@misc{novel wheat milling derivative products, methods of making and uses of the same_2024, url={https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/7f/b1/1c/ec24cef9c3d255/WO2024123679A1.pdf}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{producing slowly digestible and resistant starch with gluten-free flours using multi-step hydrothermal treatments_2024, url={https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/8c/33/94/855fffdb3640de/WO2024129678A1.pdf}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{low cellulosic non-wood fiber products and methods of making the same_2023, url={https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/bf/d1/88/6f9167271533c4/US20230332357A1.pdf}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{novel starch-based compositions, manufacturing methods, and applications thereof_2023, url={https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/97/06/9c/0ffdcf58bdf3f0/WO2023172343A1.pdf}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{modified biopolymers and methods of producing and using the same_2021, url={https://patents.google.com/patent/US10982013B2/en}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{novel thickening compositions based on starch_2021, url={https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/9a/88/3c/a6358cc703acd1/US20210195928A1.pdf}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{ultra-fine starch or grain based flour composition and related methods_2021, url={https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/ce/be/92/7d1e7b9147d6e0/CA3161688A1.pdf}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{ayoub_treasure_hansen_nypelö_jameel_khan_chang_hubbe_venditti_2020, title={Effect of plasticizers and polymer blends for processing softwood kraft lignin as carbon fiber precursors}, volume={28}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03571-2}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-020-03571-2}, number={2}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Treasure, Trevor and Hansen, Luke and Nypelö, Tiina and Jameel, Hasan and Khan, Saad and Chang, Hou-min and Hubbe, Martin A. and Venditti, Richard A.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={1039–1053} }
 @article{farhat_venditti_becquart_ayoub_majesté_taha_mignard_2019, title={Synthesis and Characterization of Thermoresponsive Xylan Networks by Diels–Alder Reaction}, volume={1}, ISSN={2637-6105 2637-6105}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.9b00095}, DOI={10.1021/acsapm.9b00095}, abstractNote={The last several decades have witnessed notable research in natural and biodegradable polymers for applications that interact with humans or the environment. This research describes the synthesis and characterization of temperature sensitive hemicellulose-based gels. Xylan type hemicellulose was converted into a thermoplastic material via the grafting of short polycaprolactone tails to enhance the material processability. The thermoplastic xylan (xylan-grafted-poly(caprolactone) was functionalized with different amounts of furan rings and allowed to react with bismaleimide through Diels–Alder reaction. The temperature dependent bonding/debonding of the designed networks was evaluated by solubility and rheological assessments. The results indicated that the temperature at which the networks disassemble varies based on the amount of the furan moieties in the initial copolymer and can range between 108.6 and 127.6 °C. The designed networks display promising molecular and synthetic features for the production...}, number={4}, journal={ACS Applied Polymer Materials}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Farhat, Wissam and Venditti, Richard and Becquart, Frederic and Ayoub, Ali and Majesté, Jean-Charles and Taha, Mohamed and Mignard, Nathalie}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={856–866} }
 @book{ayoub_lucia_2018, place={Washington, DC}, series={ACS Symposium Series}, title={Biomass extrusion and reaction technologies : principles to practices and future potential}, ISBN={‍9780841233713  ‍9780841233706}, DOI={10.1021/bk-2018-1304}, abstractNote={Balancing Principles and Practices for New Opportunities with Carbohydrate Systems. As interest in green solutions to environmental challenges grows, reactive extrusion has emerged as a cost-effective polymer chemistry and processing method with the potential to enhance the commercial viability of biomass-derived polymeric materials. This book covers the principles and practices to develop new carbohydrate solutions for use in chemical reaction technologies, composites, soft materials, fibers, bioenergy, and food sciences. Written approachably by internationally renowned experts, this book will be a resource for researchers, instructors, and policy makers.}, publisher={American Chemical Society}, year={2018}, collection={ACS Symposium Series} }
 @article{farhat_hasan_lucia_becquart_ayoub_kobeissy_2019, title={Hydrogels for Advanced Stem Cell Therapies: A Biomimetic Materials Approach for Enhancing Natural Tissue Function}, volume={12}, ISSN={1937-3333 1941-1189}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rbme.2018.2824335}, DOI={10.1109/RBME.2018.2824335}, abstractNote={Stem-cell-based therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of a myriad of diseases and injuries. However, the low rate of cell survival and the uncontrolled differentiation of the injected stem cells currently remain key challenges in advancing stem cell therapeutics. Hydrogels are biomaterials that are potentially highly effective candidates for scaffold systems for stem cells and other molecular encapsulation approaches to target in vivo delivery. Hydrogel-based strategies can potentially address several current challenges in stem cell therapy. We present a concise overview of the recent advances in applications of hydrogels in stem cell therapies, with a focus particularly on the recent advances in the design and approaches for application of hydrogels in tissue engineering. The capability of hydrogels to either enhance the function of the transplanted stem cells by promoting their controlled differentiation or enhance the recruitment of endogenous adult stem cells to the injury site for repair is also reviewed. Finally, the importance of impacts and the desired relationship between the scaffold system and the encapsulated stem cells are discussed.}, journal={IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Farhat, Wissam and Hasan, Anwarul and Lucia, Lucian and Becquart, Frederic and Ayoub, Ali and Kobeissy, Firas}, year={2019}, pages={333–351} }
 @inbook{milotskyi_bliard_venditti_ayoub_2018, title={Starch Extrudates as Sustainable Ingredients in Food and Non-Food Applications}, volume={1304}, ISBN={0841233713 0841233705}, ISSN={0097-6156 1947-5918}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2018-1304.ch005}, DOI={10.1021/bk-2018-1304.ch005}, abstractNote={The technique of extrusion has been applied to plasticized starch and starch products to induce radical physicochemical changes to the semi- crystalline polymer complex in the native granules, such as destructurization, amorphization and homogenization. The addition of small molecular components such as plasticizer, water or supercritical CO2 in the pressurized melt creates the condition for the formation of widely expanded foam with a unique structure, by rapid decompression at the nozzle. The melted polymer compound has also been used as a reaction medium to perform chemical modifications.}, booktitle={ACS Symposium Series}, publisher={American Chemical Society}, author={Milotskyi, Romain and Bliard, Christophe and Venditti, Richard and Ayoub, Ali}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={89–113} }
 @article{farhat_venditti_ayoub_prochazka_fernández-de-alba_mignard_taha_becquart_2018, title={Towards thermoplastic hemicellulose: Chemistry and characteristics of poly-(ε-caprolactone) grafting onto hemicellulose backbones}, volume={153}, ISSN={0264-1275}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.05.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.matdes.2018.05.013}, abstractNote={Hemicellulose is a highly available polysaccharide but with poor industrial applications attributed mainly to difficulties in processability, owing to extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds. In the current study, hemicellulose was subjected to a chemical modification by ring-opening graft polymerization of ε-caprolactone (CL) to improve its processability for value-added applications. Hemicellulose-graft-poly-(ε-caprolactone) (HCgPCL) copolymers were synthesized using 1,5,7-triazabicyclodecene [4.4.0] (TBD) as an organic catalyst. The extent and length of grafted PCL sidechains in HCgPCL copolymers were controlled by adjusting the molar ratios of CL monomer to anhydroxylose residues. The various characterization analysis of the physicochemical and mechanical properties of HCgPCL materials revealed a successful grafting. The NMR analyses indicated that the degree of polymerization (DP) of the grafted PCL can range between 1.82 and 4.26 based on the changes in the molar ratio of the reactants. Furthermore, results indicated that the mechanical and the hydrophobic properties of the materials were enhanced by PCL grafting onto hemicellulose. Finally, biodegradability measurements indicated a remarkable (95.3–99.7%) materials biodegradation. We anticipate that the HCgPCL copolymers will have great potential to be an eco-friendly part of the bioplastic industry.}, journal={Materials & Design}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Farhat, Wissam and Venditti, Richard and Ayoub, Ali and Prochazka, Frederic and Fernández-de-Alba, Carlos and Mignard, Nathalie and Taha, Mohamed and Becquart, Frederic}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={298–307} }
 @misc{ayoub_lucia_2017, title={Fundamental Science and Applications for Biomaterials}, ISBN={9781119962298 9781118698600}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118698600.ch2}, DOI={10.1002/9781118698600.ch2}, abstractNote={This chapter aims to elucidate the fundamental physico-chemistry of the biomaterials, emphasize their value proposition for supplanting petrochemicals, tackle the challenges of conversion, and ultimately provide a milieu of possibilities for the biomaterials. Wood is a raw material that has served humankind very well over its history. The principal building blocks of wood (and hence nearly all lignocellulosics) are cellulose, heteropolysaccharides (or "hemicelluloses"), and lignin. Cellulose generally provides the main mechanical properties of any lignocellulosics owing to its packing and hydrogen-bonded structure; in general, it provides the overall load-bearing capacity of wood and plants but does not typically complex with the other biopolymers in the lignocellulosic matrix. Lignin forms an element of the lignocellulosics that primarily comprise the biomass on Earth. The combination of lignocellulose and starch would mean a further step ahead in the utilization of bio-based materials for challenging applications such as Styrofoam-like foams, plastics, and packaging made from petroleum resources.}, journal={Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ayoub, Ali S. and Lucia, Lucian A.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={39–62} }
 @article{farhat_venditti_quick_taha_mignard_becquart_ayoub_2017, title={Hemicellulose extraction and characterization for applications in paper coatings and adhesives}, volume={107}, ISSN={0926-6690}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.055}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.055}, abstractNote={Hemicellulose materials are arguably the second most abundant renewable component of lignocellulosic biomass after cellulose. They are relatively under-utilized hetero-polysaccharides present in lignocellulosic biomass. In this research an alkaline treatment was optimized for extraction of polymeric hemicellulose from fully bleached hardwood pulp (B-HWP) and partially delignified switchgrass (SWG). The hemicellulose extracted from B-HWP was relatively pure with zero percent lignin and 89.5% xylose content whereas the partially delignified SWG hemicellulose contained about 6-3% lignin and 72–82% xylose, depending on the NaOH concentration during extraction (3–17% NaOH solution). A maximum molecular weight of SWG hemicellulose of 64,300 g/mol was achieved for the 10% NaOH solution extraction, whereas the MW of B-HWP hemicellulose at 10% NaOH solution extraction was lower at 49,200 g/mol. We have demonstrated that the residual lignin in SWG hemicellulose lowered the system Tg and this might be utilized as a way to increase the applications of hemicellulose in high value biomaterials. Furthermore, the hemicellulose could be crosslinked with zirconium to develop a water resistant gel for coating or adhesive applications. Our results showed that the loading stress required to break an hemicellulose based adhesive connection between two paper surfaces was 0.89, 2.02, 2.75, 3.46, and 3.11 (MPa) for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% AZC samples, indicating that up to about 8% AZC crosslinker in the hemicellulose increases the adhesive behavior of the material.}, journal={Industrial Crops and Products}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Farhat, Wissam and Venditti, Richard and Quick, Ashley and Taha, Mohamed and Mignard, Nathalie and Becquart, Frederic and Ayoub, Ali}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={370–377} }
 @book{ayoub_lucia_2017, title={Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials}, DOI={10.1002/9781118698600}, publisher={Wiley}, year={2017}, month={Sep} }
 @article{farhat_venditti_mignard_taha_becquart_ayoub_2017, title={Polysaccharides and lignin based hydrogels with potential pharmaceutical use as a drug delivery system produced by a reactive extrusion process}, volume={104}, ISSN={0141-8130}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.037}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.037}, abstractNote={Currently, there is very strong interest to replace synthetic polymers with biological macromolecules of natural source for applications that interact with humans or the environment. This research describes the development of drug delivery hydrogels from natural polymers, starch, lignin and hemicelluloses by means of reactive extrusion. The hydrogels show a strong swelling ability dependent on pH which may be used to control diffusion rates of water and small molecules in and out of the gel. Also the hydrogels degradation rates were studied in a physiological solution (pH 7.4) for 15days. The results indicated that for all three macromolecules, lower molecular weight and higher level of plasticizer both increase the rate of weight loss of the hydrogels. The degradation was extremely reduced when the polymers were extruded in the presence of a catalyst. Finally the dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the degradation of the hydrogels induce a significant reduction in the compressive modulus. This study demonstrates the characteristics and potential of natural polymers as a drug release system.}, journal={International Journal of Biological Macromolecules}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Farhat, Wissam and Venditti, Richard and Mignard, Nathalie and Taha, Mohamed and Becquart, Frederic and Ayoub, Ali}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={564–575} }
 @book{lucia_ayoub_2017, title={Preface}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85052720107&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, journal={Polysaccharide-Based Fibers and Composites: Chemical and Engineering Fundamentals and Industrial Applications}, author={Lucia, L. and Ayoub, A.}, year={2017}, pages={v-vi} }
 @article{farhat_venditti_hubbe_taha_becquart_ayoub_2017, title={A Review of Water-Resistant Hemicellulose-Based Materials: Processing and Applications}, volume={10}, ISSN={1864-5631}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201601047}, DOI={10.1002/cssc.201601047}, abstractNote={AbstractHemicelluloses, due to their hydrophilic nature, may tend to be overlooked as a component in water‐resistant product applications. However, their domains of use can be greatly expanded by chemical derivatization. Research in which hydrophobic derivatives of hemicelluloses or combinations of hemicelluloses with hydrophobic materials are used with to prepare films and composites is considered herein. Isolation methods that have been used to separate hemicellulose from biomass are also reviewed. Finally, the most useful pathways to change the hydrophilic character of hemicelluloses to hydrophobic are reviewed. In this way, the water resistance can be increased and applications of targeted water‐resistant hemicellulose developed. Several applications of these materials are discussed.}, number={2}, journal={ChemSusChem}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farhat, Wissam and Venditti, Richard A. and Hubbe, Martin and Taha, Mohamed and Becquart, Frederic and Ayoub, Ali}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={305–323} }
 @article{pawar_venditti_jameel_chang_ayoub_2016, title={Engineering physical and chemical properties of softwood kraft lignin by fatty acid substitution}, volume={89}, ISSN={0926-6690}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.070}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.070}, abstractNote={A process to attach fatty acids to lignin is reported which alters its thermal behavior. By attaching saturated C18 fatty acids to OH groups, stable lignin stearates (LS) of controllable degrees of substitution (DS) were synthesized. Interesting physical properties were observed, wherein LS was observed to melt and flow at temperatures as low as 50 °C. Melting was possible due to the crystallization of stearate chains when LS was purified by precipitation. A NMR method was established for quantification of the degree of substitution. At very high %DS values (close to 100%), the melting phenomenon was reversible, but at low %DS, melting occurred only during the 1st heating ramp during thermal cycling. The ability of LS to plasticize polystyrene (PS) is reported wherein integral blend films containing up to 25% by weight of LS were formed. The Tg of the blended films could be lowered by 22 °C using LS relative to PS. Lignin stearates have the potential to serve as interesting compounds for their ability to plasticize not only PS but other thermoplastic materials as well.}, journal={Industrial Crops and Products}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pawar, Siddhesh N. and Venditti, Richard A. and Jameel, Hasan and Chang, Hou-Min and Ayoub, Ali}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={128–134} }
 @inproceedings{quick_venditti_ayoub_2015, title={Hemicellulose based material for coatings and adhesives applications in the paper industry}, volume={2}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84981214253&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={PEERS Conference 2015: Sustainable Solutions for Our Future}, author={Quick, A. and Venditti, R.A. and Ayoub, A.}, year={2015}, pages={633–638} }
 @article{farahbakhsh_roodposhti_ayoub_venditti_jur_2015, title={Melt extrusion of polyethylene nanocomposites reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose from cotton and wood sources}, volume={132}, ISSN={0021-8995}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.41857}, DOI={10.1002/app.41857}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTReplacing petroleum‐based materials with biodegradable materials that offer low environmental impact and safety risk is of increasing importance in sustainable materials processing. The objective of this study was to produce uniform nanofibrillated cotton from recycled waste cotton T‐shirts using microgrinding techniques and compare its performance as reinforcing agent in thermoplastic polymers constructs with wood‐originated materials. The effect of the microgrinding process on morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of materials was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). Nanofibrillated cotton resulted in higher crystallinity and thermal stability than fibrillated bleached and unbleached softwood. All the materials were extruded with low‐density polyethylene to fabricate nanocomposite films. Nanofibrillated cotton nanocomposites had a higher optical transparency than did the wood‐based composites. The mechanical properties of the nanofibrillated cotton nanocomposites were largely improved and showed 62.5% increase in strength over the wood‐based nanofibrillated containing composites, in agreement with the higher crystallinity of the nanosized cotton‐derived filler material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41857.}, number={17}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farahbakhsh, Nasim and Roodposhti, Peiman Shahbeigi and Ayoub, Ali and Venditti, Richard A. and Jur, Jesse S.}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @article{ayoub_venditti_jameel_chang_2013, title={Effect of irradiation on the composition and thermal properties of softwood kraft lignin and styrene grafted lignin}, volume={131}, ISSN={0021-8995}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/APP.39743}, DOI={10.1002/app.39743}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTLignin is an abundant, underutilized natural resource that has potential to be used as a biomaterial but is currently hampered in its use by not being uniform in structure and composition and is thermally unstable due to phenolic group. To address these issues and modify its thermal properties, softwood kraft lignin was modified using γ‐irradiation at low doses with and without styrene present and characterized. Irradiation of kraft lignin alone with γ‐radiation shows an initial decrease in molecular weight due to chain scission up to about 10 kGy followed by an increase in molecular weight due to crosslinking. NMR results indicate a decrease of about 15% in the OH content of the lignin with 30 kGy irradiation. Thermal properties such as Tg, free volume and ΔCp follow accordingly. Irradiation at very low dosages was determined to facilitate the grafting of styrene monomer to lignin, decreasing the OH content by 23%. This effect increased the hydrophobicity of the material, depressed the value of Tg, increased the ΔCp, increased the mobility in the liquid state, and made the material more thermally stable relative to the lignin alone, thus improving its processability at high temperatures. Both the irradiation of lignin alone and the grafting of styrene to lignin increased the yield of mass during pyrolysis and the activation energy for mass loss relative to untreated lignin alone. This work has demonstrated that the application of low dosages of γ‐irradiation is a promising method to attach functional molecules onto lignin for use in various applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39743.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Venditti, Richard A. and Jameel, Hasan and Chang, Hou-Min}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={n/a-n/a} }
 @article{hubbe_ayoub_daystar_venditti_pawlak_2013, title={Enhanced absorbent products incorporating cellulose and its derivatives: A review}, volume={8}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84887162529&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.15376/biores.8.4.6556-6629}, abstractNote={Cellulose and some cellulose derivatives can play vital roles in the enhancement of the performance of absorbent products. Cellulose itself, in the form of cellulosic fibers or nano-fibers, can provide structure, bulk, water-holding capacity, and channeling of fluids over a wide dimensional range. Likewise, cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) have been widely studied as components in superabsorbent polymer (SAP) formulations. The present review focuses on strategies and mechanisms in which inclusion of cellulose – in its various forms – can enhance either the capacity or the rate of aqueous fluid absorption in various potential applications.}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Ayoub, A. and Daystar, J. S. and Venditti, R. A. and Pawlak, J. J.}, year={2013}, pages={6556–6629} }
 @article{longue_ayoub_venditti_jameel_colodette_chang_2013, title={Ethanol precipitation of hetero-polysaccharide material from hardwood by alkaline extraction prior to the Kraft cooking process}, volume={8}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84887168127&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.15376/biores.8.4.5319-5332}, abstractNote={Hemicellulose material is an abundant and relatively under-utilized hetero-polysaccharide material present in lignocellulosic materials. In this study, an alkaline treatment was applied to sweetgum and Eucalyptus globulus chips to extract hemicelluloses prior to kraft pulping to subsequently evaluate the final product and process. An alkaline extraction (10 and 50% NaOH by weight on wood) for 60 min at 100 °C followed by precipitation in ethanol recovered 4.3% of the biomass as a predominantly xylan material (sweetgum 50% NaOH) with an average degree of polymerization around 250 and functional groups similar to a commercial xylan (sweetgum 10% NaOH). This process in comparison to autohydrolysis (water extraction at 100 °C) produced a much higher molecular weight and more pure hemicellullose. The results obtained indicate a promising combination between the effective extraction of hemicellulose from wood and a distillation process that recovers the ethanol, which may be an attractive alternative to recover liquor and ethanol after hemicellulose precipitation. Hemicellulose from sweetgum showed more thermal stability with high molecular weight compared to the hemicellulose extracted from Eucalyptus globulus. An attractive alternative looks to be to recover liquor and ethanol after hemicellulose precipitation.}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Longue, D. and Ayoub, Ali and Venditti, Richard A and Jameel, H. and Colodette, J. L. and Chang, H. M.}, year={2013}, pages={5319–5332} }
 @article{mathews_ayoub_pawlak_grunden_2013, title={Methods for facilitating microbial growth on pulp mill waste streams and characterization of the biodegradation potential of cultured microbes.}, volume={12}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84902040030&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3791/51373}, abstractNote={The kraft process is applied to wood chips for separation of lignin from the polysaccharides within lignocellulose for pulp that will produce a high quality paper. Black liquor is a pulping waste generated by the kraft process that has potential for downstream bioconversion. However, the recalcitrant nature of the lignocellulose resources, its chemical derivatives that constitute the majority of available organic carbon within black liquor, and its basic pH present challenges to microbial biodegradation of this waste material. Methods for the collection and modification of black liquor for microbial growth are aimed at utilization of this pulp waste to convert the lignin, organic acids, and polysaccharide degradation byproducts into valuable chemicals. The lignocellulose extraction techniques presented provide a reproducible method for preparation of lignocellulose growth substrates for understanding metabolic capacities of cultured microorganisms. Use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry enables the identification and quantification of the fermentation products resulting from the growth of microorganisms on pulping waste. These methods when used together can facilitate the determination of the metabolic activity of microorganisms with potential to produce fermentation products that would provide greater value to the pulping system and reduce effluent waste, thereby increasing potential paper milling profits and offering additional uses for black liquor.}, number={82}, journal={Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, publisher={MyJove Corporation}, author={Mathews, S.L. and Ayoub, A.S. and Pawlak, J. and Grunden, A.M.}, year={2013} }
 @article{ayoub_venditti_pawlak_salam_hubbe_2013, title={Novel Hemicellulose–Chitosan Biosorbent for Water Desalination and Heavy Metal Removal}, volume={1}, ISSN={2168-0485 2168-0485}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/sc300166m}, DOI={10.1021/sc300166m}, abstractNote={Hemicellulose material is an abundant and relatively under-utilized polymeric material present in lignocellulosic materials. In this research, an alkaline treatment was applied to pinewood (PW), switchgrass (SG), and coastal bermuda grass (CBG) in order to extract hemicelluloses to subsequently produce a novel biosorbent. Alkaline extraction at 75 °C recovered 23% of the biomass as a predominantly hemicellulose material with a number average degree of polymerization of ∼450. These hemicelluloses were grafted with penetic acid (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid, DTPA) and were then cross-linked to chitosan. The effects of hemicellulose–DTPA concentration, reaction time, and temperature of reaction with chitosan on the resulting salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) uptake and weight loss in saline solutions were determined. A maximum salt uptake for the materials was ∼0.30 g/g of foam biosorbent. The foam biosorbent was characterized by FT-IR spectra, porosity, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Batch adsorption e...}, number={9}, journal={ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Venditti, Richard A. and Pawlak, Joel J. and Salam, Abdus and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={1102–1109} }
 @inproceedings{ayoub_venditti_2013, title={The effect of irradiation on the processability of lignin for carbon fiber applications}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911482322&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Forest and Plant Bioproducts Division 2013 - Core Programming Area at the 2013 AIChE Annual Meeting: Global Challenges for Engineering a Sustainable Future}, author={Ayoub, A. and Venditti, R.}, year={2013}, pages={71} }
 @article{ayoub_liu_miller_rizvi_2013, title={The effect of low shear on the development of fortified extruded rice products}, volume={65}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84876921816&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/star.201200101}, abstractNote={AbstractFortified extruded rice presents promising commercial opportunities for delivering nutrients and other functional ingredients to the global rice consuming population. Its formulation may be changed to suit the nutritional requirements of different target markets. The objective of this study was to develop a product line of prototypes that resemble the texture and appearance of natural rice grains, and have good retention of added nutrients. Extruded fortified rice was manufactured in a controlled mechanical shear extrusion process by first combining a mixture of fortified rice flour and water in a pre‐conditioner, then advancing the mixture along the length of an extruder barrel with a terminal extrusion die inserts in the shape of rice kernels. Extruded rice grains were evaluated for the degree of gelatinization, texture profile, and starch depolymerization. Retention of added vitamins and minerals was also measured. The cooked extruded grains had comparable texture to cooked commercial rice with good sensory characteristics. Based on the results, the key strategy in producing good quality extruded fortified starch is to achieve as high a degree of starch gelatinization in the extruded rice kernel as possible without inducing excessive starch breakdown.}, number={5-6}, journal={Starch - Stärke}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Liu, Yankai and Miller, Dennis D. and Rizvi, Syed S. H.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={517–526} }
 @article{ayoub_venditti_pawlak_massardier_2012, title={Combined Application of Extrusion and Irradiation Technologies: A Strategy Oriented for Green and Cost-Effective Chemistry}, volume={8}, ISSN={1930-2126}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.1.3-5}, DOI={10.15376/biores.8.1.3-5}, abstractNote={Reactive extrusion is an attractive green route for cost-effective polymer processing, which has the potential to enhance the commercial viability of biomass-derived materials. In reactive extrusion, compatibilizers can be generated in the blend preparation through polymer-polymer grafting reactions using functionalized polymers. One very interesting new green strategy for processing is the use of intense UV-irradiation to create free radicals and controllable, ultra-fast reactions. It is reasonable to expect that the use of extrusion/irradiation green technology will be an important way to improve properties and compatibility of renewable biomass- derived polymers. We believe that in the future, many more cost-effective, sustainable extrusion/irradiation reaction processes will be developed to replace inefficient conventional biomass conversion procedures and stimulate the bioproduct-based industry.}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, publisher={BioResources}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Venditti, Richard A. and Pawlak, Joel J. and Massardier, Valerie}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={3–5} }
 @article{ayoub_venditti_pawlak_sadeghifar_salam_2013, title={Development of an acetylation reaction of switchgrass hemicellulose in ionic liquid without catalyst}, volume={44}, ISSN={0926-6690}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.036}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.036}, abstractNote={Hemicellulose material is an abundant and relatively under-utilized hetero-polysaccharides material present in lignocellulosic materials. In this research, an alkaline treatment was applied to switchgrass in order to extract hemicelluloses to subsequently produce an acetylated product. An extraction at 75 °C recovered 27% of the biomass as a predominantly hemicellulose material with a number average degree of polymerization of ∼500 determined by gel permeation chromatography. These hemicelluloses were acetylated with acetic anhydride in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Amim]+Cl−) ionic liquid in a complete homogeneous procedure without catalyst for the first time. It was determined that the yield and degree of substitution increased with reaction temperature from 30 to 80 °C and reaction time from 1 to 20 h. The product was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, NMR, gel permeation chromatography for molecular weight and water contact angle analysis. FTIR spectroscopic analysis showed that the characteristic absorption intensities of acetylated hemicellulose increased and the hydroxyl group decreased with the increase in the degree of substitution. Increased degree of substitution increased the water contact angle and thermal stability in nitrogen. It was possible to cast films of the acetylated hemicellulose although the films were brittle. The results obtained indicate a promising combination between the effective extraction of hemicellulose from grasses and an environmentally friendly process using acetic anhydride in an ionic liquid without a catalyst to generate hemicellulose acetate with high degree of polymerization for use in various industrial applications.}, journal={Industrial Crops and Products}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Venditti, Richard A. and Pawlak, Joel J. and Sadeghifar, Hasan and Salam, Abdus}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={306–314} }
 @article{louizi_massardier_taha_ayoub_vernhet_2013, title={New routes of valorization of recycled and bio-sourced polyamides with a low toxicity process}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875713610&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s12649-012-9133-7}, abstractNote={The aim of the present work is the development of new materials from renewable resources mixed with recycled polymers. The article focuses on the studies of (PAX/PA6) and (PAX/PA66) blends using three coupling agents: PBO, DGEBA, Lotader 3210. Blends of various compositions were prepared in a corotating twin-screw extruder. PA6 (PA66) acts as the polymer matrix and PAX as the dispersed phase. The morphology of the compatibilized PAX/PA6/DGEBA (25/75) and PAX/PA66/DGEBA (25/75) blends shows lower diameters and a decrease in the size of the dispersed PAX particles. The addition of DGEBA not only leads to a much finer phase domain size, but also improves the interphase between PA6 (PA66) and PAX phases. Moreover, rheological analysis indicates that the increase in viscosity was much more pronounced with DGEBA than with Lotader 3210 and PBO especially for PAX/PA6 (25/75) and PAX/PA66 (25/75) blends, which can be indicative of good reactivity of the terminal −NH2 groups of PA6 or PA66 with the epoxy groups of DGEBA. The improvement of interphase between phases induced an increase in tensile properties. VOC from PA66 were recovered and found not to modify the viability of human macrophages, which can be a sign of a low toxicity of the process.}, number={1}, journal={Waste and Biomass Valorization}, author={Louizi, M. and Massardier, V. and Taha, M. and Ayoub, A. and Vernhet, L.}, year={2013}, pages={47–54} }
 @article{ayoub_massardier_taha_2013, title={Synthesis of a graft copolymer from an ozonized polycarbonate and its application as a compatibilizer}, volume={127}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84870516396&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/app.36784}, abstractNote={AbstractThe polycarbonate (PC)/polystyrene (PS) blend is an immiscible system. The use of copolymers as compatibilizers in blends is one approach that is being developed within the larger field of polymer alloys. In this study, PC was ozonized to create peroxides and hydroperoxides on the polymer chain. These functional groups under heating conditions were used to initiate the radical polymerization of styrene (vinyl monomers) to give graft copolymers. The first part of this study was dedicated to the examination of the kinetics of the styrene polymerization initiated by an ozonized PC. However, the structure of the graft copolymers was confirmed by IR spectroscopy, and the molecular weight of the PS graft chain was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The compatibilized bends were prepared by melt blending in an internal mixer. The morphologies of the PC/PS/graft copolymer blend were examined by transmission electron microscopy and were finer than those of an uncompatibilized blend. The tensile properties of these blends were also investigated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={Ayoub, A. and Massardier, V. and Taha, M.}, year={2013}, pages={3382–3387} }
 @article{vignon_ayoub_massardier_2012, title={The effect of γ-Irradiation and reactive extrusion on the structure and properties of polycarbonate and starch blends: A work oriented to the recycling of thermoplastic wastes}, volume={127}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84870552215&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/app.38024}, abstractNote={AbstractPolymer materials with improved properties can be obtained through polymer blends. As a polymer mixture is generally immiscible and incompatible, it is necessary to develop new methods to improve the interfacial adhesion. In this study, polycarbonate‐based extruded thermoplastic were developed by blending polycarbonate with thermoplastic starch using extensive process engineering based on structure–property correlations. Starch was destructurized and plasticized followed by melt‐blending with polycarbonate. The optimal conditions for processing of the thermoplastics blends were found to be 230°C, 2 min of processing time, and 3–6 wt % of glycerol. The effect of γ‐irradiation on the fabrication of the blend was studied. Changes in structure, morphology, and properties resulting from γ‐exposure in the range 0–150 kGy were investigated. Electron spin resonance results revealed that numerous radicals remained trapped in the materials after irradiation even after a long time enabling reactions between starch and polycarbonate. Results obtained from tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis revealed the relatively good affinity between the two components after blending in a micro‐extruder. Irradiated blends are thermally more stable than those non‐irradiated. Mechanical tests also showed that the efficiency of the irradiation depended greatly on the dose applied to the initial materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vignon, Anaïs and Ayoub, Ali and Massardier, Valérie}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={4168–4176} }
 @article{ayoub_massardier-nageotte_2012, title={The effect of UV-irradiation and molten medium on the mechanical and thermal properties of polystyrene-polycarbonate blends}, volume={124}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855344247&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/app.35094}, abstractNote={AbstractPolymer materials with improved properties can be obtained through polymer blends. As a polymer mixture is generally immiscible and incompatible, it is necessary to develop new methods to improve the interfacial adhesion. The aim of this work is to find formulations and associated processes to upgrade engineering polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC) polymer blends with the objective of using the best “process‐formulation” couple. In this study, blends of PS/PC were prepared in molten medium using reactive extrusion after UV‐irradiation. The effects of UV‐irradiation on some properties of blends under molten medium were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The data showed that the presence of polycarbonate in the blend increased the tensile strength and elongation at break with respect to pure PS. The mechanical properties of the blends were improved after irradiation. All irradiated blends are thermally more stable than those nonirradiated. Chemical changes can be clearly seen in FTIR spectra through two bands assigned to CO and OH groups. The mutual influence between the PS/PC polymer blends compositions during UV‐irradiation was studied. PS and PC have different photo‐mechanisms due to the larger UV absorption of polystyrene and formation of more stable tertiary carbon radicals. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={Ayoub, A. and Massardier-Nageotte, V.}, year={2012}, pages={1096–1105} }
 @article{ayoub_rizvi_2010, title={Reactive supercritical fluid extrusion for development of moisture resistant starch-based foams}, volume={120}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79951889654&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/app.33429}, abstractNote={AbstractThe main objective of this work was to reduce barriers that prevent the usage of starch‐based foams by understanding the effect and the sequence of dual‐modification of crosslinked (XL) and acetylated (Ac) starch in one continuous supercritical fluid reactive extrusion (SCFX) process on wetting properties, physicochemical properties, and cellular structure of solid foam. The starch was reacted with epichlorohydrin (EPI) and acetic anhydride (Ac) under alkaline conditions in a twin‐screw extruder in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2). An increase in EPI concentration from 0.00 to 3.00% increased the degree of crosslinking as measured by DSC and confirmed by the quantification of the glucose units in the solution after acid hydrolysis. We observed a reduction of the glucose units from 93.07% for 0.00% EPI to 6.73% when 3.00% EPI was added. With crosslinking/acetylation processing, contact angle was higher for modified starches, indicating that chemical treatments induced dramatic changes in their surface polarity. Compared with native, the contact angle for dual modified starch increased from 43.1° to 91.7° which indicated their lower wettability. The addition of SC‐CO2, EPI, and Ac to the formulation reduced the density of the extrudates and increased the expansion ratio. The average cell size in the extrudate determined by scanning electron microscopy was also found to decrease from 150 to 34 μm by the addition of the two reagents. Moreover, the dual‐modification of starches provided more hardness and adhesiveness to the extrudates than was observed for the unmodified starches. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Rizvi, Syed S. H.}, year={2010}, pages={2242–2250} }
 @article{ayoub_rizvi_2009, title={An Overview on the Technology of Cross-Linking of Starch for Nonfood Applications}, volume={25}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70149098896&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/8756087909336493}, abstractNote={For commercial success, bioplastics have to possess adequate physical properties. But the same properties of biopolymers — such as starch — that make them environmentally attractive feedstocks can affect their performance as materials. Despite the attractive properties of plant-based plastics, there have been few commercial applications due to their property drawbacks (e.g., high cost, brittleness, and lower impact resistance). Many biopolymers, such as starch, are often hydrophilic and some are even soluble in hot water. These properties have to be managed and controlled through the development of adequate formulations and processing. The primary challenge is to develop fast reactions that can be transformed into viable processes and integrated into existing process lines with economically viable formulations that are friendly to the environment. Cross-linking of starches is the most common method used in polysaccharide chemistry. This article briefly reviews some of the most promising chemistries available for the cross-linking of biodegradable starch materials and their applications.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Ayoub, Ali S. and Rizvi, Syed S. H.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={25–45} }
 @article{patel_venditti_pawlak_ayoub_rizvi_2009, title={Development of Cross-Linked Starch Microcellular Foam by Solvent Exchange and Reactive Supercritical Fluid Extrusion}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-62749133534&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/app.29270}, abstractNote={AbstractStarch microcellular foams (SMCFs) are prepared by pore preserving drying or formation processes and contain pores in the micron size range. SMCFs have high specific surface area and are useful for applications such as opacifying pigments or as adsorbent materials. The objective of this research was to determine how the processing conditions and use of a crosslinking agent would affect the foam structure and properties. SMCFs (crosslinked and uncrosslinked) were prepared from molded aquagels and carbon dioxide extrusion processes separately and then solvent exchanged. Extruded samples showed macroscopic pores whereas samples from aquagels showed a much finer micropore structure. Aquagel‐based SMCF samples had lower density and higher brightness than did extruded samples. The starch foams with micropore structure had low density and high brightness. The solvent exchange process was the most important variable in generating a microcellular structure. Micropores and not macropores contributed to increased brightness of these materials. The brightness and density of the foams were found to be linearly related. Crosslinking with epichlorohydrin imparted significant water resistance to the extruded samples as evidenced in lower water swelling and higher contact angles. Equilibrium moisture content was correlated with the microporous structure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Patel, Sarneerkumar and Venditti, Richard A. and Pawlak, Joel J. and Ayoub, Ali and Rizvi, Syed S. H.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={2917–2929} }
 @article{ayoub_rizvi_2007, title={Properties of supercritical fluid extrusion-based crosslinked starch extrudates}, volume={107}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40749124868&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/app.27538}, abstractNote={AbstractStarch microcellular foam was produced by supercritical fluid extrusion (SCFX) using native and pregelatinized starch mixtures. The starch solution was reacted with epichlorohydrin (EPI) under alkaline conditions in a continuous twin‐screw extruder in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide. The relationship between crosslinking density and cell size and their distribution in the foamed extrudates was studied. An increase in the EPI concentration from 0 to 0.5% was accompanied by an increase in the degree of crosslinking as measured by differential scanning calorimetry and confirmed by diffusion coefficient measured by nuclear magnetic resonance. The diffusion coefficient of crosslinked sample was observed to be 12.5 times lower than that of non crosslinked control. The average cell size of the microporous structure, observed by scanning electron microscopy, showed a decrease from 147 to 61 μm as the concentration of EPI was increased. The cell size distribution of the crosslinked samples was significantly improved but the total expansion was lowered. The results obtained to date indicate, for the first time, that reactive extrusion of starch with EPI with supercritical carbon dioxide as a blowing agent offers a promising new technique to generate microporous foams for use in various applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Rizvi, Syed S. H.}, year={2007}, pages={3663–3671} }
 @article{ayoub_ohtani_sugiyama_2006, title={Atomic force microscopy investigation of disorder process on rice starch granule surface}, volume={58}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33748856244&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/star.200500471}, abstractNote={Precise ultra-structures of rice starch granules have been analyzed by atomic force microscopy combined with a structure-disorder process at ambient conditions. Atomic force microscopy is a useful technique to obtain images under atmospheric condition with a nanometer-scale resolution. The images obtained by a high-resolution tapping mode revealed a detailed surface ultra-structure of native rice starch granule with a diameter of approximately 100 nm. The ultra-structures were arranged in series like a chain, and the chain was bundled together into a rod or larger column. After a disorder process using plasticizing/lyophilization of the granules, a significant change in the organization of the surface morphology was detected. Some fine particles of approximately 30 nm in diameter were observed, which might correspond to the individual single cluster in the crystalline region of the starch granule.}, number={9}, journal={Starch/Staerke}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Ohtani, Toshio and Sugiyama, Shigeru}, year={2006}, pages={475–479} }
 @article{ayoub_berzin_tighzert_bliard_2004, title={Study of the Thermoplastic Wheat Starch Cationisation Reaction under Molten Condition}, volume={56}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-10444248958&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/star.200300272}, abstractNote={AbstractThis paper deals with the functionalization of thermoplastic wheat starch with cationic groups under the action of thermo‐mechanical energy. Two reagents, leading to the same reactive species, are used: 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride and 2‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride. An experimental study and a theoretical approach for reactive extrusion operations were carried out in a bench‐top twin‐screw microcompounder. The theoretical model developed is in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results obtained in the molten state, with low water content. Reaction kinetic studies, performed at different temperatures between 100 and 140°C, show that starch cationisation follows a second order reaction, with rate constants following the Arrhenius law. The obtained results allow calculation of the values of activation energy. The analysis of the thermoplastic unmodified and modified cationic starches by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) shows a decrease of the excluded fraction, which is attributed to the effect of the thermo‐mechanical melting process. The X‐ray diffraction spectra typical of molten starches were obtained.}, number={11}, journal={STARCH - ST�RKE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Berzin, Fran�oise and Tighzert, Lan and Bliard, Christophe}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={513–519} }
 @article{ayoub_bliard_2003, title={Cationisation of Glycerol Plasticised Wheat Starch under Microhydric Molten Conditions}, volume={55}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2542441225&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/star.200390064}, abstractNote={AbstractCationisation of glycerol plasticised wheat starch was performed in a molten mixture under the action of thermo‐mechanical energy using two reagents: 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride and 2‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride. The reaction was catalysed with sodium hydroxide under microhydric conditions. The results showed that under these conditions the reaction proceeds rapidly and reaches completion within a few minutes. The reaction efficiencies were higher for lower degrees of substitution (DS). The epoxide showed a higher reactivity than the chloro derivative. Both destructurisation of starch granules and increased sodium hydroxide concentration enhanced the reaction, but an increase in plasticiser concentration had a negative effect. Measurements of intrinsic viscosity showed a decrease of the average molecular weight of the product, which was attributed to the thermo‐mechanical melting process. An increase in water affinity with DS was seen in the water sorption properties of the chemically modified starch.}, number={7}, journal={Starch - Stärke}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Bliard, Christophe}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={297–303} }
 @article{ayoub_gruyer_bliard_2003, title={Enzymatic degradation of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium wheat starches}, volume={32}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0042887688&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/s0141-8130(03)00057-6}, abstractNote={The enzymatic degradation of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium modified starches synthesised by dry process was compared with that of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium modified starches synthesised in glycerol-water plasticised molten medium. The enzymatic degradation rate of products from both origins decreased as the degree of substitution increased. However, two distinct enzymatic degradation profiles were obtained. Dry process products displayed a regular decrease pattern as DS increased. Molten medium synthesised cationic starches displayed a constant degradation level on a wide DS range with alpha,beta-amylase and amyloglucosidase, whereas isoamylase degradation rapidly reached its degradation limit at DSs 0.05. The various plasticising conditions used to synthesise cationic starch in molten medium show no influence on the enzymatic degradation. By measuring the affinity of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase and isoamylase for native, extruded non-modified and hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium-modified starches. It was evident that the enzymes' affinity for the substrate diminishes with increasing chemical modification, particularly in the case of alpha-amylase, suggesting that the location of cationic groups impairs the enzyme's recognition of the substrate. Structural elements of limit dextrins were analysed by (1)H NMR.}, number={3-5}, journal={International Journal of Biological Macromolecules}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Gruyer, Sebastien and Bliard, Christophe}, year={2003}, month={Sep}, pages={209–216} }