@article{chichlowski_croom_mcbride_daniel_davis_koci_2007, title={Direct-fed microbial PrimaLac and salinomycin modulate whole-body and intestinal oxygen consumption and intestinal mucosal cytokine production in the broiler chick}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.6.1100}, abstractNote={The current study investigated whole-body O2 consumption, intestinal O2 consumption, and intestinal inflammation status through mucosal cytokine production on broiler chicks fed the direct-fed microbial PrimaLac. One hundred twenty 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental diets: standard starter diet (control), standard starter diet with added salinomycin (SAL), and standard starter diet with added PrimaLac (DFM). Birds were housed in 2 separate rooms, the control and SAL treatments in one room and the DFM in another. Intact ileal and cecal samples were collected on d 19, 20, and 21 after measuring whole-body O2 consumption using indirect calorimetry. The O2 up-take of ileal tissue was measured using an in vitro O2 monitor. Analysis of intestinal immune status of broilers was measured by the relative differences in mRNA of both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines: interleukin-(IL) 1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Broilers exhibited a 6 to 16% decrease in whole-body energy expenditures and up to a 47% decrease (P<0.05) in ileal energy expenditures in the DFM group compared with other treatments. The reverse transcription-PCR data demonstrated that DFM consortium numerically altered both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines within the ileum of 19-d posthatch broilers. These data suggest that direct-fed microbials like PrimaLac increase metabolic efficiency via changes in intestinal physiology and metabolism.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Chichlowski, M. and Croom, J. and McBride, B. W. and Daniel, L. and Davis, G. and Koci, M. D.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={1100–1106} }
 @article{chichlowski_croom_edens_mcbride_qiu_chiang_daniel_havenstein_koci_2007, title={Microarchitecture and spatial relationship between bacteria and ileal, cecal, and colonic epithelium in chicks fed a direct-fed microbial, PrimaLac, and salinomycin}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.6.1121}, abstractNote={Direct-fed microbials (DFM) could serve as a potential alternative to the feeding of antibiotics in poultry production. In this study, the effects of providing a DFM were compared with the feeding of salinomycin on intestinal histomorphometrics, and microarchitecture was examined. Broiler chicks (n=18 per treatment; trials 1 and 2) were fed a standard starter diet (control), control+PrimaLac (DFM; 0.3% wt/wt), and control+salinomycin (SAL; 50 ppm) from hatch to 21d. The birds were euthanized on d 21, and the ileal, jejunal, cecal, and colon tissues were dissected. Samples were examined by light microscopy (jejunum and ileum; trial 1) and scanning electron microscopy (ileum, cecum, and colon; trial 2). Feeding of the DFM increased intestinal muscle thickness (P<0.05) up to 33% compared with the control treatment. The DFM group also had increased villus height and perimeter (P=0.009 and 0.003, respectively) in jejunum. Segmented filamentous-like bacteria were less numerous in DFM-treated chicks than in the control chicks. Very few segmented filamentous-like bacteria were found near other microbes in the ileum. The DFM chicks had a larger number of bacteria positioned over or near goblet cells and in intervilli spaces. Bacteria in the colon were observed to be attached primarily around and within the crypts. Mucous thickness was less, and the density of bacteria embedded in the mucous blanket appeared to be lower in DFM-treated animals than in the control in all intestinal segments. The birds fed SAL had fewer bacteria and enterocytes in the ileum than in the control-and DFM-treated birds, and they had thicker and fewer microvilli. Because gastrointestinal track colonization by the DFM organisms can prevent the attachment of pathogens to the epithelium, spatial relationships, in this study, demonstrate the functionality of DFM and probiotics in preventing disease. It also supports previous observations that the feeding of salinomycin may alter intestinal function.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Chichlowski, M. and Croom, W. J. and Edens, F. W. and McBride, B. W. and Qiu, R. and Chiang, C. C. and Daniel, L. R. and Havenstein, G. B. and Koci, M. D.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={1121–1132} }
 @article{croom_decubellis_coles_daniel_christensen_2006, title={Effect of in ovo peptide YY on the ontogeny of glucose transport in turkey poults}, volume={5}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2006.128.133}, abstractNote={Previous studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that peptide YY (PYY) administration to turkey poults at d25 of incubation enhances intestinal Na-dependent active glucose uptake. This study was designed to further characterize the ontogeny of glucose transport in embryonic and hatchling poults and to investigate the effects of PYY on this process during development. In Trial 1, 20 turkey eggs were randomly selected at days 20, 23, and 26 of incubation, as well as the day of hatch. Hatchlings were cervically dislocated and the body weight, jejunal length and jejunal weight were recorded. Jejunal glucose uptake was estimated by measuring H-3-O-methyl-D-glucose accumulation in 2 mm jejunal rings in vitro. Jejunal O 3 2 consumption was measured in vitro on jejunal rings using an O probe. In Trial 2, 40 turkey eggs were 2 randomly selected at days 20, 23 and 25 of incubation and injected, via the air sac, with either 0.9% saline or 0.9 % saline plus 400 μg PYY/kg egg weight. Embryos from each treatment were harvested on days 23, 26 and day of hatch. Measurements and analyses on jejunal tissue were conducted as in Trial 1. In Trial 2, embryonic weight and jejunal weight adjusted for body weight increased (p<0.05) with stage of incubation, while adjusted jejunal length decreased (p<0.01). Active and total glucose uptake and jejunal O2 consumption increased with age (p<0.05). The energetic efficiency of glucose uptake increased (p<0.05) between d26 and hatch. In Trial 2, PYY failed to significantly affect body or jejunal weight, glucose absorption, and O consumption at any stage of development. PYY did however, decrease the efficiency of glucose 2 uptake at d26 and at hatch (p<0.05). In contrast to earlier investigations using higher dosages of PYY, this study demonstrated that in ovo PYY administration at 400 μg/kg egg weight has little effect of jejunal function in turkeys.}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Croom, W. J. and Decubellis, J. and Coles, B. A. and Daniel, L. R. and Christensen, V. L.}, year={2006}, pages={128} }
 @article{fairchild_grimes_porter_croom_daniel_hagler_2005, title={Effects of diacetoxyscirpenol and fusaric acid on poults: Individual and combined effects of dietary diacetoxyscirpenol and fusaric acid on turkey poult performance}, volume={4}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2005.350.355}, abstractNote={Turkey poults were randomly placed in batteries and fed one of four dietary treatments: control (C); control plus 4ppm diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS); control plus 300ppm Fusaric Acid (FA); and control plus 4ppm DAS and 300ppm FA (FD). There were 10 poults per pen with 6 replicate pens per treatment. Individual BW, BW gains (BWG) and feed consumption by pen were determined at d6, d12, and d18. Period and cumulative feed to gain were calculated. Mouth lesions were scored for treatments at d18. On d18 poults were euthanized for determination of organ weights and jejunal histomorphometrics. FA had no effect on BW or BWG at any period compared to C. Poults fed FD had reduced BW and BWG compared to C, while poults fed DAS had lower BW than all treatments at every period. Poults fed FA or C had better feed to gain (P<0.05) than poults fed DAS or FD at d6. There were no differences among the treatments at d12 or d18. Poults fed FA had significantly lower relative intestine wt than poults fed the other diets, and significantly higher relative bursa wt at d18 when compared to poults fed DAS or FD. DAS, FA and FD altered intestinal architecture. Poults fed DAS or FD had higher mouth lesion scores than poults fed FA or C, but mouth lesion scores in DAS and FD poults were not different from each other. Dietary DAS resulted in decreased poult performance, while dietary FA had little or no effect. Fusaric acid fed in combination with DAS resulted in some protective effect towards DAS.}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Fairchild, A. S. and Grimes, J. L. and Porter, J. K. and Croom, W. J. and Daniel, L. R. and Hagler, W. M.}, year={2005}, pages={350} }
 @article{coles_croom_daniel_christensen_taylor_2003, title={In ovo peptide YY administration and jejunal glucose transport in hatchling turkey poults: Effects of dosage and genotype}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.1.6}, abstractNote={Two trials were conducted to investigate the efficacy of in ovo administration of various dosages of peptide YY (PYY) on jejunal glucose absorption in hatchling poults from two strains of turkeys, Egg Line (EL) selected for egg production and British United Turkey (BUT) selected for growth. In both trials, either 100 µl saline (1.025% w/v) or saline plus PYY were injected into the air cell of fertile EL and BUT line eggs at day 25 of incubation. At hatch, poults were euthanized by cervical dislocation, the jejunum removed and its weight and unstretched length recorded. Two to 4 mg cross-sections of the mid-jejunum were used to estimate active and passive glucose absorption using the accumulation of 3-O-methy-D-glucose (3OMG) in the presence and absence of phlorizin. In Trial 1, EL and BUT eggs were administered saline or saline plus 600 µg/kg egg wt, while in Trial 2, EL and BUT eggs were administered either saline or saline plus 300, 600, or 900 µg/kg egg wt. No differences were observed in hatchling body weights of poults from saline and PYY treated eggs from either line in both trials. In Trial 1, poults from EL treated eggs (600 µg/kg egg wt) had greater active jejunal 3OMG uptake compared with saline treated controls (332 vs. 270 ρmol/min/mg tissue, p<0.05, respectively). In Trial 2, poults from BUT eggs treated with 900 µg PYY/kg egg wt had greater (p<0.05) jejunal glucose transport than by the control group or the 600 µg PYY/kg egg wt group. Poults from EL eggs treated with PYY had non-significant increases in 3OMG uptake at all levels of PYY administration. BUT poults from eggs treated with 900 µg PYY/kg had heavier jejunums adjusted for body weight. In ovo PYY administration at day 25 of incubation increases active glucose transport in the intestinal tract of turkey poults, however, response and dosage varies with turkey line.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Coles, B. A. and Croom, J. and Daniel, L. R. and Christensen, V. L. and Taylor, I. L.}, year={2003}, pages={1} }
 @article{fan_croom_eisen_spires_daniel_2003, title={Ionophores have limited effects on jejunal glucose absorption and energy metabolism in mice}, volume={81}, DOI={10.2527/2003.8182072x}, abstractNote={Two experiments, Trial 1 (in vitro) and Trial 2 (in vivo), were conducted to examine the effects of ionophores, monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate on whole-animal O2 consumption, organ weights, jejunal glucose absorption, and O2 utilization, as well as growth, feed and water consumption, and feed efficiency. In Trial 1, 30 male Swiss-Webster mice, 8 wk old, were used to measure the in vitro effects of each of the ionophores at concentrations of 1.62 or 16.2 mM. Six combinations of three ionophores at two concentrations resulted in a total of eight treatments. All eight treatments were exposed to jejunal rings from a single mouse for a total of 30 observations per treatment. Jejunal rings were exposed to each ionophore treatment for 15 min. Laidlomycin propionate (16.2 mM) decreased (P < 0.02) glucose absorption, as estimated by H3-3-O-methyl glucose uptake compared with all other treatments, whereas laidlomycin propionate (1.62 mM) increased (P = 0.032) jejunal DM content compared with 16.2 mM laidlomycin propionate. In Trial 2, 40 5-wk-old mice were allotted into four treatments--control and 16.2 mM each of monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate--for a total of 10 observations per treatment. Ionophores were administered via the drinking water for 14 d. No ionophore treatment had any effect on whole-mouse O2 consumption. Monensin increased (P = 0.004) stomach size and decreased (P = 0.049) the efficiency of BW gain compared with controls. Laidlomycin propionate decreased (P = 0.032) the percentage of whole jejunum oxygen consumption due to oubain-sensitive respiration compared with control. The efficiency of intestinal glucose absorption was not changed due to treatment in either trial. Under the conditions of these studies, monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate had minimal and inconsistent effects on jejunal function and energy utilization in mice. This investigation suggests that changes in the energetic requirements of animals treated with ionophores are not an issue in animal production.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Fan, Y. K. and Croom, J. and Eisen, E. J. and Spires, H. R. and Daniel, L. R.}, year={2003}, pages={2072–2079} }
 @article{coles_croom_daniel_christensen_eisen_2001, title={In ovo peptide YY administration improves body weight at hatch and day 3 in turkey poults}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/10.4.380}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that in ovo administration of peptide YY (PYY) at Day 18 of incubation enhanced adjusted feed conversion ratio (AFCR) and BW gains of broilers during the first week post-hatch. Preliminary studies have also shown that in ovo PYY administration at Day 25 of incubation also increases jejunal glucose absorption in 1-d-old Nicholas turkey poults. The objective of this study was to further elucidate the effects of in ovo PYY administration on growth and feed conversion in two turkey lines: a commercial growth line (BUT; British United Turkey, UK) and the Egg Line. Eggs from both turkey lines were randomly placed in the same incubator. On Day 25 of incubation, 380 BUT and 440 Egg Line eggs were injected with 100 µL 1.025% saline (control) or 600 µg PYY/kg egg weight. At hatch, 168 poults from each treatment group were wing-banded, weighed, and randomly distributed across pens in four Petersime batteries. A standard turkey starter crumble feed and water were available ad libitum. Feed and birds were weighed on Days 3, 10, and 17 to determine BW gains and AFCR. Poults of both lines from PYY-treated eggs were heavier (P < 0.01) than controls at Day 3. This effect was not apparent at Days 10 and 17. A subset of birds from each treatment group was randomly chosen at Day 17 and sexed by dissection. At hatch and again at Day 3, there were no BW differences (P = 0.94 and P = 0.15, respectively) noted between sexes. Males were heavier at 10 and 17 d (P = 0.0001). These results suggest that PYY enhances poult weight and may attenuate differences in BW caused by gender during early post-hatch life.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Coles, BA and Croom, J and Daniel, LR and Christensen, VL and Eisen, EJ}, year={2001}, pages={380–384} }
 @article{peebles_croom_maslin_whitmarsh_daniel_taylor_2001, title={In ovo peptide YY and epidermal growth factor administration and their effects on growth and yolk utilization in neonatal meat-type chickens (Gallus domesticus)}, volume={130}, ISSN={["1095-6433"]}, DOI={10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00406-8}, abstractNote={The effects of in ovo peptide YY (PYY) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) administration on chick growth, yolk absorption and yolk stalk function in posthatch (0–5 days) meat-type or broiler chicks were determined. At Day 18 of incubation, treated eggs were injected into the air cell with 100 μl of either PYY (Trial 1) or EGF (Trial 2) at a dosage of 600 μg/kg egg weight. Saline-treated control eggs were injected similarly with 0.9% saline. At hatch, 200 μl of 51Cr-labeled microspheres were injected into chick yolk sacs. Epidermal growth factor increased ileal wet weight adjusted for body weight as well as ileal serosal dry matter. Body weight, feed consumption and excreta weight per bird, and relative weights of the yolk sac, intestine and liver were significantly affected by age of the chick in both trials. Relative radioactivity of the yolk sac, yolk stalk, blood, liver, and kidneys were affected by bird age in Trial 2; however, there were no significant effects due to PYY or EGF treatments on relative radioactivity of the tissues and organs examined. These data suggest that PYY and EGF had no effect on yolk absorption or yolk stalk function through 5 days in the posthatch chick.}, number={4}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Peebles, ED and Croom, J and Maslin, WR and Whitmarsh, SK and Daniel, LR and Taylor, IL}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={741–749} }
 @article{coles_croom_brake_daniel_christensen_phelps_gore_taylor_1999, title={In ovo peptide YY administration improves growth and feed conversion ratios in week-old broiler chicks}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/78.9.1320}, abstractNote={The effects of in ovo Peptide YY (PYY) administration on growth and feed conversion ratios in a commercial broiler line were investigated. Six hundred Ross male x Cobb female eggs were administered either 0.9% saline (control) or 600 microg/kg egg weight PYY in ovo at Day 18 of incubation. On day of hatching, 210 birds from each treatment group were randomly placed by sex into pens. Body weights at placement were not different between treatment groups. Average chick body weight and adjusted pen feed conversion ratios were improved by PYY in ovo treatment at 7 d posthatch (165.7 vs. 170.2 g, P<0.02; and 1.55 vs. 1.49, P<0.04, respectively). No significant differences between treatments were noted for these parameters at 21 or 42 d of age. These results suggest that in ovo treatment of broiler chicken eggs with gastrointestinal hormones that increase intestinal nutrient absorption, such as PYY, may enhance chick performance.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Coles, BA and Croom, WJ and Brake, J and Daniel, LR and Christensen, VL and Phelps, CP and Gore, A and Taylor, IL}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={1320–1322} }
 @article{fan_croom_christensen_bird_daniel_mcbride_eisen_1998, title={Apparent energetic efficiency of jejunal glucose uptake in young adult turkeys selected for rapid growth}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0008-3984"]}, DOI={10.4141/A97-099}, abstractNote={A rapid growth line (F) and a randombred control line (RBC2) of 16-wk-old unsexed turkeys were used to examine the effect of genetic selection for rapid growth on jejunal O2 consumption, glucose uptake and apparent energetic efficiency of glucose uptake. F line had 85% greater feed-deprived body weight (FBW, kilogram) than RBC2 line (P < 0.001) at 16 wk of age and a lighter (gram/kilogram FBW) and shorter (centimeter/kilogram FBW) small intestine and jejunum (P < 0.001). Additionally, the jejunum was composed of a higher proportion (P < 0.007) of mucosal tissue. There was no difference between the lines in apparent energetic efficiency (nmoles ATP expended/nmoles glucose uptake) of jejunal active glucose uptake. These data suggest selection for rapid growth in turkeys does not result in more efficient glucose uptake from the jejunum. Key words: Genetic selection, small intestine, glucose uptake, respiration, turkey}, number={3}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Fan, YK and Croom, WJ and Christensen, VL and Bird, AR and Daniel, LR and McBride, BW and Eisen, EJ}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={301–306} }
 @article{cefalu_croom_eisen_jones_daniel_taylor_1998, title={Jejunal function and plasma amino acid concentrations in the segmental trisomic Ts65Dn mouse}, volume={62}, number={1-2}, journal={Growth, Development, & Aging}, author={Cefalu, J. A. and Croom, W. J. and Eisen, E. J. and Jones, E. E. and Daniel, L. R. and Taylor, I. L.}, year={1998}, pages={47–59} }
 @article{fan_croom_christensen_black_bird_daniel_mcbride_eisen_1997, title={Jejunal glucose uptake and oxygen consumption in turkey poults selected for rapid growth}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.12.1738}, abstractNote={Two lines of turkey poults, one selected for rapid growth at 16 wk of age (F line) and the other a randombred control line (RBC2) were used to investigate the effect of selection for rapid growth on jejunal O2 consumption and glucose transport as well as whole-body O2 consumption. All trials used unsexed poults and were designed as a randomized complete block with day and line as independent variables. In Trial 1, 120 turkey poults, fed a standard starter ration (25.5% CP), were used to examine the effect of selection on feed intake, body weight gain, and efficiency from hatching (Day 0) to 13 d of age. At Day 14, 36 of 60 birds from each line were killed to measure intestinal length and weight and jejunal O2 consumption after 18 h of feed deprivation. Compared with the RBC2 line, the F line had relatively shorter but heavier small intestinal segments when adjusted by 18 h feed-deprived body weight (FBW; P < 0.001). The F line consumed more O2 over the entire jejunum adjusted to FBW than RBC2 line (43.8 vs 34.6 nmol O2/min.g FBW; P < 0.001). Jejunal ouabain- and cycloheximide-sensitive O2 consumption were greater (P < 0.05) in the F line. In Trial 2, 16 14-d-old poults from each line were used to measure in vitro jejunal glucose transport rate. There was no difference in glucose transport of the jejunum (nanomoles per minute per gram of FBW) between the lines. In Trial 3, 20 poults from each line were used to measure whole-body O2 consumption at 7 to 10 d of age. The F and RBC2 lines had similar whole-body O2 consumption rate per gram of FBW. These data suggest that selection of turkeys for rapid growth at 16 wk of age did not increase efficiency of jejunal glucose uptake in 14-d-old turkey poults.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fan, YK and Croom, J and Christensen, VL and Black, BL and Bird, AR and Daniel, LR and McBride, BW and Eisen, EJ}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={1738–1745} }