@article{rakesh_ducharme_datta_cheetham_pease_2008, title={Development of equine upper airway fluid mechanics model for Thoroughbred racehorses}, DOI={10.2746/042516408X281216}, abstractNote={Summary Reason for performing study : Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models provide the means to evaluate airflow in the upper airways without requiring in vivo experiments. Hypothesis : The physiological conditions of a Thoroughbred racehorse's upper airway during exercise could be simulated. Methods : Computed tomography scanned images of a 3‐year‐old intact male Thoroughbred racehorse cadaver were used to simulate in vivo geometry. Airway pressure traces from a live Thoroughbred horse, during exercise was used to set the boundary condition. Fluid‐flow equations were solved for turbulent flow in the airway during inspiratory and expiratory phases. The wall pressure turbulent kinetic energy and velocity distributions were studied at different cross‐sections along the airway. This provided insight into the general flow pattern and helped identify regions susceptible to dynamic collapse. Results : The airflow velocity and static tracheal pressure were comparable to data of horses exercising on a high‐speed treadmill reported in recent literature. The cross‐sectional area of the fully dilated rima glottidis was 7% greater than the trachea. During inspiration, the area of highest turbulence (i.e. kinetic energy) was in the larynx, the rostral aspect of the nasopharynx was subjected to the most negative wall pressure and the highest airflow velocity is more caudal on the ventral aspect of the nasopharynx (i.e. the soft palate). During exhalation, the area of highest turbulence was in the rostral and mid‐nasopharynx, the maximum positive pressure was observed at the caudal aspect of the soft palate and the highest airflow velocity at the front of the nasopharynx. Conclusions and clinical relevance : In the equine upper airway collapsible area, the floor of the rostral aspect of the nasopharynx is subjected to the most significant collapsing pressure with high average turbulent kinetic during inhalation, which may lead to palatal instability and explain the high prevalence of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) in racehorses. Maximal abduction of the arytenoid cartilage may not be needed for optimal performance, since the trachea cross‐sectional area is 7% smaller than the rima glottidis.}, number={3}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, author={RAKESH, V. and DUCHARME, N. G. and DATTA, A. K. and CHEETHAM, J. and PEASE, A. P.}, year={2008}, month={May} }
 @article{rakesh_datta_ducharme_pease_2008, title={Simulation of turbulent airflow using a CT based upper airway model of a racehorse}, volume={130}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Biomechanical Engineering}, author={Rakesh, V. and Datta, A. K. and Ducharme, N. G. and Pease, A. P.}, year={2008} }
 @article{pease_sullivan_olby_galano_cerda‐gonzalez_robertson_gavin_thrall_2006, title={VALUE OF A SINGLE‐SHOT TURBO SPIN‐ECHO PULSE SEQUENCE FOR ASSESSING THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE AND THE CONSTITUTIVE NATURE OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID}, volume={47}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00136.x}, abstractNote={Three case history reports are presented to illustrate the value of the single‐shot turbo spin‐echo pulse sequence for assessment of the subarachnoid space. The use of the single‐shot turbo spin‐echo pulse sequence, which is a heavily T2‐weighted sequence, allows for a rapid, noninvasive evaluation of the subarachnoid space by using the high signal from cerebrospinal fluid. This sequence can be completed in seconds rather than the several minutes required for a T2‐fast spin‐echo sequence. Unlike the standard T2‐fast spin‐echo sequence, a single‐shot turbo spin‐echo pulse sequence also provides qualitative information about the protein and the cellular content of the cerebrospinal fluid, such as in patients with inflammatory debris or hemorrhage in the cerebrospinal fluid. Although the resolution of the single‐shot turbo spin‐echo pulse sequence images is relatively poor compared with more conventional sequences, the qualitative information about the subarachnoid space and cerebrospinal fluid and the rapid acquisition time, make it a useful sequence to include in standard protocols of spinal magnetic resonance imaging.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound}, author={PEASE, ANTHONY and SULLIVAN, STACEY and OLBY, NATASHA and GALANO, HEATHER and CERDA‐GONZALEZ, SOPHIA and ROBERTSON, IAN D. and GAVIN, PATRICK and THRALL, DONALD}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={254–259} }