@article{kleinstreuer_li_koo_2008, title={Microfluidics of nano-drug delivery}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1879-2189"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.04.043}, abstractNote={After a brief review of microfluidics, a bio-MEMS application in terms of nanofluid flow in microchannels is presented. Specifically, the transient 3-D problem of controlled nano-drug delivery in a heated microchannel has been numerically solved to gain new physical insight and to determine suitable geometric and operational system parameters. Computer model accuracy was verified via numerical tests and comparisons with benchmark experimental data sets. The overall design goals of near-uniform nano-drug concentration at the microchannel exit plane and desired mixture fluid temperature were achieved with computer experiments considering different microchannel lengths, nanoparticle diameters, channel flow rates, wall heat flux areas, and nanofluid supply rates. Such micro-systems, featuring controlled transport processes for optimal nano-drug delivery, are important in laboratory-testing of predecessors of implantable smart devices as well as for analyzing pharmaceuticals and performing biomedical precision tasks.}, number={23-24}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER}, author={Kleinstreuer, Clement and Li, Jie and Koo, Junemo}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={5590–5597} }
 @article{koo_kleinstreuer_2005, title={Analysis of surface roughness effects on heat transfer in micro-conduits}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1879-2189"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.01.024}, abstractNote={Modern heat rejection systems, such as micro-heat sinks, are attractive because of their potential for high performance at small size and low weight. However, the impact of microscale effects on heat transfer have to be considered and quantitatively analyzed in order to gain physical insight and accurate Nusselt number data. The relative surface roughness (SR) was selected as a key microscale parameter, represented by a porous medium layer (PML) model. Assuming steady laminar fully developed liquid flow in microchannels and microtubes, the SR effects in terms of PML thermal conductivity ratio and Darcy number on the dimemsionless temperature profile and Nusselt number were analyzed. In summary, the PML characteristics, especially the SR-number and conductivity ratio km/kf, greatly affect the heat transfer performance where the Nusselt number can be either higher or lower than the conventional value. The PML influence is less pronounced in microtubes than in parallel-plate microchannels.}, number={13}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER}, author={Koo, J and Kleinstreuer, C}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={2625–2634} }
 @article{koo_kleinstreuer_2005, title={Laminar nanofluid flow in microheat-sinks}, volume={48}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijheattransfer.2005.01.029}, number={13}, journal={International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer}, author={Koo, J. M. and Kleinstreuer, C.}, year={2005}, pages={2652–2661} }
 @article{koo_kleinstreuer_2004, title={A new thermal conductivity model for nanofluids}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1572-896X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11051-004-3170-5}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH}, author={Koo, J and Kleinstreuer, C}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={577–588} }
 @article{kleinstreuer_koo_2004, title={Computational analysis of wall roughness effects for liquid flow in micro-conduits}, volume={126}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Fluids Engineering}, author={Kleinstreuer, C. and Koo, J.}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={09-} }
 @article{koo_kleinstreuer_2004, title={Viscous dissipation effects in microtubes and microchannels}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1879-2189"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.02.017}, abstractNote={The effects of viscous dissipation on the temperature field and ultimately on the friction factor have been investigated using dimensional analysis and experimentally validated computer simulations. Three common working fluids, i.e., water, methanol and iso-propanol, in different conduit geometries were considered. It turns out that for microconduits, viscous dissipation is a strong function of the channel aspect ratio, Reynolds number, Eckert number, Prandtl number and conduit hydraulic diameter. Thus, ignoring viscous dissipation could affect accurate flow simulations and measurements in microconduits.}, number={14-16}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER}, author={Koo, J and Kleinstreuer, C}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={3159–3169} }
 @article{koo_kleinstreuer_2003, title={Liquid flow in microchannels: experimental observations and computational analyses of microfluidics effects}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1361-6439"]}, DOI={10.1088/0960-1317/13/5/307}, abstractNote={Experimental observations of liquid microchannel flows are reviewed and results of computer experiments concerning channel entrance, wall slip, non-Newtonian fluid, surface roughness, viscous dissipation and turbulence effects on the friction factor are discussed. The experimental findings are classified into three groups. Group I emphasizes ‘flow instabilities’ and group II points out ‘viscosity changes’ as the causes of deviations from the conventional flow theory for macrochannels. Group III caters to studies that did not detect any measurable differences between micro- and macroscale fluid flow behaviors. Based on numerical friction factor analyses, the entrance effect should be taken into account for any microfluidic system. It is a function of channel length, aspect ratio and the Reynolds number. Non-Newtonian fluid flow effects are expected to be important for polymeric liquids and particle suspension flows. The wall slip effect is negligible for liquid flows in microconduits. Significant surface roughness effects are a function of the Darcy number, the Reynolds number and cross-sectional configurations. For relatively low Reynolds numbers, Re < 2000, onset to turbulence has to be considered important because of possible geometric non-uniformities, e.g., a contraction and/or bend at the inlet to the microchannel. Channel-size effect on viscous dissipation turns out to be important for conduits with Dh < 100 µm.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING}, author={Koo, JM and Kleinstreuer, C}, year={2003}, month={Sep}, pages={568–579} }