@article{conomy_collazo_dubovsky_fleming_1998, title={Dabbling duck behavior and aircraft activity in coastal North Carolina}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0022-541X"]}, DOI={10.2307/3802567}, abstractNote={Requests to increase military aircraft activity in some training facilities in the United States have prompted the need to determine if waterfowl and other wildlife are adversely affected by aircraft disturbance. We quantified behavioral responses of wintering American black ducks (Anas rubripes), American wigeon (A. americana), gadwall (A. strepera), and American green-winged teal (A. crecca carolinensis) exposed to low-level flying military aircrafts at Piney and Cedar islands, North Carolina, in 1991 and 1992. Waterfowl spent ≤1.4% of their time responding to aircraft, which included flying, swimming, and alert behaviors. Mean duration of responses by species ranged from 10 to 40 sec. Costs to each species were deemed low because disruptions represented a low percentage of their time-activity budgets, only a small proportion of birds reacted 'to disturbance (13/672; 2%), and the likelihood of resuming the activity disrupted by an aircraft disturbance event was high (64% ). Recorded levels of aircraft disturbance (i.e., x = 85.1 dBA) were not adversely affecting the time-activity budgets of selected waterfowl species wintering at Piney and Cedar islands.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Conomy, JT and Collazo, JA and Dubovsky, JA and Fleming, WJ}, year={1998}, month={Jul}, pages={1127–1134} }
 @article{conomy_dubovsky_collazo_fleming_1998, title={Do black ducks and wood ducks habituate to aircraft disturbance?}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0022-541X"]}, DOI={10.2307/3802568}, abstractNote={Requests to increase military aircraft activity in some training facilities in the United States have raised the need to determine if waterfowl and other wildlife are adversely affected by aircraft disturbance. We hypothesized that habituation was a possible proximate factor influencing the low proportion of free-ranging ducks reacting to military aircraft activities in a training range in coastal North Carolina during winters 1991 and 1992. To test this hypothesis, we subjected captive, wild-strain American black ducks (Anas rubripes) and wood ducks (Aix sponsa) to actual and simulated activities of jet aircraft. In the first experiment, we placed black ducks in an enclosure near the center of aircraft activities on Piney Island, a military aircraft target range in coastal North Carolina. The proportion of times black ducks reacted (e.g., alert posture, fleeing response) to visual and auditory aircraft activity decreased from 38 to 6% during the first 17 days of confinement. Response rates remained stable at 5.8% thereafter. In the second experiment, black ducks and wood ducks were exposed to 6 different recordings of jet noise. The proportion of times black ducks reacted to noise decreased (P 0.05) in time-activity budgets of black ducks between pre-exposure to noise and 24 hr after first exposure. Unlike black ducks, wood duck responses to jet noise did not decrease uniformly among experimental groups following initial exposure to noise (P = 0.01). We conclude that initial exposure to aircraft noise elicits behavioral responses from black ducks and wood ducks. With continued exposure of aircraft noise, black ducks may become habituated. However, wood ducks did not exhibit the same pattern of response, suggesting that the ability of waterfowl to habituate to aircraft noise maybe species specific.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Conomy, JT and Dubovsky, JA and Collazo, JA and Fleming, WJ}, year={1998}, month={Jul}, pages={1135–1142} }
 @article{mashima_fleming_stoskopf_1998, title={Metal concentrations in oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis) during an outbreak of avian cholera, Chesapeake Bay, 1994}, volume={7}, ISSN={["0963-9292"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1008820004249}, number={2}, journal={ECOTOXICOLOGY}, author={Mashima, TY and Fleming, WJ and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={107–111} }
 @article{harms_fleming_stoskopf_1997, title={A technique for dorsal subcutaneous implantation of heart rate biotelemetry transmitters in Black Ducks: Application in an aircraft noise response study}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0010-5422"]}, DOI={10.2307/1370247}, abstractNote={A technique for heart rate biotelemetry transmitter implantation was developed to monitor heart rate fluctuations of Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) in response to simulated aircraft noise in a large outdoor enclosure. A dorsal subcutaneous approach, with subcutaneous tunneling of lead wires, was employed for placement of the 32 g transmitters. A base-apex lead configuration, with leads anchored at the dorsal cervico-thoracic junction and the caudal keel, yielded the maximal ECG wave-form deflection for triggering the transmitter. Heart rates of six Black Ducks (three in each of two separate trials) were monitored for 3 days pre-noise to establish a baseline, and then for 4 days of simulated aircraft noise. The noise stimulus replicated an FB-111 military jet, and was played 48 times per day at a peak volume of 110 db. Daily mean heart rates, used as indicators of metabolic rates, did not increase in response to noise. Recognizable acute heart rate increases corresponding with a noise event occured with increased frequency during the first day of noise presentation, but on subsequent days the responses did not differ significantly from baseline. Acute heart rate responses to aircraft noise diminished rapidly, indicating the ability of Black Ducks to habituate to the auditory component of low altitude aircraft overflights.}, number={1}, journal={CONDOR}, author={Harms, CA and Fleming, WJ and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={231–237} }
 @article{ley_stoskopf_miller_welte_berkhoff_degernes_fleming_1997, title={Evaluation of treatment of conjunctivitis associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Ley, D. H. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Miller, E. N. and Welte, S. C. and Berkhoff, J. E. and Degernes, L. A. and Fleming, W. J.}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={20–24} }
 @article{siesko_fleming_grossfeld_1997, title={Stress protein synthesis and peroxidase activity in a submersed aquatic macrophyte exposed to cadmium}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, DOI={10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1755:SPSAPA>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus L.) was exposed to CdCl, to evaluate peroxidase (POD) activity and stress protein (SP) synthesis as potential biomarkers of contaminant stress in an aquatic plant. Peroxidase activity did not increase in sago pondweed incubated for 24 h in a liquid culture medium containing 0.5, 0.75, or 1 mM CdCl,. By contrast, at each of these CdCl, concentrations, SPs of 162, 142, 122, 82, and 61 kDa were preferentially synthesized, and synthesis of a 66-kDa protein was reduced relative to controls. Peroxidase activity also did not change in sago pondweed rooted for 21 d in agar containing 1 mM CdCl2, despite the lower growth rate, lower protein content, and brown discoloration of the plants. Only when the plants were grown 7 or 21 d on agar containing 10 mM CdCl, were the growth retardation and phenotypic deterioration accompanied by significantly increased POD activity. In contrast, plants rooted for 7 d in agar containing 1 mM CdCl, were not significantly discolored or retarded in growth, yet they preferentially synthesized SPs of 122, 82, and 50 kDa and synthesized proteins of 59 and 52 kDa at reduced rates relative to controls. Similar changes in protein synthesis were accompanied by signs of depressed growth after 21 d of incubation with 1 mM CdCl, and with 7 or 21 d of exposure to 10 mM CdCl,. These data indicate that changes in SP synthesis may precede detectable alterations in growth of aquatic plants and, therefore, may be a potentially useful early biomarker of contaminant stress. However, further studies will be required to determine whether the SP response is measurable during exposure to environmentally relevant contaminant levels.}, number={8}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Siesko, MM and Fleming, WJ and Grossfeld, RM}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={1755–1760} }
 @article{fleming_augspurger_alderman_1995, title={FRESH-WATER MUSSEL DIE-OFF ATTRIBUTED TO ANTICHOLINESTERASE POISONING}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, DOI={10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[877:FMDATA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={In 1990, we investigated a die-off of freshwater mussels in north-central North Carolina. An estimated 1,000 mussels of several species were found dead or moribund, including about 111 Tar spinymussels (Elliptio steinstansana) a federally listed endangered species. The die-off occurred during a period of low flow and high water temperature in a stream reach dominated by forestry and agriculture. Pathological examinations did not show any abnormalities and indicated that the die-off was an acute event. Chemical analyses of mussels, sediments, and water revealed no organophosphorus or carbamate pesticides. Cholinesterase activity in adductor muscle from Eastern elliptios (Elliptio complanata) collected at the kill site and downstream was depressed 73 and 65%, respectively, compared with upstream reference samples. The depression is consistent with a diagnosis of anticholinesterase poisoning. This is the first documented case in which cholinesterase-inhibiting compounds have been implicated in a die-off of freshwater mussels.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={FLEMING, WJ and AUGSPURGER, TP and ALDERMAN, JA}, year={1995}, month={May}, pages={877–879} }