@article{suarez_kowalsky_2011, title={A Stability-Based Target Displacement for Direct Displacement-Based Design of Bridge Piers}, volume={15}, ISSN={1363-2469 1559-808X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2010.534233}, DOI={10.1080/13632469.2010.534233}, abstractNote={P-Δ effects can cause instability if they are not properly accounted for during the design of bridge piers and other structures. When a bridge pier is designed with the Direct Displacement-Based Design Method, P-Δ effects are evaluated at the end of the design process and compared to the flexural strength of the pier to find a stability index. If the stability index exceeds the specified value, the design must be repeated, iteratively reducing the target design displacement. This article presents a model that when used at the beginning of design (without knowledge of strength) allows the estimation of the maximum lateral displacement that a bridge pier can sustain without exceeding the specified value of the stability index, therefore eliminating the need for iteration. The examples that are presented prove that the model is accurate and very useful for design of extended pile bents.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Earthquake Engineering}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Suarez, Vinicio A. and Kowalsky, Mervyn J.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={754–774} }
 @article{robinson_suarez_gabr_kowalsky_2011, title={Simplified Lateral Analysis of Deep Foundation Supported Bridge Bents: Driven Pile Case Studies}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1084-0702"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0000182}, abstractNote={A simplified approach for modeling soil and foundation system supported bridge bents is applied to three bridges that represent three pile types and three superstructures. This point-of-fixity approach is applied by modeling the bridge bent substructure as an elastic frame. The models are compared with more refined analyses in FB-MultiPier, with SAP as an independent verification tool, using pile sections with nonlinear soil, pile, and pile cap material properties. The results for simple pile bents show that an equivalent frame model provides similar moment, shear, and displacement values as those obtained from both the SAP and MultiPier nonlinear analyses. Analysis results also indicated that the equivalent frame model parameters are particularly sensitive to the comparable selection of both axial and lateral loads. If lateral loads used to develop the equivalent model are higher than experienced, the axial and lateral deflections and moments will also be higher. For design purposes, this is conservative.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING}, author={Robinson, Brent and Suarez, Vinicio and Gabr, Mohammed A. and Kowalsky, Mervyn}, year={2011}, pages={558–569} }
 @article{suarez_kowalsky_2007, title={Displacement-based seismic design of drilled shaft bents with soil-structure interaction}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1363-2469"]}, DOI={10.1080/13632460701232683}, abstractNote={The Direct Displacement-Based Design method is implemented for performance based seismic engineering of drilled shaft bents with consideration of soil-structure interaction effects. This was accomplished by defining an equivalent model that allows the prediction of yield displacement, displacement ductility and equivalent viscous damping for the in-plane and out-of-plane response of bents embedded in soft clay and sand. The utilization of the model is simple and requires the input of geometry, basic soil properties, target performance in terms of top displacement, ductility or strain limits and seismic demand in the form of displacement response spectra. Examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the procedure.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING}, author={Suarez, Vinicio and Kowalsky, Mervyn J.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={1010–1030} }