@article{rickenbach_kucera_gentry_carey_lare_lin_demoz_starr_2008, title={The Relationship between Anvil Clouds and Convective Cells: A Case Study in South Florida during CRYSTAL-FACE}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/2008MWR2441.1}, abstractNote={ One of the important goals of NASA’s Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) was to further the understanding of the evolution of tropical anvil clouds generated by deep convective systems. An important step toward understanding the radiative properties of convectively generated anvil clouds is to study their life cycle. Observations from ground-based radar, geostationary satellite radiometers, aircraft, and radiosondes during CRYSTAL-FACE provided a comprehensive look at the generation of anvil clouds by convective systems over South Florida during July 2002. This study focused on the relationship between convective rainfall and the evolution of the anvil cloud shield associated with convective systems over South Florida on 23 July 2002, during the CRYSTAL-FACE experiment. Anvil clouds emanating from convective cells grew downwind (to the southwest), reaching their maximum area at all temperature thresholds 1–2 h after the active convective cells collapsed. Radar reflectivity data revealed that precipitation-sized anvil particles extended downwind with the cloud tops. The time lag between maximum rainfall and maximum anvil cloud area increased with system size and rainfall. Observations from airborne radar and analysis of in situ cloud particle size distribution measurements in the anvil region suggested that gravitational size sorting of cloud particles dispersed downshear was a likely mechanism in the evolution of the anvil region. Linear regression analysis suggested a positive trend between this time lag and maximum convective rainfall for this case, as well as between the time lag and maximum system cloud cover. The injection of condensate into the anvil region by large areas of intense cells and dispersal in the upper-level winds was a likely explanation to cause the anvil cloud-top area to grow for 1–2 h after the surface convective rainfall began to weaken. In future work these relationships should be evaluated in differing regimes of shear, stability, or precipitation efficiency, such as over the tropical oceans, in order to generalize the results. The results of this study implied that for these cloud systems, the maximum in latent heating (proportional to rainfall) may precede the peak radiative forcing (related to anvil cloud height and area) by a lead time that was proportional to system size and strength. Mesoscale modeling simulations of convective systems on this day are under way to examine anvil evolution and growth mechanisms. }, number={10}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Rickenbach, Thomas and Kucera, Paul and Gentry, Megan and Carey, Larry and Lare, Andrew and Lin, Ruei-Fong and Demoz, Belay and Starr, David O'C.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={3917–3932} }
 @article{cifelli_carey_petersen_rutledge_2004, title={An ensemble study of wet season convection in southwest Amazonia: Kinematics and implications for diabatic heating}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1520-0442"]}, DOI={10.1175/JCLI-3236.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={24}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}, author={Cifelli, R and Carey, L and Petersen, WA and Rutledge, SA}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={4692–4707} }
 @article{carey_rutledge_2003, title={Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in severe and nonsevere storms over the central United States from 1989-1998}, volume={108}, number={D15}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres}, author={Carey, L. D. and Rutledge, S. A.}, year={2003} }
 @article{carey_petersen_rutledge_2003, title={Evolution of cloud-to-ground lightning and storm structure in the Spencer, South Dakota, tornadic supercell of 30 May 1998}, volume={131}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175//2566.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Carey, LD and Petersen, WA and Rutledge, SA}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={1811–1831} }
 @article{carey_rutledge_petersen_2003, title={The relationship between severe storm reports and cloud-to-ground lightning polarity in the contiguous United States from 1989 to 1998}, volume={131}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1211:TRBSSR>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The majority (61%) of severe storm reports (i.e., large hail and tornado) during the 1989–98 warm seasons (April–September) were associated with predominantly (>90%) negative cloud-to-ground (PNCG) lightning. Across the contiguous United States, only 15% of severe storm reports were characterized by predominantly (>50%) positive CG (PPCG) lightning activity. However, significant regional variability occurred in the relationship between warm season severe storm reports and CG lightning polarity. In the eastern United States, a significant fraction (81%) of severe storm reports occurred nearby PNCG lightning while only 2% of severe storms were associated with PPCG lightning. The CG lightning behavior was quite different over the northern plains; only 28% of severe storm reports were linked with PNCG lightning while 43% were characterized by PPCG lightning. Although the direct physical relationship is still not evident, this regional variability appears to be at least partially explained by differen...}, number={7}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Carey, LD and Rutledge, SA and Petersen, WA}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={1211–1228} }