@article{chang_lin_croom_fan_2003, title={Administration of triiodothyronine and dopamine to broiler chicks increases growth, feed conversion and visceral organ mass}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.2.285}, abstractNote={The influences of triiodothyronine (T3) or dopamine (DA) administration on growth, feed conversion, and visceral weights in broiler chicks between the ages of 6 and 12 d posthatch were investigated. In Trial 1, six chicks at age 6 d were randomly administered one of the following treatments: 0.37, 0.74, 1.48, and 2.96 micromol T3/kg BW or 0.07, 0.14, 0.28, and 0.56 micromol DA/kg BW. Both T3 and DA were administered via intraperitoneal injections between the end of sternum and the ends of os pubis, with 0.9% saline as the excepient. In addition, two groups of six birds each were either not injected or injected with excepient only, as controls. Four replications were carried out with a total of 264 chicks. Heart weight as a percentage of feed-deprived body weight (FDBW) of the chicks injected with 2.96 micromol T3/kg BW was heavier than that of controls. Other variables measured were not significantly different between treatments. In trial 2, six chicks at age 6 d were randomly administered, one of the following treatments: 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 micromol T3/kg diet or 0.40, 0.80, 1.60, and 3.20 micromol DA/kg diet as well as a nonsupplemented control. Four replications were carried out with 216 chicks. The results in Trial 2 showed that the effects of T3 (X, micromol/kg diet) on body weight gain (Y1, g) and feed consumption (Y2, g) were linear (Y1 = 310 - 21.5X, R2 = 0.868, P < 0.001 and Y2 = 398 - 22.3X, R2 = 0.765, P < 0.001, respectively). The feed conversion ratio, the weight of liver, the weights of various intestinal segments, the lengths of the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum, as well as weight per centimeter jejunal length, gizzard weight as percentage of FDBW, and the duodenal length per kilogram FDBW all had linear responses (P < 0.05) to the level of dietary supplementation of T3. The effect of dietary supplementation of T3 on the heart weight was quadratic (Y16 = 2.58 + 0.89X - 0.17 X2, R2 = 0.526, P < 0.01). Similarly, the weights of pancreas and gizzard, the heart weight as a percentage of FDBW and the pancreas weight as a percentage of FDBW all had second-order curve responses. Dietary DA supplementation exerted no effect on the variables measured except that the regression of the heart weight as a percentage of FDBW on dietary DA supplementation (X1, micromol/kg diet) existed, namely, Z1 = 0.64 + 0.24 X1 - 0.23 X1(2) + 0.05 X1(3) (R2 = 0.868, P < 0.05).}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Chang, SC and Lin, MJ and Croom, J and Fan, YK}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={285–293} }
 @article{fan_croom_christensen_bird_daniel_mcbride_eisen_1998, title={Apparent energetic efficiency of jejunal glucose uptake in young adult turkeys selected for rapid growth}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0008-3984"]}, DOI={10.4141/A97-099}, abstractNote={ A rapid growth line (F) and a randombred control line (RBC2) of 16-wk-old unsexed turkeys were used to examine the effect of genetic selection for rapid growth on jejunal O2 consumption, glucose uptake and apparent energetic efficiency of glucose uptake. F line had 85% greater feed-deprived body weight (FBW, kilogram) than RBC2 line (P < 0.001) at 16 wk of age and a lighter (gram/kilogram FBW) and shorter (centimeter/kilogram FBW) small intestine and jejunum (P < 0.001). Additionally, the jejunum was composed of a higher proportion (P < 0.007) of mucosal tissue. There was no difference between the lines in apparent energetic efficiency (nmoles ATP expended/nmoles glucose uptake) of jejunal active glucose uptake. These data suggest selection for rapid growth in turkeys does not result in more efficient glucose uptake from the jejunum. Key words: Genetic selection, small intestine, glucose uptake, respiration, turkey }, number={3}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Fan, YK and Croom, WJ and Christensen, VL and Bird, AR and Daniel, LR and McBride, BW and Eisen, EJ}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={301–306} }
 @misc{croom_mcbride_bird_fan_odle_froetschel_taylor_1998, title={Regulation of intestinal glucose absorption: A new issue in animal science}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0008-3984"]}, DOI={10.4141/A97-056}, abstractNote={ Intestinal glucose absorption occurs via Na+-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLT1) located in the luminal membrane of enterocytes and is driven by an electrochemical gradient maintained by Na+/K+ ATPase located on the basolateral membrane. Twenty percent of whole animal energy expenditures can be accounted for by the gastrointestinal tract, most of which is the result of Na+/K+ ATPase function. Active intestinal glucose transport is regulated by a number of gastrointestinal peptides such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and peptide YY (PYY). PYY and EGF can upregulate intestinal glucose absorption by as much as 200–300%. Of special interest is the fact that the energetic costs of intestinal tissue function can vary in relationship to the amount of glucose transported. This value termed "apparent energetic efficiency of glucose uptake" (APEE) may be of value in evaluating the energetic costs of glucose and other nutrients during various physiological and nutritional states. Recent studies suggest that intensive genetic selection for production traits in poultry may result in intestinal absorption being rate-limiting for full phenotypic expression of these traits. Further research is needed to clarify this issue. Key words: Glucose absorption, intestinal, energy metabolism, peptides, genetic selection }, number={1}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Croom, WJ and McBride, B and Bird, AR and Fan, YK and Odle, J and Froetschel, M and Taylor, IL}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={1–13} }
 @article{fan_croom_christensen_black_bird_daniel_mcbride_eisen_1997, title={Jejunal glucose uptake and oxygen consumption in turkey poults selected for rapid growth}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.12.1738}, abstractNote={Two lines of turkey poults, one selected for rapid growth at 16 wk of age (F line) and the other a randombred control line (RBC2) were used to investigate the effect of selection for rapid growth on jejunal O2 consumption and glucose transport as well as whole-body O2 consumption. All trials used unsexed poults and were designed as a randomized complete block with day and line as independent variables. In Trial 1, 120 turkey poults, fed a standard starter ration (25.5% CP), were used to examine the effect of selection on feed intake, body weight gain, and efficiency from hatching (Day 0) to 13 d of age. At Day 14, 36 of 60 birds from each line were killed to measure intestinal length and weight and jejunal O2 consumption after 18 h of feed deprivation. Compared with the RBC2 line, the F line had relatively shorter but heavier small intestinal segments when adjusted by 18 h feed-deprived body weight (FBW; P < 0.001). The F line consumed more O2 over the entire jejunum adjusted to FBW than RBC2 line (43.8 vs 34.6 nmol O2/min.g FBW; P < 0.001). Jejunal ouabain- and cycloheximide-sensitive O2 consumption were greater (P < 0.05) in the F line. In Trial 2, 16 14-d-old poults from each line were used to measure in vitro jejunal glucose transport rate. There was no difference in glucose transport of the jejunum (nanomoles per minute per gram of FBW) between the lines. In Trial 3, 20 poults from each line were used to measure whole-body O2 consumption at 7 to 10 d of age. The F and RBC2 lines had similar whole-body O2 consumption rate per gram of FBW. These data suggest that selection of turkeys for rapid growth at 16 wk of age did not increase efficiency of jejunal glucose uptake in 14-d-old turkey poults.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fan, YK and Croom, J and Christensen, VL and Black, BL and Bird, AR and Daniel, LR and McBride, BW and Eisen, EJ}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={1738–1745} }
 @article{fan_croom_daniel_bird_black_eisen_mcbride_1996, title={Selection for body composition does not affect energetic efficiency of jejunal glucose uptake in mice}, volume={126}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Nutrition}, author={Fan, Y.-K. and Croom, W. J., Jr. and Daniel, L. R. and Bird, A. R. and Black, B. L. and Eisen, E. J. and McBride, B. W.}, year={1996}, pages={2861} }