@article{heugten_spears_kegley_ward_qureshi_2003, title={Effects of organic forms of zinc on growth performance, tissue zinc distribution, and immune response of weanling pigs}, volume={81}, DOI={10.2527/2003.8182063x}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to determine the effect of zinc level and source on growth performance, tissue Zn concentrations, intracellular distribution of Zn, and immune response in weanling pigs. Ninety-six 3-wk-old crossbred weanling pigs (BW = 6.45 +/- 0.17 kg) were assigned to one of six dietary treatments (four pigs per pen, four replicates per treatment) based on weight and litter origin. Treatments consisted of the following: 1) a corn-soybean meal-whey diet (1.2% lysine) with a basal level of 80 ppm of supplemental Zn from ZnSO4 (control; contained 104 ppm total Zn); 2) control + 80 ppm added Zn from ZnSO4; 3) control + 80 ppm added Zn from Zn methionine (ZnMet); 4) control + 80 ppm added Zn from Zn lysine (ZnLys); 5) control + 40 ppm added Zn from ZnMet and 40 ppm added Zn from ZnLys (ZnML); and 6) control + 160 ppm added Zn from ZnSO4. Zinc supplementation of the control diet had no effect on ADG or ADFI. Gain efficiency was less (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 80 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 than for control pigs and pigs fed 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4. Organ weights, Zn concentration, and intracellular distribution of Zn in the liver, pancreas, and spleen were not affected (P = 0.12) by Zn level or source. Skin thickness response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was not affected (P = 0.53) by dietary treatment. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed ZnLys than in pigs fed the control diet or the ZnML diet; however, when pokeweed mitogen was used, lymphocyte proliferation was greatest (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the ZnMet diet than pigs fed the control, ZnLys, ZnML, or 160 ppm ZnSO4 diets. Antibody response to sheep red blood cells was not affected by dietary treatments. Supplementation of 80 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 or ZnMet and 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 decreased (P < 0.05) the antibody response to ovalbumin on d 7 compared with control pigs, but not on d 14. Phagocytic capability of peritoneal exudate cells was increased (P < 0.05) when 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 was supplemented to the diet. The number of red blood cells ingested per phagocytic cell was increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the diet supplemented with a combination of ZnMet and ZnLys and the diet with 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4. Results suggest that the level of Zn recommended by NRC for weanling pigs was sufficient for optimal growth performance and immune responses, although macrophage function may be enhanced at greater levels of Zn. Source of Zn did not alter these measurements.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Heugten, Eric and Spears, J. W. and Kegley, E. B. and Ward, J. D. and Qureshi, M. A.}, year={2003}, pages={2063–2071} }
 @article{ward_spears_1999, title={The effects of low-copper diets with or without supplemental molybdenum on specific immune responses of stressed cattle}, volume={77}, DOI={10.2527/1999.771230x}, abstractNote={Angus bull calves (n = 42; 7 mo of age; 254 kg initial BW) were used to investigate the effects of dietary Cu and Mo on immune function of stressed cattle. Randomly selected calves (n = 22) were injected with 90 mg of Cu as Cu glycinate 28 d before weaning and castrated at weaning. These calves received 7.5 and 5 mg of supplemental Cu/kg of DM during a 41-d receiving phase and a 196-d growing phase, respectively. The remainder of the steers received no supplemental Cu during the experiment. Copper-supplemented steers had adequate Cu status at weaning, whereas unsupplemented calves were marginally Cu-deficient. Cell-mediated response to intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin was not affected by dietary treatment during the receiving phase. During the growing phase, half of the steers in each Cu treatment were given 5 mg of supplemental Mo/kg of DM. Copper supplementation increased (P<.05) humoral response to ovalbumin injected on d 133 of the growing phase. On d 168 of the growing phase, calves receiving only supplemental Mo were severely Cu-deficient based on plasma and liver Cu concentrations. The other treatment groups had adequate Cu status. Before feeding on d 168 of the growing phase, half of the steers were loaded onto trailers and transported 2.5 h, and they remained on the trailers an additional 9.5 h. Humoral response to porcine erythrocytes (PRBC) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to dinitrochlorobenzene was tested at the end of the stress period. There was a Cu x stress interaction for humoral response to PRBC, with Cu decreasing antibody titers in unstressed calves and increasing titers in stressed steers. Stressed steers had lower (P = .03) ADG during the 28 d following stress. The results of this study indicate that Cu deficiency and 5 mg of supplemental Mo/kg of DM do not dramatically alter the specific immunity of stressed cattle.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Ward, J. D. and Spears, J. W.}, year={1999}, pages={230–237} }
 @article{gengelbach_ward_spears_brown_1997, title={Effects of copper deficiency and copper deficiency coupled with high dietary iron or molybdenum on phagocytic cell function and response of calves to a respiratory disease challenge}, volume={75}, DOI={10.2527/1997.7541112x}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing a diet marginally deficient in copper (Cu) with iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), or Cu on phagocytic cell function and disease resistance of calves. Thirty-one calves were born to heifers fed a corn silage-based diet containing 4.5 mg of Cu/kg. Treatments consisted of 1) control (CON; no supplemental Cu, Fe, or Mo), 2) 600 mg of Fe added/kg (FE), 3) 5 mg of Mo added/kg (MO), or 4) 10 mg of Cu added/kg of DM (CU). Activity of superoxide dismutase was lower (P < .06) in neutrophils from MO vs CON or CU calves at 170 d of age. bactericidal activity of neutrophils from MO calves tended (P = .15) to be lower compared with those from CU calves at 70 d of age. Calves were inoculated intranasally with live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) 2 d after weaning, followed by intratracheal administration of Pasteurella hemolytica 5 d later. Iron- and Cu-supplemented calves exhibited higher (P < .01) body temperatures and lower (P < .06) feed intakes following IBRV inoculation compared with CON and MO calves. Copper-supplemented calves had higher levels of plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) than MO calves at weaning (P < .05) and tended to have higher plasma TNF (P = .11) than FE and MO calves 5 d after IBRV inoculation. These data indicate that dietary levels of Mo and Cu can affect body temperature and feed intake responses to disease by affecting TNF and perhaps other cytokines.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Gengelbach, G. P. and Ward, J. D. and Spears, J. W. and Brown, T.T.}, year={1997}, pages={1112–1118} }
 @article{ward_spears_1997, title={Long-term effects of consumption of low-copper diets with or without supplemental molybdenum on copper status, performance, and carcass characteristics of cattle}, volume={75}, DOI={10.2527/1997.75113057x}, abstractNote={We used 42 Angus bull calves (7 mo of age) to determine long-term effects of low Cu diets with or without supplemental Mo on performance, carcass characteristics, and Cu status. Twenty-two bulls were injected with 90 mg of Cu 28 d before weaning. After weaning, injected steers were fed a diet supplemented with 7.5 mg of Cu/kg of DM; control steers received no supplemental Cu. At the end of the 40-d receiving phase, supplemental Cu was reduced to 5 mg/kg of DM. One half of the steers in each group were fed 5 mg of supplemental Mo/kg of DM following the receiving phase. The growing phase lasted 196 d. Steers were then switched to a high concentrate finishing diet for 49 d. Copper injection increased (P < .01) plasma Cu concentrations at weaning, and Cu-supplemented steers had greater (P < .05) plasma Cu, ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and liver Cu at the beginning of the growing phase. Supplemental Mo depressed plasma Cu, ceruloplasmin, and SOD during the growing and finishing phases in non-Cu-supplemented but not in Cu-supplemented steers. Copper supplementation increased DMI during the receiving (P < .05) and growing (P < .08) phases and increased (P < .08) ADG and gain:feed ratios during the finishing phase. Steers fed supplemental Cu produced carcasses with less (P < .06) backfat and slightly larger (P < .09) rib eye areas. The results of this experiment suggest that dietary Cu concentrations may alter cattle performance and carcass characteristics.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Ward, J. D. and Spears, J. W.}, year={1997}, pages={3057–3065} }
 @article{ward_gengelbach_spears_1997, title={The effects of copper deficiency with or without high dietary iron or molybdenum on immune function of cattle}, volume={75}, DOI={10.2527/1997.7551400x}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Cu deficiency with or without high dietary Mo or Fe on the specific immunity of calves. In Exp. 1, calves from 38 bred heifers, fed corn silage-based experimental diets from the last third of gestation until the calves were weaned, were used. Dietary treatments were control (no supplemental Fe, Mo, or Cu), 600 mg of supplemental Fe/kg of DM, 5 mg of supplemental Mo/kg of DM, and 10 mg of supplemental Cu/kg of DM. In Exp. 2, 18 Holstein bull calves were fed commercial milk replacer low in Cu for 49 d and then fed semipurified diets containing approximately 1.1 mg of Cu/kg of DM or diets supplemented with 5 mg of Mo or 10 mg of Cu per kilogram of DM for 126 d. Feeding diets not supplemented with Cu resulted in severe Cu deficiency in both experiments. During Exp. 1, control calves had higher (P < .10) secondary antibody response to pig erythrocytes than Cu-, Mo-, and Fe-supplemented calves. During Exp. 2, in vitro Cu supplementation decreased (P < .01) lymphocyte blastogenic response. In vivo cell-mediated response to phytohemagglutinin was decreased (P < .10) by Cu supplementation during Exp. 1 but was increased (P < .10) by Cu and Mo supplementation during Exp. 2. Copper deficiency and Cu deficiency coupled with high dietary Mo or Fe produced inconsistent immune function responses, indicating that Cu deficiency may not affect specific immune function of calves.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Ward, J. D. and Gengelbach, G. P. and Spears, J. W.}, year={1997}, pages={1400–1408} }
 @article{ward_spears_kegley_1996, title={Bioavailability of copper proteinate and copper carbonate relative to copper sulfate in cattle}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76343-9}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to determine the relative bioavailabilities of Cu proteinate, CuCO3, and CuSO4. In Experiment 1, 30 heifers that had been depleted of Cu were us 1. Treatments were control, Cu proteinate A, Cu proteinate B, CuCO3, and CuSO4. Sources provided 50 mg of Cu/d. Supplementation increased plasma Cu by d 21, but there were no differences among the sources. Heifers supplemented with Cu had greater liver Cu concentrations on d 21 than did controls. Heifers receiving CuCO3 had lower liver Cu concentrations than the other heifers. In Experiment 2, 40 heifers were fed diets containing 0.15% of added S and 5 mg of added Mo/kg of DM. Treatments were control, CuSO4, CuCO3, and Cu proteinate A. All sources provided 5 mg of added Cu/kg of DM. Controls and heifers supplemented with CuSO4 had declining plasma Cu concentrations. Supplementation with CuCO3 or Cu proteinate A maintained plasma Cu concentrations. Heifers supplemented with Cu proteinate A had smaller decreases in liver Cu concentrations than did heifers supplemented with other Cu sources. In the absence of high Mo, Cu proteinates were similar in bioavailability to CuSO4. In the presence of high Mo, Cu proteinate A appeared to have a greater bioavailability than CuSO4. Copper carbonate increased or maintained plasma Cu concentrations but was not stored in the liver efficiently.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Ward, JD and Spears, JW and Kegley, EB}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={127–132} }
 @article{ward_spears_gengelbach_1995, title={Differences in copper status and copper metabolism among Angus, Simmental, and Charolais cattle}, volume={73}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Ward, J. D. and Spears, J. W. and Gengelbach, G. P.}, year={1995}, pages={571} }
 @article{ward_spears_1993, title={COMPARISON OF COPPER LYSINE AND COPPER-SULFATE AS COPPER SOURCES FOR RUMINANTS USING IN-VITRO METHODS}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77638-9}, abstractNote={Two in vitro experiments were conducted to estimate the availability of Cu from Cu Lys compared with Cu from CuSO4. In experiment 1, a 24-h ruminal fermentation (alpha-cellulose substrate) containing either .1% added S or 2% added urea was performed with 4, 12, or 96 ppm of added Cu as either Cu Lys or CuSO4. Soluble Cu was measured at the end of the 24-h incubation, and concentrations were higher for Cu Lys with added urea (1.16 vs. .45 ppm), but no differences existed between sources of added S. In Experiment 2, 20 ppm of Cu added as either Cu Lys or CuSO4 with and without the addition of 10 ppm of Mo and .75% S were used in an vitro study designed to simulate digesta passage through the ruminant. A 24-h ruminal fermentation (orchardgrass substrate) was followed by a 2-h digestion in pepsin and HCl (pH 2.3) and then a 2-h digestion in NaHCO3 and pancreatin (pH 6.6). Soluble Cu concentrations were analyzed after each step. Molybdenum and S addition decreased soluble Cu after ruminal fermentation and tended to decrease soluble Cu concentrations after digestion of pancreatin and NaHCO3. The source of Cu did not affect soluble Cu concentrations. Results suggest that Cu from Cu Lys and CuSO4 behave similarly in the digestive tract of ruminants.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={WARD, JD and SPEARS, JW}, year={1993}, month={Oct}, pages={2994–2998} }
 @article{ward_spears_kegley_1993, title={EFFECT OF COPPER LEVEL AND SOURCE (COPPER LYSINE VS COPPER-SULFATE) ON COPPER STATUS, PERFORMANCE, AND IMMUNE-RESPONSE IN GROWING STEERS FED DIETS WITH OR WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL MOLYBDENUM AND SULFUR}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0021-8812"]}, DOI={10.2527/1993.71102748x}, abstractNote={One hundred twenty-six crossbred steers (218 kg initial BW) were used to determine the availability of Cu from copper lysine (CuLys) relative to CuSO4. Steers were assigned to pens (four replicates per treatment) based on BW and initial plasma Cu concentration and fed a corn silage-based diet supplemented with 0 or 5 ppm of Cu from either CuSO4 or CuLys. Half of the steers in each treatment were supplemented with 5 ppm of Mo and .2% S. Molybdenum and S supplementation increased (P < .10) growth rate during the first 21 d. Steers receiving CuSO4 gained more during the first 21 d than did control steers (P < .10) and steers receiving CuLys (P < .01). Growth, feed efficiency, and feed intake were not affected over the entire 98-d trial. Molybdenum and S supplementation decreased (P < .05) plasma Cu concentrations. Plasma Cu concentration was not affected by Cu source. Humoral immune response to ovalbumin was measured on d 7 and 77. Dietary treatment did not affect antibody production at either time. Cell-mediated immunity was measured in vivo on d 7 and 77 using phytohemagglutinin. In vivo cell reactivity was not affected by treatment on d 7 but was reduced (P < .10) by Mo and S supplementation on d 77. In vitro cell reactivity was measured on d 98 using a lymphocyte blastogenesis assay. Unstimulated lymphocytes from steers supplemented with Mo and S had lower (P < .10) uptakes of [3H]thymidine. There were no differences among treatments when lymphocytes were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen or phytohemagglutinin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={WARD, JD and SPEARS, JW and KEGLEY, EB}, year={1993}, month={Oct}, pages={2748–2755} }