model of PCO, and the rate of LEC growth was evaluated over 28 days.


RESULTS
The treatment of LCs with 20 μM CXB for 4 and 5 days completely inhibited LEC growth. LEC repopulation did not occur after the removal of CXB. IOLs incubated in CXB for 24 h resulted in a sustained release of CXB in vitro at levels theoretically sufficient to inhibit PCO. LCs in the ex vivo model of PCO treated with acrylic IOLs incubated in CXB had significantly suppressed LEC ingrowth compared with untreated and IOL-only LCs.


CONCLUSIONS
A 4-day treatment of LCs with a concentration of 20 μM CXB may effectively prevent PCO. IOLs incubated in CXB for 24 h resulted in a sustained release of CXB in vitro at levels sufficient to inhibit LEC growth in the ex vivo model of PCO. Further studies are needed to determine whether CXB-incubated IOLs can effectively prevent the development of PCO in vivo.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Davis, Jennifer L. and Yi, Na Young and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Charlton, Anna N. and Colitz, Carmen M. H. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={359–368} }
 @article{clode_davis_davidson_salmon_lafevers_gilger_2011, title={Aqueous humor and plasma concentrations of a compounded 0.2% solution of terbinafine following topical ocular administration to normal equine eyes}, volume={14}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00841.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00841.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Clode, Alison and Davis, Jennifer and Davidson, Gigi and Salmon, Jacklyn and Lafevers, Heath and Gilger, Brian}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={41–47} }
 @article{seiler_salmon_mantuo_feingold_dayton_gilger_2011, title={Effect and Distribution of Contrast Medium after Injection into the Anterior Suprachoroidal Space in Ex Vivo Eyes}, volume={52}, ISSN={1552-5783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7525}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.11-7525}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To determine the effects and posterior distribution of injections made into the anterior suprachoroidal space (SCS).


METHODS
The anterior SCS of adult porcine and canine ex vivo eyes was cannulated. Latex injections and high frequency ultrasound (50 MHz) was used to image the effect and distension of the SCS. Flow characteristics and percentage maximal distribution of microbubble contrast injection into the SCS were assessed by 2D and 3D ultrasound.


RESULTS
Mean (SD) distension of the SCS with PBS increased from 1.57 (0.48) mm after injection of 250 μL to 3.28 (0.57) mm with 1000 μL PBS. Eyes injected at physiologic IOP had no significant difference in SCS distension. In real-time 2D ultrasound, the contrast agent flowed from the injection site to the opposite ventral anterior SCS and the posterior SCS. Contrast arrived at the opposite and posterior SCS 7.8 (4.6) and 7.7 (4.6) seconds after injection, respectively. In sagittal images, contrast was visible in 24.0%to 27.2% of the SCS; in 10 of 12 eyes, contrast reached the posterior pole of the eye. In 3D images, contrast medium occupied 39.0% to 52.1% of the entire SCS.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the SCS can expand, in a dose-dependent manner, to accommodate various volumes of fluid and that it is possible to image the SCS with ultrasound contrast. The authors' hypothesis that a single anterior SCS injection can reach the ocular posterior segment was supported. Further development of SCS injections for treatment of the ocular posterior segment is warranted.}, number={8}, journal={Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Seiler, Gabriela S. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Mantuo, Rebecca and Feingold, Steven and Dayton, Paul A. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={5730} }
 @article{clode_davis_salmon_lafevers_gilger_2010, title={Aqueous humor and plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin following topical ocular administration in ophthalmologically normal horses}, volume={71}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.71.5.564}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.5.564}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Clode, Alison B. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Salmon, Jacklyn and LaFevers, Heath and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={564–569} }
 @article{mcmullen_davidson_campbell_salmon_gilger_2010, title={Evaluation of 30- and 25-diopter intraocular lens implants in equine eyes after surgical extraction of the lens}, volume={71}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.71.7.809}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.7.809}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={McMullen, Richard J. and Davidson, Michael G. and Campbell, Nigel B. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={809–816} }
 @article{gilger_wilkie_clode_mcmullen_utter_komaromy_brooks_salmon_2010, title={Long-term outcome after implantation of a suprachoroidal cyclosporine drug delivery device in horses with recurrent uveitis}, volume={13}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00807.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00807.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To determine the long-term efficacy, complications, and duration of effect of a cyclosporine (CsA) suprachoroidal implant (CSI) in horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU).


METHODS
Horses with ERU were treated with a 6-mm diameter, 25 mg, reservoir matrix CsA implant in the deep sclera adjacent to the suprachoroidal space. Horses with follow-up >1 year were examined for frequency of uveitis episodes, complications, and vision at last recheck.


RESULTS
Data from 151 eyes of 133 horses from the USA and Europe that had CsA devices implanted for ERU were reviewed. Follow-up time ranged from 13 to 85 months after surgery, with a mean and median follow-up time of 28.9 and 26.3 months, respectively. Overall, at last follow-up 78.8% of eyes were considered visual and the overall mean frequency of uveitis episodes after CSI was 0.09 ± SD 0.08 episodes per month. The most common complications leading to vision loss at last follow-up were persistent uveitis episodes (54%), glaucoma (22%), mature cataracts (16%), and retinal detachment (6%). Persistent uveitis episodes tended to be the highest cause of vision loss in horses with <24 months and >48 months of follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated the long-term maintenance of vision of horses with ERU implanted with a CSI. The increased vision loss related to uveitis episode of inflammation in eyes after the likely depletion of CsA from the CSI suggests that a repeat CSI may be required at or before 48 months after surgery.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Wilkie, David A. and Clode, Allison B. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr. and Utter, Mary E. and Komaromy, Andras M. and Brooks, Dennis E. and Salmon, Jacklin H.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={294–300} }
 @article{yi_davis_salmon_gilger_2008, title={Ocular distribution and toxicity of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide in normal equine eyes}, volume={11}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00636.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00636.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Yi, N. Y. and Davis, J. L. and Salmon, J. H. and Gilger, B. C.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={15–19} }
 @article{douglas_yi_davis_salmon_gilger_2008, title={Ocular toxicity and distribution of subconjunctival and intravitreal rapamycin in horses}, volume={31}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00986.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00986.x}, abstractNote={ In vitro photosensitivity of rapamycin (RAPA) and ocular toxicity and distribution of intravitreal and subconjunctival RAPA was evaluated in normal horses. RAPA (2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg) was placed in 10 mL of PBS and maintained in a water bath at 37 °C, kept in the dark or subjected to room light, and sampled for up to 3 months for RAPA levels. Six normal adult horses received either 5 mg (n = 2) or 10 mg (n = 2) of RAPA intravitreally or 10 mg (n = 2) subconjunctivally. Ophthalmic exams and electroretinography (ERG) were performed prior to injection and on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 post‐injection. Eyes were enucleated and samples were collected for RAPA concentrations and histopathology. No difference in light vs. dark RAPA concentrations was observed, suggesting a lack of RAPA phototoxicity. No evidence of ocular toxicity was noted on ophthalmic examination or histopathology. RAPA was not detected intraocularly 7 days post‐injection in eyes receiving subconjunctival RAPA, but was detected in the vitreous at 21 days post‐injection. Drug could be detected in both the aqueous and vitreous humor after intravitreal injection. Further study is needed to determine the efficacy of intravitreal RAPA.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Douglas, L. C. and Yi, N. Y. and Davis, J. L. and Salmon, J. H. and Gilger, B. C.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={511–516} }
 @article{gilger_salmon_yi_barden_chandler_wendt_colitz_2008, title={Role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of recurrent uveitis in horses from the southeastern United States}, volume={69}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1329}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1329}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Yi, Na Y. and Barden, Curtis A. and Chandler, Heather L. and Wendt, Jennifer A. and Colitz, Carmen M. H.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1329–1335} }
 @article{gilger_salmon_wilkie_cruysberg_kim_hayat_kim_kim_yuan_lee_et al._2006, title={A Novel Bioerodible Deep Scleral Lamellar Cyclosporine Implant for Uveitis}, volume={47}, ISSN={1552-5783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.05-1540}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.05-1540}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To determine the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of an episcleral or deep scleral lamellar sustained release cyclosporine (CsA) device in a naturally occurring animal model of uveitis.


METHODS
A two-compartment perfusion chamber was used to assess in vitro human and equine scleral permeability of fluorescein, dexamethasone-fluorescein, or CsA. A biodegradable, matrix-reservoir CsA implant was designed, and release rates of CsA were determined in vitro. Tissue CsA levels were measured in eyes with the implant. Horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) received episcleral or deep scleral lamellar CsA implants and were monitored for up to 3 years.


RESULTS
Dexamethasone-fluorescein and CsA penetrated the in vitro equine sclera poorly; however, low but detectable levels of CsA were detected intraocularly in vivo. The implant placed episclerally failed to control inflammatory episodes in ERU. CsA implants placed in the deep sclera adjacent to the suprachoroidal space resulted in high levels of CsA in most ocular tissues. In clinical equine patients with ERU, frequency of uveitic flare-ups was significantly decreased after implantation of a deep scleral lamellar CsA implant.


CONCLUSIONS
Diffusion of CsA across the sclera from the episcleral space was not a feasible method of drug delivery to the equine eye. However, placing a deep scleral lamellar CsA implant adjacent to the suprachoroidal space was effective in achieving therapeutic ocular drug concentrations and controlling uveitis in horses with ERU.}, number={6}, journal={Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Wilkie, David A. and Cruysberg, Lars P. J. and Kim, Jonghyeon and Hayat, Matt and Kim, Hyuncheol and Kim, Stephanie and Yuan, Peng and Lee, Susan S. and et al.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={2596} }
 @article{beale_salmon_michau_gilger_2006, title={Effect of ophthalmic Nd:YAG laser energy on intraocular lenses after posterior capsulotomy in normal dog eyes}, volume={9}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00473.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00473.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Beale, A. Brady and Salmon, Jacklyn and Michau, Tammy M. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={335–340} }
 @article{clode_davis_salmon_michau_gilger_2006, title={Evaluation of concentration of voriconazole in aqueous humor after topical and oral administration in horses}, volume={67}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.2.296}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.67.2.296}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Clode, Alison B. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Salmon, Jacklyn and Michau, Tammy Miller and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={296–301} }
 @article{davis_salmon_papich_2006, title={Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of doxycycline after oral administration of single and multiple doses in horses}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.67.2.310}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Davis, JL and Salmon, JH and Papich, MG}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={310–316} }
 @article{davis_salmon_papich_2006, title={Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral and intravenous administration to horses}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.67.6.1070}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Davis, JL and Salmon, JH and Papich, MG}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={1070–1075} }
 @article{gilger_michau_salmon_2005, title={Immune-mediated keratitis in horses: 19 cases (1998-2004)}, volume={8}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00393.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00393.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Michau, Tammy Miller and Salmon, Jacklyn H.}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={233–239} }
 @article{davis_salmon_papich_2005, title={Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of itraconazole after oral and intravenous administration to horses}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1694}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Davis, JL and Salmon, JH and Papich, MG}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1694–1701} }
 @article{davis_salmon_papich_2005, title={Pharmacokinetics and tissue fluid distribution of cephalexin in the horse after oral and i.v. administration}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2005.00683.x}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and tissue fluid distribution of cephalexin in the adult horse following oral and i.v. administration. Cephalexin hydrate (10 mg/kg) was administered to horses i.v. and plasma samples were collected. Following a washout period, cephalexin (30 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically. Plasma, interstitial fluid (ISF) aqueous humor, and urine samples were collected. All samples were analyzed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Following i.v. administration, cephalexin had a plasma half‐life (t1/2) of 2.02 h and volume of distribution [Vd(ss)] of 0.25 L/kg. Following oral administration, the average maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 3.47 μg/mL and an apparent half‐life (t1/2) of 1.64 h. Bioavailability was approximately 5.0%. The AUCISF:AUCplasma ratio was 80.55% which corresponded to the percentage protein‐unbound drug in the plasma (77.07%). The t1/2 in the ISF was 2.49 h. Cephalexin was not detected in the aqueous humor. The octanol:water partition coefficient was 0.076 ± 0.025. Cephalexin was concentrated in the urine with an average concentration of 47.59 μg/mL. No adverse events were noted during this study. This study showed that cephalexin at a dose of 30 mg/kg administered orally at 8 h dosage intervals in horses can produce plasma and interstitial fluid drug concentrations that are in a range recommended to treat susceptible gram‐positive bacteria (MIC ≤ 0.5 μg/mL). Because of the low oral bioavailability of cephalexin in the horse, the effect of chronic dosing on the normal intestinal bacterial flora requires further investigation.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Davis, JL and Salmon, JH and Papich, MG}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={425–431} }
 @article{gilger_yang_salmon_jaffe_allen_2002, title={Expression of a chemokine by ciliary body epithelium in horses with naturally occurring recurrent uveitis and in cultured ciliary body epithelial cells}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.942}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Gilger, BC and Yang, P and Salmon, JH and Jaffe, GJ and Allen, JB}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={942–947} }
 @article{gilger_stoppini_wilkie_clode_pinto_hempstead_gerding_salmon, title={Treatment of immune-mediated keratitis in horses with episcleral cyclosporine-silicone matrix- implant}, volume={30}, number={6}, journal={Pferdeheilkunde}, author={Gilger, B. C. and Stoppini, R. and Wilkie, D. A. and Clode, A. B. and Pinto, N. H. and Hempstead, J. and Gerding, J. and Salmon, J. H.}, pages={711–712} }