@article{grosche_morton_graham_sanchez_blikslager_polyak_freeman_2011, title={Ultrastructural changes in the equine colonic mucosa after ischaemia and reperfusion}, volume={43}, ISSN={0425-1644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00402.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00402.x}, abstractNote={SummaryReason for performing study:Ultrastructural changes in the epithelium can provide information on early changes in barrier properties, repair and inflammation in equine colon after ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R).Objectives:To describe the morphology and ultrastructure of the epithelium in equine large colonic mucosa after I/R, and the response of inflammatory cells to injury.Methods:Ischaemia was induced for 1 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion in a 40 cm segment of the pelvic flexure in 6 horses. Mucosal biopsies before and after ischaemia, and after 1, 2 and 4 h of reperfusion were fixed in glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde and osmium tetroxide, and embedded in epon. Morphological and ultrastructural changes were evaluated in toluidine blue‐stained semithin sections by light microscopy and in thin sections stained with uranyl acetate/lead citrate by transmission electron microscopy.Results:Ischaemia caused swelling of epithelial cells and their organelles, opening of tight junctions, detachment from the basement membrane, early apoptosis and single cell necrosis. Autophagy was a prominent feature in epithelial cells after ischaemia. Reperfusion was characterised by apoptosis, epithelial regeneration and restoration of apical cell junctions. Phagocytic‐like vacuoles containing cellular debris and bacteria were evident in epithelial cells after reperfusion. Paracellular and subepithelial clefts formed, accompanied by infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils into the epithelium. Subepithelial macrophages and luminal neutrophils had increased phagocytic activity.Conclusions:Ischaemia caused ultrastructural damage to the colonic epithelium, but epithelial cells recovered during reperfusion.Potential relevance:Transmission electron microscopy can demonstrate subtle ultrastructural damage to epithelial cells and evidence of recovery after I/R in equine colon.}, number={SUPPL.39}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Grosche, A. and Morton, A. J. and Graham, A. S. and Sanchez, L. C. and Blikslager, A. T. and Polyak, M. M. R. and Freeman, D. E.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={8–15} }
 @article{fogle_gerard_elce_little_morton_correa_blikslager_2008, title={Analysis of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Administration and Related Factors Associated with Postoperative Colic and Survival in Horses with Small Intestinal Disease}, volume={37}, ISSN={0161-3499 1532-950X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00420.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00420.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To analyze the effect of the intraoperative use of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CBMC) and related perioperative factors on postoperative colic and survival in horses that had abdominal surgery for colic.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Horses (n=203) that had surgery for small intestinal disease; 33 horses had intraoperative administration of CBMC.Methods—Information was obtained from medical records for 170 horses that had surgery for colic before use of CBMC and 33 horses that had intraoperative CBMC. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to estimate median survival time and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio for the effect of CBMC and other perioperative variables on survival.Results—Seventy‐five percent of horses administered CBMC survived to 180 days, whereas 75% of untreated horses survived 8 days (median survival time=18 days). Horses not administered CBMC were twice as likely to die compared with horses administered CBMC. Horses that had postoperative ileus (POI) were 1.4 times more likely to die than horses without ileus. Similarly, horses with signs of colic after surgery were 1.3 times more likely to die than horses without postoperative signs of colic.Conclusions—CBMC administration is seemingly protective against death and prolongs survival when used intraoperatively in horses with small intestine disease, particularly horses with postoperative colic or POI. Both POI and colic increased risk of death after surgery.Clinical Relevance—Intraoperative administration of CBMC in horses that have surgery for small intestinal disease may improve survival, possibly by reducing early adhesion formation.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fogle, Callie A. and Gerard, Mathew P. and Elce, Yvonne A. and Little, Dianne and Morton, Alison J. and Correa, Maria T. and Blikslager, Anthony T.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={558–563} }
 @article{morton_davis_redding_jones_2007, title={Nonsecretory multiple myeloma in a horse}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0957-7734"]}, DOI={10.2746/095777307X217852}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 19, Issue 11 p. 564-568 Nonsecretory multiple myeloma in a horse A. J. Morton, Corresponding Author A. J. Morton University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA*University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. L. Davi, J. L. Davi North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, W. R. Redding North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, S. L. Jones North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author A. J. Morton, Corresponding Author A. J. Morton University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA*University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Box 100136 Gainesville, Florida 32610, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. L. Davi, J. L. Davi North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, W. R. Redding North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. L. Jones, S. L. Jones North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.2746/095777307X217852Citations: 5AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume19, Issue11December 2007Pages 564-568 RelatedInformation}, number={11}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Morton, A. J. and Davis, J. L. and Redding, W. R. and Jones, S. L.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={564–568} }
 @article{morton_campbell_gayle_redding_blikslager_2005, title={Preferential and non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors reduce inflammation during lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis}, volume={78}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.07.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.07.006}, abstractNote={Synovitis in horses is frequently treated by administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit cyclooxygenase isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2). Constitutively expressed COX-1 is involved in physiologic functions such as maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity, whereas COX-2 is up-regulated at sites of inflammation. Thus, COX-2 inhibitors reduce inflammation with reduced gastrointestinal side effects as compared to non-selective COX inhibitors. The objective of the present study was to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of the preferential COX-2 inhibitor etodolac with the non-selective COX inhibitor phenylbutazone in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synovitis. Three groups of horses (n = 6) received no treatment, phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg, IV, q12h), or etodolac (23 mg/kg, IV, q12h), respectively, 2-h following injection of LPS into one middle carpal joint. Synovial fluid was analyzed for white blood cell (WBC) count, and TXB2 and PGE2 levels. Phenylbutazone and etodolac significantly reduced WBC count 6 and 24-h following injection of LPS compared to untreated horses. In addition, both drugs significantly reduced PGE2 levels (P < 0.05) 6-h following LPS injection, whereas the probable COX-1 prostanoid TXB2 was significantly reduced by phenylbutazone (P < 0.05), but not etodolac. Etodolac may serve as a more selective anti-inflammatory agent than phenylbutazone for treatment of equine synovitis.}, number={2}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Morton, Alison J. and Campbell, Nigel B. and Gayle, J’mai M. and Redding, W. Rich and Blikslager, Anthony T.}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={189–192} }
 @article{morton_blikslager_2002, title={Surgical and postoperative factors influencing short-term survival of horses following small intestinal resection: 92 cases (1994-2001)}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0425-1644"]}, DOI={10.2746/042516402776117700}, abstractNote={SummaryAlthough short‐term survival rates following small intestinal resection reportedly range from 48–88%, there is little information on predicting which horse may or may not survive small intestinal (SI) resection and anastomosis. The aim of this study was to identify factors that contribute to nonsurvival in horses following small intestinal resection. Medical records of horses which recovered from anaesthesia following SI resection were reviewed. Clinical and surgical variables were evaluated for their association with short‐term survival using logistic regression and were reported as odds ratios (OR), including the 95% confidence interval (CI), indicating the likelihood of horses not surviving to hospital discharge. Ninety‐two records met the criteria for inclusion. Thirty‐six (81.8%) of the horses that underwent jejunojejunostomy (JJ) and 34 (70.8%) of the horses that underwent jejunocaecostomy (JC) survived to discharge. Multiple logistic analysis indicated that postoperative ileus (OR = 29.7; 95% CI 2.5–354.6), repeat celiotomy (OR = 18; CI 1.7–187.6), and an elevated heart rate of ≥ 60 beats/min (OR = 5.6; CI 1.5–20.6) were the principal factors associated with nonsurvival. A low total plasma protein of <55 g/l (OR = 1.8; CI 0.5–7.6) was incorporated in the final model because its inclusion improved the overall validity of the model Clinicians should be aware of the factors associated with the greatest likelihood of nonsurvival following small intestinal resection, so that they can institute aggressive treatment and accurately inform owners on the likelihood of survival.}, number={5}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Morton, AJ and Blikslager, AT}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={450–454} }