@article{palmer_dessent_mulling_usher_grant_eischen_kingon_franzon_2004, title={The design and characterization of a novel piezoelectric transducer-based linear motor}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1941-014X"]}, DOI={10.1109/TMECH.2004.828647}, abstractNote={Before microminiature robots can be realized, new direct drive micromotor systems must be developed. In this research, a linear motor system for a miniature jumping robot was desired. However, current systems must display better force/torque characteristics than is currently available. This paper deals with the design, construction, and testing, of a macro-scale, unidirectional, direct drive linear piezomotor that operates like an inchworm. It uses a parallel arrangement of unimorph piezoelectric transducers, in conjunction with passive mechanical latches, to perform work on a coil spring. Experimental results showed that the linear piezomotor achieved a maximum no-load velocity of 161 mm/s, and a blocked force of 14 N, at a drive signal frequency of 100 Hz. Thereafter, back slip in the latch assembly restricted the forward motion. Based on the results obtained with the macro-level linear piezomotor, it is concluded that smaller direct drive piezomotor designs based on unimorph piezoelectric transducers are achievable. System scalability will be addressed in a future publication.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE-ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS}, author={Palmer, JA and Dessent, B and Mulling, JF and Usher, T and Grant, E and Eischen, JW and Kingon, AI and Franzon, PD}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={392–398} }
 @article{wu_ro_kingon_mulling_2003, title={Piezoelectric resonating structures for microelectronic cooling}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1088/0964-1726/12/2/304}, abstractNote={The design of piezoelectric resonating structures was investigated for generating acoustic streaming which may be used for cooling microelectronic components. The vibration characteristics of different piezoelectric structures were simulated by the finite element method and validated with analytical approaches. Considering the product of resonance frequency and dynamic tip deflection as a performance merit, the effects of length and location of the actuators as well as the boundary conditions were analyzed for four different piezoelectric resonator designs. Results show that there exist optimal length and location of actuators on the passive structures.}, number={2}, journal={Smart Materials & Structures}, author={Wu, T. and Ro, P. I. and Kingon, A. I. and Mulling, J. F.}, year={2003}, pages={181–187} }