@article{hess_hinson_hodges_2009, title={Moderators of and Mechanisms Underlying Stereotype Threat Effects on Older Adults' Memory Performance}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1096-4657"]}, DOI={10.1080/03610730802716413}, abstractNote={Recent research has suggested that negative stereotypes about aging may have a detrimental influence on older adults' memory performance. This study sought to determine whether stereotype-based influences were moderated by age, education, and concerns about being stigmatized. Possible mechanisms underlying these influences on memory performance were also explored. The memory performance of adults aged 60 to 70 years and 71 to 82 years was examined under conditions designed to induce or eliminate stereotype threat. Threat was found to have a greater impact on performance in the young-old than in the old-old group, whereas the opposite was observed for the effects of stigma consciousness. In both cases, the effects were strongest for those with higher levels of education. Further analyses found little evidence in support of the mediating roles of affective responses or working memory. The only evidence of mediation was found with respect to recall predictions, suggesting a motivational basis of threat effects on performance. These findings highlight the specificity of stereotype threat effects in later adulthood as well as possible mechanisms underlying such effects.}, number={2}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL AGING RESEARCH}, author={Hess, Thomas M. and Hinson, Joey T. and Hodges, Elizabeth A.}, year={2009}, pages={153–177} }
 @article{hess_hinson_2006, title={Age-related variation in the influences of aging stereotypes on memory in adulthood}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1939-1498"]}, DOI={10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.621}, abstractNote={Adults 24-86 years of age read positive or negative information about aging and memory prior to a memory test. The impact of this information on recall performance varied with age. Performance in the youngest and oldest participants was minimally affected by stereotype activation. Adults in their 60s exhibited weak effects consistent with the operation of stereotype threat, whereas middle-age adults exhibited a contrast effect in memory performance, suggestive of stereotype lift. Beliefs about aging and memory were also affected by stereotypic information, and older adults' changed beliefs were more important in predicting performance than was exposure to stereotype-based information alone.}, number={3}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING}, author={Hess, Thomas M. and Hinson, Joey T.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={621–625} }
 @article{hess_hinson_statham_2004, title={Explicit and implicit stereotype activation effects on memory: Do age and awareness moderate the impact of priming?}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1939-1498"]}, DOI={10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.495}, abstractNote={Two studies examined the effects of implicit and explicit priming of aging stereotypes. Implicit primes had a significant effect on older adults' memory, with positive primes associated with greater recall than negative primes. With explicit primes, older adults were able to counteract the impact of negative stereotypes when the cues were relatively subtle, but blatant stereotype primes suppressed performance regardless of prime type. No priming effects under either presentation condition were obtained for younger adults, indicating that the observed implicit effects are specific to those for whom the stereotype is self-relevant. Findings emphasize the importance of social-situational factors in determining older adults' memory performance and contribute to the delineation of situations under which stereotypes are most influential.}, number={3}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING}, author={Hess, TM and Hinson, JT and Statham, JA}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={495–505} }