@article{duncan_marr_birkenheuer_maggi_williams_correa_breitschwerdt_2008, title={Bartonella DNA in the Blood and Lymph Nodes of Golden Retrievers with Lymphoma and in Healthy Controls}, volume={22}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0018.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0018.x}, abstractNote={Background:Although lymphoma is the most common neoplastic process reported in dogs, its precise etiology is unknown. Golden Retrievers are more likely to develop lymphoma, suggesting a breed predisposition; however, other factors, including environment, immunity, and infection, are likely contributors to oncogenesis.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Duncan, A.W. and Marr, H.S. and Birkenheuer, A.J. and Maggi, R.G. and Williams, L.E. and Correa, M.T. and Breitschwerdt, E.B.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={89–95} }
 @article{duncan_maggi_breitschwerdt_2007, title={A combined approach for the enhanced detection and isolation of Bartonella species in dog blood samples: Pre-enrichment liquid culture followed by PCR and subculture onto agar plates}, volume={69}, ISSN={0167-7012}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2007.01.010}, DOI={10.1016/j.mimet.2007.01.010}, abstractNote={Historically, direct plating, lysis centrifugation, or freeze–thaw approaches have proven to be highly insensitive methods for confirming Bartonella species infection in dogs. A prospective study was designed to compare diagnostic methods for the detection of Bartonella using samples submitted to the Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at North Carolina State University. Methods included indirect immunofluorescence assay, PCR, direct inoculation of a blood agar plate (trypticase soy agar with 5% rabbit blood), and inoculation into a novel pre-enrichment liquid medium, Bartonella/alpha-Proteobacteria growth medium (BAPGM). Sequential research efforts resulted in the development of a combinational approach consisting of pre-enrichment culture of Bartonella species in BAPGM, sub-inoculation of the liquid culture onto agar plates, followed by DNA amplification using PCR. The multi-faceted approach resulted in substantial improvement in the microbiological detection and isolation of Bartonella when compared to direct inoculation of a blood agar plate. Importantly, this approach facilitated the detection and subsequent isolation of both single and co-infections with two Bartonella species in the blood of naturally infected dogs. The use of a combinational approach of pre-enrichment culture and PCR may assist in the diagnostic confirmation of bartonellosis in dogs and other animals.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Microbiological Methods}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Duncan, Ashlee W. and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={273–281} }
 @article{duncan_maggi_breitschwerdt_2007, title={BartonellaDNA in Dog Saliva}, volume={13}, ISSN={1080-6040 1080-6059}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1312.070653}, DOI={10.3201/eid1312.070653}, abstractNote={Bartonella species, transmitted by arthropods or animal bites and scratches, are emerging pathogens in human and veterinary medicine. PCR and DNA sequencing were used to test oral swabs collected from dogs. Results indicated the presence of 4 Bartonella species: B. bovis, B. henselae, B. quintana, and B. vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii.}, number={12}, journal={Emerging Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Duncan, Ashlee W. and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={1948–1950} }
 @article{breitschwerdt_maggi_duncan_nicholson_hegarty_woods_2007, title={BartonellaSpecies in Blood of Immunocompetent Persons with Animal and Arthropod Contact}, volume={13}, ISSN={1080-6040 1080-6059}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1306.061337}, DOI={10.3201/eid1306.061337}, abstractNote={Using PCR in conjunction with pre-enrichment culture, we detected Bartonella henselae and B. vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii in the blood of 14 immunocompetent persons who had frequent animal contact and arthropod exposure.}, number={6}, journal={Emerging Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Duncan, Ashlee W. and Nicholson, William L. and Hegarty, Barbara C. and Woods, Christopher W.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={938–941} }
 @article{morales_breitschwerdt_washabau_matise_maggi_duncan_2007, title={Detection ofBartonella henselaeDNA in two dogs with pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis}, volume={230}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.230.5.681}, DOI={10.2460/javma.230.5.681}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Morales, Sofia C. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Washabau, Robert J. and Matise, Ilze and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Duncan, Ashlee W.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={681–685} }
 @article{maggi_duncan_breitschwerdt_2005, title={Novel Chemically Modified Liquid Medium That Will Support the Growth of Seven Bartonella Species}, volume={43}, ISSN={0095-1137}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.6.2651-2655.2005}, DOI={10.1128/JCM.43.6.2651-2655.2005}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Maggi, R. G. and Duncan, A. W. and Breitschwerdt, E. B.}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={2651–2655} }
 @article{duncan_correa_levine_breitschwerdt_2005, title={The Dog as a Sentinel for Human Infection: Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi C6 Antibodies in Dogs from Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic States}, volume={5}, ISSN={1530-3667 1557-7759}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2005.5.101}, DOI={10.1089/vbz.2005.5.101}, abstractNote={Lyme disease is the most frequently reported human vector-associated disease in the United States. Infection occurs after the bite of an Ixodid tick that is infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Dogs have often been reported to serve as effective sentinel animals to assess the risk of human B. burgdorferi infection. Based on published data of human Lyme disease case numbers and our clinical impressions, we hypothesized that canine exposure to B. burgdorferi would be lower in North Carolina when compared to the exposure in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated B. burgdorferi exposure status utilizing a specific and sensitive C6 peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our convenience sample included 1,666 canine serum samples submitted to the Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory from North Carolina (n = 987), Virginia (n = 472), Maryland (n = 167), and Pennsylvania (n = 40). Comparisons among states were made using the Chisquare test or the Fisher's exact test; p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni correction. A Chi-square test for trend was used to determine if there was an increase in the frequency of seroreactors associated with the geographical origin of the samples. The proportion of seroreactive dogs in North Carolina was markedly lower (p < 0.008) than that observed in dogs from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. These results support the hypothesis that B. burgdorferi transmission seems to occur infrequently in North Carolina dogs as compared to dogs residing in other southeastern and mid-Atlantic states. Furthermore, they support the utility of dogs as a sentinel to characterize the risk of B. burgdorferi transmission to humans in a defined geographical location.}, number={2}, journal={Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Duncan, Ashlee W. and Correa, Maria T. and Levine, Jay F. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={101–109} }
 @article{duncan_correa_levine_breitschwerdt_2004, title={The Dog as a Sentinel for Human Infection: Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi C6 Antibodies in Dogs from Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic States}, volume={4}, ISSN={1530-3667 1557-7759}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2004.4.221}, DOI={10.1089/vbz.2004.4.221}, abstractNote={Lyme disease is the most frequently reported human vector-associated disease in the United States. Infection occurs after the bite of an Ixodid tick that is infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Dogs have often been reported to serve as effective sentinel animals to assess the risk of human B. burgdorferi infection. Based on published data of human Lyme disease case numbers and our clinical impressions, we hypothesized that canine exposure to B. burgdorferi would be lower in North Carolina when compared to the exposure in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated B. burgdorferi exposure status utilizing a specific and sensitive C6 peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our convenience sample included 1,666 canine serum samples submitted to the Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory from North Carolina (n = 987), Virginia (n = 472), Maryland (n = 167), and Pennsylvania (n = 40). Comparisons among states were made using the Chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test; p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni correction. A Chi-square test for trend was used to determine if there was an increase in the frequency of seroreactors associated with the geographical origin of the samples. The proportion of seroreactive dogs in North Carolina was markedly lower (p < 0.008) than that observed in dogs from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. These results support the hypothesis that B. burgdorferi transmission seems to occur infrequently in North Carolina dogs as compared to dogs residing in other southeastern and mid-Atlantic states. Furthermore, they support the utility of dogs as a sentinel to characterize the risk of B. burgdorferi transmission to humans in a defined geographical location.}, number={3}, journal={Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Duncan, Ashlee W. and Correa, Maria T. and Levine, Jay F. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={221–229} }