@article{oh_harman_koehl_huang_teixeira_occelli_storey_ying_komaromy_2024, title={Assessment of Early Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy in the Dog by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT)}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2072-666X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15060780}, DOI={10.3390/mi15060780}, abstractNote={Background: Inherited primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Beagle dogs is a well-established large animal model of glaucoma and is caused by a G661R missense mutation in the ADAMTS10 gene. Using this model, the study describes early clinical disease markers for canine glaucoma. Methods: Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was used to assess nine adult, ADAMTS10-mutant (median age 45.6 months, range 28.8–52.8 months; mean diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP): 29.9 +/− SEM 0.44 mmHg) and three related age-matched control Beagles (mean diurnal IOP: 18.0 +/− SEM 0.53 mmHg). Results: Of all the optic nerve head (ONH) parameters evaluated, the loss of myelin peak height in the horizontal plane was most significant (from 154 +/− SEM 38.4 μm to 9.3 +/− SEM 22.1 μm; p < 0.01). There was a strong significant negative correlation between myelin peak height and IOP (Spearman correlation: −0.78; p < 0.003). There were no significant differences in the thickness of any retinal layers evaluated. Conclusions: SD-OCT is a useful tool to detect early glaucomatous damage to the ONH in dogs before vision loss. Loss in myelin peak height without inner retinal thinning was identified as an early clinical disease marker. This suggests that initial degenerative changes are mostly due to the loss of myelin.}, number={6}, journal={MICROMACHINES}, author={Oh, Annie and Harman, Christine D. and Koehl, Kristin L. and Huang, Jiayan and Teixeira, Leandro B. C. and Occelli, Laurence M. and Storey, Eric S. and Ying, Gui-Shuang and Komaromy, Andras M.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{himebaugh_passingham_cabot_gaudette_knight_lewbart_armwood_oh_2024, title={Investigating the etiology of ocular changes in Monodactylus argenteus housed in a shoaling ring exhibit}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.24.05.0346}, DOI={10.2460/javma.24.05.0346}, abstractNote={Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pathologic ocular changes in a population of aquarium-housed Monodactylus argenteus and investigate potential underlying causes for the large number of affected fish in this exhibit. ANIMALS 11 Monodactylus argenteus were evaluated from a shoaling ring exhibit within an aquarium, and 19 control fish without ocular abnormalities were obtained from commercial fish suppliers. METHODS Physical and ocular examinations were performed antemortem. Postmortem samples of liver, heart, dorsal epaxial muscle, and lenses of affected and control fish were analyzed for amino acid profiles. The aqueous humor from affected and control fish was collected postmortem, and osmolality was analyzed. Tissues from affected and control fish were submitted for histopathology. RESULTS Ocular abnormalities in affected fish included corneal lesions, cataracts, lens capsule rupture, and unilateral left-sided lens luxation and buphthalmos. Lens luxation and buphthalmos were directly correlated. Aqueous humor osmolality in control fish differed significantly compared to affected fish but was not correlated to lens abnormality score. Affected fish had significantly lower lens concentrations of arginine, asparagine, glycine, isoleucine, serine, and tyrosine than control fish. One affected fish had severe buphthalmos, cataracts, and panophthalmitis caused by gram-positive cocci. CONCLUSIONS Cataracts and traumatic lesions were common in affected M argenteus . Dietary amino acid content and aqueous humor osmolality imbalances were not likely a cause of the cataracts. Differences in lens amino acid concentrations between affected and control fish may be related to cataract formation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Consideration of species-appropriate tank parameters may mitigate ocular lesions including cataracts in aquarium fish.}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Himebaugh, Nicole and Passingham, R. Kent and Cabot, Megan L. and Gaudette, Christopher and Knight, LaTisha N. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Armwood, Abigail R. and Oh, Annie}, year={2024}, month={Aug} }
 @article{chinthapatla_stephens_neumann-rivera_henderson_nie_haynes_pierce_meritet_brudno_oh_2024, title={Toxicology study of a tissue anchoring paclitaxel prodrug}, volume={25}, ISSN={["2050-6511"]}, DOI={10.1186/s40360-024-00819-6}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Local drug presentation made possible by drug-eluting depots provides benefits for a vast array of diseases, including cancer, microbial infection, and wound healing. Drug-eluting depots provide sustained drug release of therapeutics directly at disease sites with tunable kinetics, remove the need for drugs to access disease sites from circulation, and reduce the side effects associated with systemic therapy. Recently, we introduced an entirely novel approach to local drug presentation named Tissue-Reactive Anchoring Pharmaceuticals (TRAPs). TRAPs enables local drug presentation without any material carriers, capitalizing on innate tissue structures to anchor drugs at the site of administration. Methods In this report, we comprehensively evaluate the local and systemic toxicological profile of a paclitaxel version of TRAPs in mice by clinical observations, body weight monitoring, histopathological evaluations of injection sites and major organs, as well as blood and urine analyses. Results We find that intradermal administration of TRAP-paclitaxel does not induce substantial toxic effects. Localized inflammatory responses were observed at the injection sites and secondary minimal, non-specific inflammation was observed in the liver. All other organs displayed unremarkable histological findings. Conclusions These findings support the potential of TRAP-paclitaxel as a promising candidate for localized cancer treatment, offering high-concentration drug delivery while mitigating scarring and adverse side effects.}, number={1}, journal={BMC PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY}, author={Chinthapatla, Rukesh and Stephens, Jazz Q. and Neumann-Rivera, Isabel B. and Henderson, Nichol M. and Nie, Minhua and Haynes, Hannah R. and Pierce, Joshua G. and Meritet, Danielle M. and Brudno, Yevgeny and Oh, Annie}, year={2024}, month={Dec} }
 @article{smith_love_antezana_barr_gilger_oh_2024, title={Treatment of equine keratomycosis, part 1: selection of appropriate therapy based on clinical presentation and diagnostic testing improves clinical outcomes}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.24.06.0431}, DOI={10.2460/javma.24.06.0431}, abstractNote={Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine clinical outcome, treatment costs, and hospitalization duration in horses treated for keratomycosis and identify ophthalmic examination and diagnostic results associated with these outcomes. METHODS This was a retrospective study of 126 equine keratomycosis cases between 2004 and 2020 with fungal infection confirmed on cytology, culture, and/or histopathology and a minimum of 1-month follow-up. Details of the ophthalmic examination, diagnostic test results, and treatment and cost outcomes were recorded. Outcomes of interest were analyzed by treatment type. The relationship of patient and diagnostic test variables to the outcomes of interest was determined via logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS Globe retention and positive visual outcome occurred in 82.5% and 78.9% of medically and 88.4% and 85.5% of surgically treated cases, respectively. While not statistically significant, there were more positive clinical outcomes with surgery; in recent years, the globe and vision were preserved in 94.7% of cases following penetrating keratoplasty. The choice to pursue surgery was related to lesion depth. Medical treatment was associated with statistically shorter hospitalization times and lower total and hospitalization invoices compared to all surgical treatments. Diagnosis of stromal abscess was associated with higher total invoice and longer hospitalization times compared to ulcerative keratomycosis, although clinical outcomes were similar. CONCLUSIONs Overall positive clinical outcomes were achieved despite the severity of the disease in many cases, highlighting the need for appropriate treatment selection based on clinical presentation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Expanding knowledge of clinical decision-making, treatment options, and associated clinical and financial outcomes may further improve outcomes for equine keratomycosis patients.}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Smith, Hannah L. and Love, Kim R. and Antezana, Ariana and Barr, Erin M. and Gilger, Brian C. and Oh, Annie}, year={2024}, month={Dec} }
 @article{smith_love_antezana_barr_gilger_oh_2024, title={Treatment of equine keratomycosis, part 2: reporting common systemic and ocular complications to enhance decision-making for equine clinicians and owners.}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.24.07.0440}, DOI={10.2460/javma.24.07.0440}, abstractNote={The primary aims were to provide descriptive data on systemic and ocular complications associated with the treatment of equine keratomycosis. The secondary aims were to determine if complication rates differ between treatment types or are related to surgical and anesthetic factors.}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Smith, HL and Love, KR and Antezana, A and Barr, EM and Gilger, Brian and Oh, A}, year={2024}, month={Sep} }
 @article{collins_barr_westermeyer_gilger_oh_2024, title={Ultrasound biomicroscopic imaging parameters associated with outcome in equine infectious ulcerative keratitis and stromal abscesses}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.24.02.0097}, DOI={10.2460/javma.24.02.0097}, abstractNote={To determine the predictive value of corneal ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) findings for the outcome of equine corneal disease.}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Collins, Elisabeth N. and Barr, Erin M. and Westermeyer, Hans and Gilger, Brian and Oh, Annie}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{smith_berglund_robertson_schnabel_mcmullen_gilger_oh_2023, title={Effect of gentamicin on <scp>CD3</scp>+ T‐lymphocyte proliferation for treatment of equine recurrent uveitis: An in vitro study}, volume={26}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.13098}, DOI={10.1111/vop.13098}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the study was to determine the effect of gentamicin on CD3+ T‐lymphocyte proliferation and cell viability using an in vitro cell culture model as a means of investigating the mechanism of action of low‐dose intravitreal gentamicin injection.Animals StudiedThree adult horses with no evidence of ophthalmic or systemic disease.ProcedurePeripheral blood lymphocytes were treated with gentamicin at concentrations 37.5 μg/mL, 112.5 μg/mL, 187 μg/mL, 375 μg/mL, or 750 μg/mL then stimulated to proliferate with concanavalin A (ConA). 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) and carboxyfluoroscein succinimidyl ester (CSFE) were used as markers of cell viability and cell proliferation, respectively. Following 5‐day culture, live cell counts and CSFE fluorescent intensity data were collected via automated cell count and flow cytometry. The experimental design was duplicated using preservative‐free gentamicin and a proprietary brand formulation. Statistical analysis was performed using two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison test.ResultsNo statistically significant comparisons in CD3+ T‐lymphocyte live cell counts and geometric mean fluorescent intensity of CSFE were identified between gentamicin concentrations or formulations.ConclusionsGentamicin had no effect on equine peripheral blood CD3+ T‐lymphocyte cell viability and proliferation in concentrations ranging from “safe” to “retinotoxic” in relation to intravitreal injection volumes. Low‐dose intravitreal gentamicin may not suppress the Th1‐ and Th17‐mediated immune response.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Smith, Hannah L. and Berglund, Alix K. and Robertson, James B. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr and Gilger, Brian C. and Oh, Annie}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={347–354} }
 @article{himebaugh_robertson_weninger_gilger_ekesten_oh_2023, title={Ex vivo analysis of ultraviolet radiation transmission through ocular media and retina in select species}, volume={233}, ISSN={0014-4835}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2023.109550}, DOI={10.1016/j.exer.2023.109550}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to assess the transmission of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation (200-400 nm) through intact enucleated globes of different species (dogs, cats, pigs, rabbits, horses, and humans) using spectrophotometry. Globes of cats (n = 6), dogs (n = 18), pigs (n = 10), rabbits (n = 6), horses (n = 10), and humans (n = 4) were analyzed. A 5-10 mm circular area of sclera and choroid from the posterior aspect of the globe was removed under a surgical microscope, leaving the retina intact in all species except the horse. Glass coverslips were added in horses and rabbits due to retinal and globe fragility. The %T of wavelengths from 200 to 800 nm were measured through the ocular media (cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor) and retina, and compared between species. The globes of cats and dogs allowed the most amount of UV radiation transmission, while those of pigs and humans allowed the least amount of UV radiation transmission. A small amount of UV radiation transmission through the ocular media was detected in the rabbit and horse. Results from this study will support further vision research that may be used to train companion, working, and service animals.}, journal={Experimental Eye Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Himebaugh, Nicole E. and Robertson, James B. and Weninger, Keith and Gilger, Brian C. and Ekesten, Bjorn and Oh, Annie}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={109550} }
 @article{murillo_souza teixeira campos_oh_smith_watanabe_2023, title={Primary ocular hemangiosarcoma in a dog}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2052-6121"]}, DOI={10.1002/vrc2.751}, abstractNote={AbstractA 10‐year‐old, male, neutered Boxer dog had an ulcerated mass covering nearly 90% of the left cornea. The dog had a 1year and 5months history of a previously removed left corneal hemangiosarcoma before clinical presentation. Visualisation and evaluation of the anterior chamber and internal ocular structures could not be performed because of the severe extension of the ocular mass. Enucleation of the left eye (OS) with extensive removal of the associated soft tissue was performed and submitted for histological examination. Histological findings confirmed corneal hemangiosarcoma with neoplastic extension to the limbus/conjunctiva. Corneal hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas are rare in all domestic species. In dogs, a definitive cause for the development of corneal hemangiosarcomas is still undetermined. However, it is speculated that increased exposure to solar radiation and chronic inflammation‐inducing neovascularisation are predisposing factors. There was no evidence of mass recurrence or metastasis after 5 months of follow‐up.}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS}, author={Murillo, Daniel Felipe Barrantes and Souza Teixeira Campos, Maria Eduarda and Oh, Annie and Smith, Hannah and Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{stonex_zibura_andres_gilger_oh_2022, title={Polidocanol monotherapy for a superficial orbital venous malformation in a horse}, volume={25}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12997}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12997}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use of 1% polidocanol as the sole treatment for a superficial orbital venous malformation in a horse.AnimalA 23‐year‐old Welsh Cobb cross gelding with a distensible swelling affecting the left lower eyelid, and secondary palpebral margin abnormalities and superficial keratitis.ProcedureColor flow Doppler ultrasonography revealed non‐pulsatile blood flow within the tortuous vascular network most consistent with a superficial orbital venous malformation appearing to involve the lateral palpebral and transverse facial veins. An intravenous catheter was placed within the lateral aspect of the venous malformation, and agitated saline was slowly injected into the vessel while simultaneously ultrasound imaging the medial aspect in which the bubbles were observed coursing across, consistent with lateral to medial flow. Contrast venography confirmed a corkscrew vessel along the ventral aspect of the orbital rim. Under standing sedation, 1% polidocanol solution was administered slowly through the intravenous catheter while manual pressure was applied on the medial and lateral aspects of the venous malformation.ResultsUltrasonography performed immediately after administration of polidocanol confirmed venous stasis, and formation of a thrombus. No adverse side effects were noted. The venous malformation and associated palpebral margin abnormalities and superficial keratitis resolved at the time of re‐examination at 4 months.Conclusion and Clinical RelevancePolidocanol as the sole treatment for a superficial orbital venous malformation in a horse was well tolerated and led to clinical resolution. Sclerosant monotherapy may be a safe treatment option for superficial orbital venous malformations.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Stonex, Tara M. and Zibura, Ashley E. and Andres, Michael and Gilger, Brian C. and Oh, Annie}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={412–418} }
 @article{hack_crabtree_avila_sutton_grahn_oh_gilger_bellone_2021, title={Whole-genome sequencing identifies missense mutation inGRM6as the likely cause of congenital stationary night blindness in a Tennessee Walking Horse}, volume={53}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13318}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundThe only known genetic cause of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) in horses is a 1378 bp insertion in TRPM1. However, an affected Tennessee Walking Horse was found to have no copies of this variant.ObjectivesTo identify the genetic cause for CSNB in an affected Tennessee Walking Horse.Study designCase report detailing a whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) approach to identify a causal variant.MethodsA complete ophthalmic exam, including an electroretinogram (ERG), was performed on suspected CSNB‐affected horse. WGS data were generated from the case and compared with data from seven other breeds (n = 29). One hundred candidate genes were evaluated for coding variants homozygous in the case and absent in all other horses. Protein modelling was used to assess the functional effects of the identified variant. A random cohort of 90 unrelated Tennessee Walking Horses and 273 horses from additional breeds were screened to estimate allele frequency of the GRM6 variant.ResultsERG results were consistent with CSNB. WGS analysis identified a missense mutation in metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (GRM6) (c.533C>T p.Thr178Met). This single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is predicted to be deleterious and protein modelling supports impaired binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate. This variant was not detected in 273 horses from three additional breeds. The estimated allele frequency in Tennessee Walking Horses is 10%.Main limitationsLimited phenotype information for controls and no additional cases with which to replicate this finding.ConclusionsWe identified a likely causal recessive missense variant in GRM6. Based on protein modelling, this variant alters GRM6 binding, and thus signalling from the retinal rod cell to the ON‐bipolar cell, impairing vision in low light conditions. Given the 10% population allele frequency, it is likely that additional affected horses exist in this breed and further work is needed to identify and examine these animals.}, number={2}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Hack, Yael L. and Crabtree, Elizabeth E. and Avila, Felipe and Sutton, Roger B. and Grahn, Robert and Oh, Annie and Gilger, Brian and Bellone, Rebecca R.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={316–323} }
 @article{oh_foster_lunn_mowat_2019, title={Circulating neurohormone imbalances in canine sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome and canine pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15646}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundSudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) has clinical similarity to pituitary‐dependent hypercortisolism (PDH) in dogs. Some studies have identified a greater frequency of SARDS in seasons with reduced daylight hours. Neurohormone imbalances contribute to retinal lesions in other species, warranting further study in dogs with SARDS.HypothesisDysregulation of circulating melatonin concentration is present in dogs with SARDS but not in dogs with PDH.AnimalsFifteen client‐owned dogs with spontaneous SARDS (median time of vision loss 18 days), 14 normal dogs, and 13 dogs with confirmed PDH.ProceduresProspective case‐control study. ELISA on samples (obtained in the morning) for measurement of plasma melatonin and dopamine, serum serotonin, urine 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin (MT6s), and creatinine. Statistical analysis was performed using 1‐way ANOVA, Spearman correlation and receiver operator characteristic area under the curve analysis.ResultsThere were no significant differences in circulating melatonin, serotonin or dopamine concentrations between the 3 groups, although the study was underpowered for detection of significant differences in serum serotonin. Urine MT6s:creatinine ratio was significantly higher in dogs with PDH (4.08 ± 2.15 urine [MT6s] ng/mL per mg of urine creatinine) compared with dogs with SARDS (2.37 ± .51, P < .01), but not compared with normal dogs.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceWe have identified neurohormone differences between dogs with SARDS and PDH.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Oh, Annie and Foster, Melanie L. and Lunn, Katharine F. and Mowat, Freya M.}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={2587–2594} }
 @article{oh_foster_williams_zheng_ru_lunn_mowat_2019, title={Diagnostic utility of clinical and laboratory test parameters for differentiating between sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome and pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs}, volume={22}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12661}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12661}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo identify discriminating factors, using clinical ophthalmic examination findings and routine laboratory testing, that differentiate dogs with early sudden acquired retinal degeneration (SARDS; vision loss <6 weeks’ duration), age‐ and breed‐matched control dogs, and dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH).AnimalsClient‐owned dogs: 15 with SARDS with <6 weeks duration of vision loss, 14 age‐ and breed‐matched control dogs, and 13 dogs with confirmed PDH.ProceduresDogs underwent ophthalmic examination, electroretinography (ERG) fundus photography, and spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) in addition to physical examination, urinalysis, serum biochemistry, complete blood count, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing. Statistical analysis was performed using receiver operating curve area under the curve analysis, principal component analysis with sparse partial least squares analysis, and one‐way ANOVA.ResultsDogs with SARDS all had absent vision and ERG a‐ and b‐waves. SD‐OCT demonstrated that dogs with SARDS had significantly thicker inner retina, thinner outer nuclear layer, and thicker photoreceptor inner/outer segment measurements than either controls or dogs with PDH. Discriminating laboratory parameters between dogs with SARDS and PDH with high specificity included post‐ACTH serum cortisol (<19.3 μg/dL), AST:ALT ratio (>0.343), and urine specific gravity (>1.030).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceWe have identified significant discriminators between SARDS and PDH. This work provides the basis for future studies that could identify and examine dogs with SARDS prior to vision loss, which may extend the potential therapeutic window for SARDS.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Oh, Annie and Foster, Melanie L. and Williams, Jonathan G. and Zheng, Chaowen and Ru, Hongyu and Lunn, Katharine F. and Mowat, Freya M.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={842–858} }
 @article{mowat_wise_oh_foster_kremers_2019, title={In vivo electroretinographic differentiation of rod, short-wavelength and long/medium-wavelength cone responses in dogs using silent substitution stimuli}, volume={185}, ISSN={["1096-0007"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.013}, abstractNote={The canine species has dichromatic color vision comprising short-wavelength (S-) and long/medium (L/M-) wavelength-sensitive cones with peak spectral sensitivity of 429-435 nm and 555 nm respectively. Although differentiation of rod- and cone-mediated responses by electroretinogram (ERG) in dogs is commonly performed, and standards have been developed based on standards for human observers, methods to differentiate S- and L/M-cone responses in dogs have not been described. We developed flicker protocols derived from previously published rod and cone spectral sensitivities. We used a double silent substitution paradigm to isolate responses from each of the 3 photoreceptor subclasses. ERG responses were measured to sine-wave modulation of photoreceptor excitation at different temporal frequencies (between 4 and 56 Hz) and mean luminance (between 3.25 and 130 cd/m 2 ) on 6 different normal dogs (3 adult female, and 3 adult male beagles) and one female beagle dog with suspected hereditary congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB). Peak rod driven response amplitudes were achieved with low frequency (4 Hz, maximal range 4-12 Hz) and low mean luminance (3.25 cd/m 2 ). In contrast, peak L/M-cone driven response amplitudes were achieved with high frequency (32 Hz, maximal range 28-44 Hz) and high mean luminance (32.5-130 cd/m 2 ). Maximal S-cone driven responses were obtained with low frequency stimuli (4 Hz, maximal range 4-12 Hz) and 32.5-130 cd/m 2  mean luminance. The dog with CSNB had reduced rod- and S-cone-driven responses, but normal/supernormal L/M cone-driven responses. We have developed methods to differentiate rod, S- and L/M-cone function in dogs using silent substitution methods. The influence of temporal frequency and mean luminance on the ERGs originating in each photoreceptor type can now be studied independently. Dogs and humans have similar L/M cone responses, whereas mice have significantly different L/M responses. This work will facilitate a greater understanding of canine retinal electrophysiology and will complement the study of canine models of human hereditary photoreceptor disorders.}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH}, author={Mowat, Freya M. and Wise, Elisabeth and Oh, Annie and Foster, Melanie L. and Kremers, Jan}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @article{westermeyer_salmon_baynes_yeatts_khattab_oh_mowat_2019, title={Safety and efficacy of topically applied 0.5% and 1% pirfenidone in a canine model of subconjunctival fibrosis}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12619}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12619}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate tissue levels, safety, and efficacy of topical ophthalmic 0.5% and 1% pirfenidone in decreasing subconjunctival fibrosis.Animal studiedTwelve normal beagle dogsProceduresA 5 × 1 mm diameter silicone disk was implanted subconjunctivally in one eye, and then dogs were treated with topical 0.5% pirfenidone (n = 9) in artificial tears or artificial tears alone (n = 3) for 28 days. To evaluate tissue drug levels, a single sample of tears, conjunctiva, and aqueous humor was collected 30 (n = 3), 90 (n = 3), and 180 min (n = 3) following administration of the last drop of pirfenidone, respectively. Fibrous capsule thickness and staining for Ki67 and fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAPα) were evaluated histologically. After a 2‐week washout, the experiment was repeated in the opposite eye and using 1% pirfenidone.ResultsTreatment with pirfenidone resulted in thinner fibrous capsules and decreased staining for FAPα with no adverse effects. The implant in one dog treated with pirfenidone extruded. There was no difference in tissue levels, capsular thickness, or staining for Ki67 or FAPα between dogs treated with 0.5% or 1% pirfenidone.ConclusionsPirfenidone may decrease fibrosis following glaucoma shunt surgery and can potentially be used indefinitely due to minimal side effects.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Salmon, Beth and Baynes, Ronald and Yeatts, James and Khattab, Ahlam and Oh, Annie and Mowat, Freya}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={502–509} }
 @article{young_oh_williams_foster_miller_lunn_mowat_2018, title={Clinical therapeutic efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of SARDS in dogs-a prospective open-label pilot study}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12545}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveSudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in dogs, yet no treatment has been objectively evaluated, or proven to be effective. Consensus of opinion is that SARDS is immune‐mediated, although corticosteroid medications may exacerbate associated systemic signs. We examined the effect of sole‐agent treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a potent immunosuppressive medication unlikely to exacerbate associated systemic signs.Animals studiedTen client‐owned dogs with SARDS prospectively recruited within 6 weeks of vision loss.ProceduresClinical history, findings of systemic and ophthalmic examinations, blood parameters, visual navigation ability, electroretinography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were collected at baseline and at recheck after approximately 6 weeks of treatment with 10 mg/kg q 12 h of oral MMF.ResultsTwenty percent of dogs (2/10) experienced side effects (diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy), which resolved with reduction in dose to 8 mg/kg q12 h. No significant changes in systemic signs, physical examination findings, or laboratory test results were detected at the recheck examination. Compared with baseline, visual ability significantly declined at the recheck examination, and the amplitude of a slow‐onset negative waveform noted on dark‐adapted electroretinography was reduced at the recheck examination. The outer retinal layers were significantly thinner at the recheck examination as measured by OCT.ConclusionsMycophenolate mofetil as a sole agent has no measureable positive effect on physical health, vision, or retinal structure following a 6‐week trial period. Further studies are needed to evaluate other treatment options for SARDS.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Young, Whitney M. and Oh, Annie and Williams, Jonathan G. and Foster, Melanie L. and Miller, William W. and Lunn, Katharine F. and Mowat, Freya M.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={565–576} }
 @article{oh_loew_foster_davidson_english_gervais_herring_mowat_2018, title={Phenotypic characterization of complete CSNB in the inbred research beagle: how common is CSNB in research and companion dogs?}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1573-2622"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10633-018-9653-y}, abstractNote={{"Label"=>"PURPOSE"} Although congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) has been described in a Japanese beagle dog research colony, certain clinical correlates with human CSNB have not yet been described, nor has an estimate of frequency of the condition been made in inbred and outbred beagle populations. {"Label"=>"METHODS"} A beagle with CSNB obtained from a commercial research dog supplier in the USA and matched control dogs (n = 3) underwent examination, refraction, ocular imaging, assessment of visual navigation ability and detailed electroretinography (ERG). Retrospective review of ERGs in two independent groups of inbred (n = 15 and 537, respectively) and one group of outbred dogs (n = 36) was used to estimate CSNB frequency in these populations. {"Label"=>"RESULTS"} In the affected dog, there were absent dark-adapted b-waves in response to dim-light flashes, severely reduced dark-adapted b-waves in response to bright-light flashes, and normal light-adapted b-waves with a-waves that had broadened troughs. Long-flash ERGs confirmed a markedly reduced b-wave with a preserved d-wave, consistent with cone ON-bipolar cell dysfunction. There was evidence of normal rod photoreceptor a-wave dark adaptation, and rapid light adaptation. In the wider beagle populations, five inbred beagles had a b/a wave ratio of < 1 in dark-adapted bright-flash ERG, whereas no outbred beagles had ERGs consistent with CSNB. {"Label"=>"CONCLUSIONS"} The identified dog had clinical findings consistent with complete type CSNB, similar to that described in the Japanese colony. CSNB appears to be a rare disorder in the wider beagle population, although its detection could confound studies that use retinal function as an outcome measure in research dogs, necessitating careful baseline studies to be performed prior to experimentation.}, number={2}, journal={DOCUMENTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA}, author={Oh, Annie and Loew, Ellis R. and Foster, Melanie L. and Davidson, Michael G. and English, Robert V and Gervais, Kristen J. and Herring, Ian P. and Mowat, Freya M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={87–101} }
 @article{oh_pearce_gandolfi_creighton_suedmeyer_selig_bosiack_castaner_whiting_belknap_et al._2017, title={Early-Onset Progressive Retinal Atrophy Associated with an IQCB1 Variant in African Black-Footed Cats (Felis nigripes)}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep43918}, DOI={10.1038/srep43918}, abstractNote={Abstract African black-footed cats ( Felis nigripes ) are endangered wild felids. One male and full-sibling female African black-footed cat developed vision deficits and mydriasis as early as 3 months of age. The diagnosis of early-onset progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) was supported by reduced direct and consensual pupillary light reflexes, phenotypic presence of retinal degeneration, and a non-recordable electroretinogram with negligible amplitudes in both eyes. Whole genome sequencing, conducted on two unaffected parents and one affected offspring was compared to a variant database from 51 domestic cats and a Pallas cat, revealed 50 candidate variants that segregated concordantly with the PRA phenotype. Testing in additional affected cats confirmed that cats homozygous for a 2 base pair (bp) deletion within IQ calmodulin-binding motif-containing protein-1 (IQCB1 ), the gene that encodes for nephrocystin-5 (NPHP5), had vision loss. The variant segregated concordantly in other related individuals within the pedigree supporting the identification of a recessively inherited early-onset feline PRA. Analysis of the black-footed cat studbook suggests additional captive cats are at risk. Genetic testing for IQCB1 and avoidance of matings between carriers should be added to the species survival plan for captive management.}, journal={Scientific Reports}, author={Oh, Annie and Pearce, Jacqueline W. and Gandolfi, Barbara and Creighton, Erica K. and Suedmeyer, William K. and Selig, Michael and Bosiack, Ann P. and Castaner, Leilani J. and Whiting, Rebecca E. H. and Belknap, Ellen B. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @article{kamler_gray_oh_macdonald_2013, title={Genetic structure, spatial organization, and dispersal in two populations of bat‐eared foxes}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.683}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.683}, abstractNote={We incorporated radio-telemetry data with genetic analysis of bat-eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis) from individuals in 32 different groups to examine relatedness and spatial organization in two populations in South Africa that differed in density, home-range sizes, and group sizes. Kin clustering occurred only for female dyads in the high-density population. Relatedness was negatively correlated with distance only for female dyads in the high-density population, and for male and mixed-sex dyads in the low-density population. Home-range overlap of neighboring female dyads was significantly greater in the high compared to low-density population, whereas overlap within other dyads was similar between populations. Amount of home-range overlap between neighbors was positively correlated with genetic relatedness for all dyad-site combinations, except for female and male dyads in the low-density population. Foxes from all age and sex classes dispersed, although females (mostly adults) dispersed farther than males. Yearlings dispersed later in the high-density population, and overall exhibited a male-biased dispersal pattern. Our results indicated that genetic structure within populations of bat-eared foxes was sex-biased, and was interrelated to density and group sizes, as well as sex-biases in philopatry and dispersal distances. We conclude that a combination of male-biased dispersal rates, adult dispersals, and sex-biased dispersal distances likely helped to facilitate inbreeding avoidance in this evolutionarily unique species of Canidae.}, journal={Ecology and Evolution}, author={Kamler, Jan F. and Gray, Melissa M. and Oh, Annie and Macdonald, David W.}, year={2013}, month={Sep} }