@article{ryan_overton_speight_oldenburg_loo_robarge_franzen_feldheim_2007, title={Cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles passivated with BSA-SV40 large T antigen conjugates}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1520-6882"]}, DOI={10.1021/ac0715524}, abstractNote={Internalization and subcellular localization in HeLa cells of gold nanoparticles modified with the SV40 large T antigen were quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Internalization was monitored as a function of incubation time, temperature, nanoparticle diameter, and large T surface coverage. Increasing the amount of large T peptides per gold nanoparticle complex, by either increasing the coverage at constant nanoparticle diameter or by increasing the nanoparticle diameter at constant large T coverage, resulted in more cellular internalization. In addition, nuclear fractionation was performed to quantify nuclear localization of these complexes as a function of large T coverage. In contrast to our prior qualitative investigations of nuclear localization by video-enhanced color differential interference contrast microscopy (VEC-DIC), ICP-OES was able to detect nanoparticles inside fractionated cell nuclei. Although increasing the large T coverage was found to afford higher cell internalization and nuclear targeting, quantitative evaluation of cytotoxicity revealed that higher large T coverages also resulted in greater cytotoxicity. The ICP-OES and nuclear fractionation techniques reported here are valuable tools that can add important quantitative information to optical and electron imaging methods such as VEC-DIC and transmission electron microscopy regarding the fate of nanoparticles in cells.}, number={23}, journal={ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY}, author={Ryan, Joseph A. and Overton, K. Wesley and Speight, Molly E. and Oldenburg, Christine M. and Loo, Lina and Robarge, Wayne and Franzen, Stefan and Feldheim, Daniel L.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={9150–9159} }