@article{king_gopalarathnam_2005, title={Ideal aerodynamics of ground effect and formation flight}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1533-3868"]}, DOI={10.2514/1.10942}, abstractNote={The theoretical induced-drag benefits are presented for ideally loaded wings flying in formation and ground effect. An optimum-downwash approach using a vortex-lattice implementation was used to study formations of wings loaded optimally for minimum induced drag with roll trim. An exact approach was also developed to examine the drag of elliptically loaded wings in formation. The exact approach allows for decomposition of the benefits by considering the mutual-interference contributions from different pairs of wings in a formation}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT}, author={King, RM and Gopalarathnam, A}, year={2005}, pages={1188–1199} }