@article{riascos_weissinger_weissinger_kulis_burks_pons_2016, title={The Seed Biotinylated Protein of Soybean (Glycine max): A Boiling-Resistant New Allergen (Gly m 7) with the Capacity To Induce IgE-Mediated Allergic Responses}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05873}, abstractNote={Soybean is a common allergenic food; thus, a comprehensive characterization of all the proteins that cause allergy is crucial to the development of effective diagnostic and immunotherapeutic strategies. A cDNA library was constructed from seven stages of developing soybean seeds to investigate candidate allergens. We searched the library for cDNAs encoding a seed-specific biotinylated protein (SBP) based on its allergenicity in boiled lentils. A full-length cDNA clone was retrieved and expressed as a 75.6-kDa His-tagged recombinant protein (rSBP) in Escherichia coli. Western immunoblotting of boiled bacterial extracts demonstrated specific IgE binding to rSBP, which was further purified by metal affinity and anion exchange chromatographies. Of the 23 allergic sera screened by ELISA, 12 contained IgEs specific to the purified rSBP. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed a predominantly unordered structure consistent with SBP's heat stability. The natural homologues (nSBP) were the main proteins isolated from soybean and peanut embryos after streptavidin affinity purification, yet they remained low-abundance proteins in the seed as confirmed by LC-MS/MS. Using capture ELISAs, the soybean and peanut nSBPs were bound by IgEs in 78 and 87% of the allergic sera tested. The soybean nSBP was purified to homogeneity and treatments with different denaturing agents before immunoblotting highlighted the diversity of its IgE epitopes. In vitro activation of basophils was assessed by flow cytometry in a cohort of peanut-allergic children sensitized to soybean. Stronger and more frequent (38%) activations were induced by nSBP-soy compared to the major soybean allergen, Gly m 5. SBPs may represent a novel class of biologically active legume allergens with the structural resilience to withstand many food-manufacturing processes.}, number={19}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Riascos, John J. and Weissinger, Sandra M. and Weissinger, Arthur K. and Kulis, Michael and Burks, A. Wesley and Pons, Laurent}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={3890–3900} }
 @article{stiff_weissinger_danehower_2011, title={Analysis of CoQ(10) in Cultivated Tobacco by a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Method}, volume={59}, ISSN={["0021-8561"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf201130z}, abstractNote={Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a naturally occurring lipid-soluble quinone that performs multiple functions in all living cells and has become a popular antioxidant supplement, a coadjuvant in the treatment of heart disease, and the object of study for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Although there are many tools for CoQ analysis of microbial and animal samples, there have been relatively few reports of methods for CoQ analysis of green plants. This work describes a method for the routine analysis of coenzyme Q(10) in green leaf tissue of cultivated Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. The method was applied to the analysis of CoQ(10) in N. tabacum 'KY14' leaves at different stalk positions representing young lanceolate to senescing leaves, and it was found that CoQ(10) increased as leaf position changed down the stalk from 18.69 to 82.68 μg/g fw. The method was also used to observe CoQ(10) in N. tabacum 'NC55' and N. tabacum 'TN90LC' leaves over time, finding that CoQ(10) leaf content remained relatively stable from 3 to 6 weeks but increased in both cultivars at 8 weeks. This method will likely be useful in the analysis of CoQ(10) in the green leaves of other plant species.}, number={17}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Stiff, Michael R. and Weissinger, Arthur K. and Danehower, David A.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={9054–9058} }
 @misc{riascos_weissinger_weissinger_burks_2010, title={Hypoallergenic Legume Crops and Food Allergy: Factors Affecting Feasibility and Risk}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf902526y}, abstractNote={Currently, the sole strategy for managing food hypersensitivity involves strict avoidance of the trigger. Several alternate strategies for the treatment of food allergies are currently under study. Also being explored is the process of eliminating allergenic proteins from crop plants. Legumes are a rich source of protein and are an essential component of the human diet. Unfortunately, legumes, including soybean and peanut, are also common sources of food allergens. Four protein families and superfamilies account for the majority of legume allergens, which include storage proteins of seeds (cupins and prolamins), profilins, and the larger group of pathogenesis-related proteins. Two strategies have been used to produce hypoallergenic legume crops: (1) germplasm lines are screened for the absence or reduced content of specific allergenic proteins and (2) genetic transformation is used to silence native genes encoding allergenic proteins. Both approaches have been successful in producing cultivars of soybeans and peanuts with reduced allergenic proteins. However, it is unknown whether the cultivars are actually hypoallergenic to those with sensitivity. This review describes efforts to produce hypoallergenic cultivars of soybean and peanut and discusses the challenges that need to be overcome before such products could be available in the marketplace.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Riascos, John J. and Weissinger, Arthur K. and Weissinger, Sandra M. and Burks, A. Wesley}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={20–27} }
 @article{azhakanandam_weissinger_nicholson_qu_weissinger_2007, title={Amplicon-plus Targeting Technology (APTT) for rapid production of a highly unstable vaccine protein in tobacco plants (vol 64, pg 619, 2007)}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0167-4412"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11103-007-9168-5}, number={5}, journal={PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Azhakanandam, Kasi and Weissinger, Sandra M. and Nicholson, Jennifer S. and Qu, Rongda and Weissinger, Arthur K.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={619–619} }
 @article{azhakanandam_weissinger_nicholson_qu_weissinger_2007, title={Amplicon-plus targeting technology (APTT) for rapid production of a highly unstable vaccine protein in tobacco plants}, volume={63}, DOI={10.1007/s11103-006-9096-9}, abstractNote={High-level expression of transgenes is essential for cost-effective production of valuable pharmaceutical proteins in plants. However, transgenic proteins often accumulate in plants at low levels. Low levels of protein accumulation can be caused by many factors including post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and/or rapid turnover of the transgenic proteins. We have developed an Amplicon-plus Targeting Technology (APTT), by using novel combination of known techniques that appears to overcome both of these factors. By using this technology, we have successfully expressed the highly-labile L1 protein of canine oral papillomavirus (COPV L1) by infecting transgenic tobacco plants expressing a suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) with a PVX amplicon carrying a gene encoding L1, and targeting the vaccine protein into the chloroplasts. Further, a scalable "wound-and-agrospray" inoculation method has been developed that will permit high-throughput Agrobacterium inoculation of Nicotiana tabacum, and a spray-only method (named "agrospray") for use with N. benthamiana to allow large-scale application of this technology. The good yield and short interval from inoculation to harvest characteristic of APTT, combined with the potential for high-throughput achieved by use of the agrospray inoculation protocol, make this system a very promising technology for producing high value recombinant proteins, especially those known to be highly labile, in plants for a wide range of applications including producing vaccines against rapidly evolving pathogens and for the rapid response needed to meet bio-defense emergencies.}, number={3}, journal={Plant Molecular Biology}, author={Azhakanandam, K. and Weissinger, S. M. and Nicholson, J. S. and Qu, R. D. and Weissinger, A. K.}, year={2007}, pages={393–404} }
 @article{halfhill_sutherland_moon_poppy_warwick_weissinger_rufty_raymer_stewart_2005, title={Growth, productivity, and competitiveness of introgressed weedy Brassica rapa hybrids selected for the presence of Bt cry1Ac and gfp transgenes}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1365-294X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02649.x}, abstractNote={Concerns exist that transgenic crop × weed hybrid populations will be more vigorous and competitive with crops compared with the parental weed species. Hydroponic, glasshouse, and field experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of introgression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry1Ac and green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenes on hybrid productivity and competitiveness in four experimental Brassica rapa × transgenic Brassica napus hybrid generations (F1, BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2). The average vegetative growth and nitrogen (N) use efficiency of transgenic hybrid generations grown under high N hydroponic conditions were lower than that of the weed parent (Brassica rapa, AA, 2n = 20), but similar to the transgenic crop parent, oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC, 2n = 38). No generational differences were detected under low N conditions. In two noncompetitive glasshouse experiments, both transgenic and nontransgenic BC2F2 hybrids had on average less vegetative growth and seed production than B. rapa. In two high intraspecific competition field experiments with varied herbivore pressure, BC2F2 hybrids produced less vegetative dry weight than B. rapa. The competitive ability of transgenic and nontransgenic BC2F2 hybrids against a neighbouring crop species were quantified in competition experiments that assayed wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield reductions under agronomic field conditions. The hybrids were the least competitive with wheat compared with parental Brassica competitors, although differences between transgenic and nontransgenic hybrids varied with location. Hybridization, with or without transgene introgression, resulted in less productive and competitive populations.}, number={10}, journal={MOLECULAR ECOLOGY}, author={Halfhill, MD and Sutherland, JP and Moon, HS and Poppy, GM and Warwick, SI and Weissinger, AK and Rufty, TW and Raymer, PL and Stewart, CN}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={3177–3189} }
 @article{levin_thompson_csinos_stephenson_weissinger_2005, title={Matrix attachment regions increase the efficiency and stability of RNA-mediated resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in transgenic tobacco}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1573-9368"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11248-004-5413-8}, abstractNote={Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are DNA elements that can increase and stabilize transgene expression. We investigated the effect of the RB7 MAR on transgenic virus resistance. Constructs for resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) with and without flanking RB7 MARs were used to transform tobacco and produce homozygous lines. The population with the MAR construct had a significantly higher percentage of TSWV resistant plants in the R1 generation than the nonMAR population. Each resistant line was advanced to the R4 generation, and significantly fewer MAR lines lost resistance over generations compared to the nonMAR population. Lines with TSWV resistance in growth chamber tests were also resistant in field trials. Two lines that were resistant in the R1 generation and susceptible in the R4 were examined in more detail in order to determine if transcriptional silencing of the transgene was occurring in the later generation. Short interfering 21-25 nt RNAs from the transgene that are characteristic of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) were present in the resistant R1 plants, but not the susceptible R4 plants, indicating that virus resistance was associated with PTGS of the transgene. Loss of resistance was accompanied by an increase in promoter methylation in both lines. In line M41, the transgene was fully silenced at the transcriptional level in the R4 as shown by nuclear run-on assays. In line NM13, transgene transcription and RNA accumulation was still present in the R4 generation, but the level of transcription was not sufficient to trigger PTGS, suggesting that this line may have partial transcriptional silencing. These results are consistent with the concept that MARs may prevent transcriptional silencing.}, number={2}, journal={TRANSGENIC RESEARCH}, author={Levin, JS and Thompson, WF and Csinos, AS and Stephenson, MG and Weissinger, AK}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={193–206} }
 @article{moore_price_boston_weissinger_payne_2004, title={A chitinase from Tex6 maize kernels inhibits growth of Aspergillus flavus}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.1.82}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The maize inbred Tex6 has resistance to colonization and aflatoxin accumulation by Aspergillus flavus. A protein inhibitory to growth of A. flavus has been identified from aqueous extracts of mature Tex6 seeds. This study reports the purification of a chitinase associated with this inhibitory activity to electrophoretic homogeneity and the further characterization of its properties. The inhibitory protein, which has an M(r) of 29,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is an endochitinase that is also capable of exochitinase activity. The enzyme has an optimal pH of 5.5 and a temperature optimum of 45 degrees C. Chitinase activity in maize kernels peaked approximately 36 days after pollination. The Tex6 chitinase purified in this study is capable of inhibiting the growth of A. flavus by 50% at a concentration of 20 mug/ml. Our data indicate that chitinase activity in Tex6 kernels makes a major contribution to the antifungal activity in this maize genotype. Partial peptide sequence of the chitinase showed it to differ from previously reported chitinases.}, number={1}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Moore, KG and Price, MS and Boston, RS and Weissinger, AK and Payne, GA}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={82–87} }
 @article{halfhill_zhu bin_raymer_millwood_weissinger_stewart_2004, title={Hybridization and backcrossing between transgenic oilseed rape and two related weed species under field conditions}, volume={3}, ISBN={1635-7922}, DOI={10.1051/ebr:2004007}, abstractNote={Determining the frequency of crop-wild transgene flow under field conditions is a necessity for the development of regulatory strategies to manage transgenic hybrids. Gene flow of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenes was quantified in three field experiments using eleven independent transformed Brassica napus L. lines and the wild relatives, B. rapa L. and Raphanus raphanistrum L. Under a high crop to wild relative ratio (600:1), hybridization frequency with B. rapa differed among the individual transformed B. napus lines (ranging from ca. 4% to 22%), however, this difference could be caused by the insertion events or other factors, e.g., differences in the hybridization frequencies among the B. rapa plants. The average hybridization frequency over all transformed lines was close to 10%. No hybridization with R. raphanistrum was detected. Under a lower crop to wild relative ratio (180:1), hybridization frequency with B. rapa was consistent among the transformed B. napus lines at ca. 2%. Interspecific hybridization was higher when B. rapa occurred within the B. napus plot (ca. 37.2%) compared with plot margins (ca. 5.2%). No significant differences were detected among marginal plants grown at 1, 2, and 3 m from the field plot. Transgene backcrossing frequency between B. rapa and transgenic hybrids was determined in two field experiments in which the wild relative to transgenic hybrid ratio was 5-15 plants of B. rapa to 1 transgenic hybrid. As expected, ca. 50% of the seeds produced were transgenic backcrosses when the transgenic hybrid plants served as the maternal parent. When B. rapa plants served as the maternal parent, transgene backcrossing frequencies were 0.088% and 0.060%. Results show that transgene flow from many independent transformed lines of B. napus to B. rapa can occur under a range of field conditions, and that transgenic hybrids have a high potential to produce transgenic seeds in backcrosses.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Biosafety Research}, author={Halfhill, M. D. and Zhu Bin, Warwick S. I. and Raymer, P. L. and Millwood, R. J. and Weissinger, A. K. and Stewart, C. N.}, year={2004}, pages={73} }
 @article{liu_levin_murray_wernsman_weissinger_2003, title={A multi-generation analysis of the stability of transgenic virus resistance in doubled-haploid tobacco lines}, volume={12}, number={2}, journal={Molecular Breeding}, author={Liu, Y. S. and Levin, J. S. and Murray, J. S. and Wernsman, E. A. and Weissinger, A. K.}, year={2003}, pages={145–156} }
 @article{halfhill_millwood_weissinger_warwick_stewart_2003, title={Additive transgene expression and genetic introgression in multiple green-fluorescent protein transgenic crop x weed hybrid generations}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-003-1397-7}, abstractNote={The level of transgene expression in crop x weed hybrids and the degree to which crop-specific genes are integrated into hybrid populations are important factors in assessing the potential ecological and agricultural risks of gene flow associated with genetic engineering. The average transgene zygosity and genetic structure of transgenic hybrid populations change with the progression of generations, and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene is an ideal marker to quantify transgene expression in advancing populations. The homozygous T(1) single-locus insert GFP/ Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic canola ( Brassica napus, cv Westar) with two copies of the transgene fluoresced twice as much as hemizygous individuals with only one copy of the transgene. These data indicate that the expression of the GFP gene was additive, and fluorescence could be used to determine zygosity status. Several hybrid generations (BC(1)F(1), BC(2)F(1)) were produced by backcrossing various GFP/Bt transgenic canola ( B. napus, cv Westar) and birdseed rape ( Brassica rapa) hybrid generations onto B. rapa. Intercrossed generations (BC(2)F(2) Bulk) were generated by crossing BC(2)F(1) individuals in the presence of a pollinating insect ( Musca domestica L.). The ploidy of plants in the BC(2)F(2) Bulk hybrid generation was identical to the weedy parental species, B. rapa. AFLP analysis was used to quantify the degree of B. napus introgression into multiple backcross hybrid generations with B. rapa. The F(1) hybrid generations contained 95-97% of the B. napus-specific AFLP markers, and each successive backcross generation demonstrated a reduction of markers resulting in the 15-29% presence in the BC(2)F(2) Bulk population. Average fluorescence of each successive hybrid generation was analyzed, and homozygous canola lines and hybrid populations that contained individuals homozygous for GFP (BC(2)F(2) Bulk) demonstrated significantly higher fluorescence than hemizygous hybrid generations (F(1), BC(1)F(1) and BC(2)F(1)). These data demonstrate that the formation of homozygous individuals within hybrid populations increases the average level of transgene expression as generations progress. This phenomenon must be considered in the development of risk-management strategies.}, number={8}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Halfhill, MD and Millwood, RJ and Weissinger, AK and Warwick, SI and Stewart, CN}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={1533–1540} }
 @article{ascenzi_ulker_todd_sowinski_schimeneck_allen_weissinger_thompson_2003, title={Analysis of trans-silencing interactions using transcriptional silencers of varying strength and targets with and without flanking nuclear matrix attachment regions}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1573-9368"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1023310118231}, abstractNote={We investigated the effect of the Rb7 matrix attachment region (MAR) on trans-silencing in tobacco plants, comparing the effects of three transgene silencer loci on ten target loci. Two of the silencer loci, C40 and C190, contain complex and rearranged transgene arrays consisting of 35S:GUS or NOS:NPTII containing plasmids. The third silencer locus, V271, was previously characterized as a complex locus containing rearranged 35S:RiN sequences. Each of these silencers can reduce 35S promoter-driven expression at other loci, albeit with varying efficiencies. The presence of MARs at a target locus does not prevent trans-silencing by the V271 silencer. However, four of seven MAR-containing loci were at least partially resistant to silencing by the C40 and C190 loci. One MAR locus was unaffected by C40, our weakest silencer, and three were silenced only when the silencer locus was maternally inherited. Silencing is progressive in the F1 and F2 generations; two days after germination there is little or no difference between seedlings derived from crosses to silencing or control lines, but seedlings containing silencer loci slowly lose expression during subsequent development. These observations are compatible with the hypothesis that a product of the silencer locus must accumulate before unlinked loci can be affected. However, our silencer loci are themselves silenced for GUS transcription, and coding region homology is not required for their effects on target loci. Our results are consistent with a model in which transcriptional silencing is triggered by transcription of sequences during the early stages of embryo or seedling development.}, number={3}, journal={TRANSGENIC RESEARCH}, author={Ascenzi, R and Ulker, B and Todd, JJ and Sowinski, DA and Schimeneck, CR and Allen, GC and Weissinger, AK and Thompson, WF}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={305–318} }
 @article{halfhill_millwood_rufty_weissinger_stewart_2003, title={Spatial and temporal patterns of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence during leaf canopy development in transgenic oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1432-203X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00299-003-0696-4}, abstractNote={The green fluorescent protein (GFP) holds promise as a field-level transgene marker. One obstacle to the use of GFP is fluorescence variability observed within leaf canopies. In growth chamber and field experiments, GFP fluorescence in transgenic oilseed rape ( Brassica napus) was shown to be variable at each leaf position over time and among different leaves on the same plant. A leaf had its highest GFP fluorescence after emergence and, subsequently, its fluorescence intensity decreased. GFP fluorescence intensity was directly correlated with the concentration of soluble protein. The concentration of the genetically linked recombinant Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry1Ac endotoxin protein also was examined, and GFP fluorescence was positively correlated with Bt throughout development. The results show that GFP can be used as an accurate transgene marker but that aspects of plant developmental should be taken into account when interpreting fluorescence measurements.}, number={5}, journal={PLANT CELL REPORTS}, author={Halfhill, MD and Millwood, RJ and Rufty, TW and Weissinger, AK and Stewart, CN}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={338–343} }
 @misc{tomes_weissinger_sanford_klein_2003, title={Stable transformation of plant cells}, volume={6,570,067}, number={2003 May 27}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Tomes, D. and Weissinger, A. and Sanford, J. and Klein, T.}, year={2003} }
 @article{kwanyuen_allina_weissinger_wilson_2002, title={A new form of crystalline rubisco and the conversion to its common dodecahedral form}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1535-3893"]}, DOI={10.1021/pr025548e}, abstractNote={In this paper, we present a new purification procedure that yields a new crystalline form of rubisco and has enabled us to completely remove this most abundant protein from tobacco leaf extract. The crystals formed within 48 h after refrigeration at 4 degrees C at pH 5.6. However, these crystals were not well-ordered crystals and lacked well-defined facets or edges. The remaining leaf extract (fraction 2 protein) was void of rubisco. Conversion of this new crystalline form of rubisco to its common dodecahedral form was achieved by dialysing the protein solution in Tris buffer at pH 8.0 or purified water. Since the molecular size of its large subunit of rubisco (55 kD) is similar to that of the papillomavirus capsid protein, L1 (57 kD), its complete removal from fraction 2-protein may facilitate the detection, purification, and recovery of the Li protein.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH}, author={Kwanyuen, P and Allina, SM and Weissinger, AK and Wilson, RF}, year={2002}, pages={471–473} }
 @article{ulker_weissinger_spiker_2002, title={E-coli chromosomal DNA in a transgene locus created by microprojectile bombardment in tobacco}, volume={11}, ISSN={["0962-8819"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1015614220200}, number={3}, journal={TRANSGENIC RESEARCH}, author={Ulker, B and Weissinger, AK and Spiker, S}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={311–313} }
 @misc{tomes_weissinger_sanford_klein_2001, title={Stable transformation of plant cells}, volume={6,258,999}, number={2001 July 10}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Tomes, D. and Weissinger, A. and Sanford, J. and Klein, T.}, year={2001} }
 @article{ascenzi_ingram_massel_thompson_spiker_weissinger_2001, title={The role of cell differentiation state and HMG-I/Y in the expression of transgenes flanked by matrix attachment regions}, volume={10}, ISSN={["0962-8819"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1012082602587}, abstractNote={The tobacco nuclear matrix attachment region (MAR), RB7, has been shown to have a much greater effect on transgene expression in cultured cells than in transgenic plants. This is comparable to work in mouse systems showing that MARs have a positive effect on transgene expression in embryonic tissues but not adult tissues. There are several possible explanations for these observations. One is that cell differentiation state and proliferation rate can affect MAR function. We tested this possibility by initiating suspension cell cultures from well-characterized transgenic plants transformed with 35S::GUS with and without flanking MARs and then comparing GUS specific activity in the cell lines to those of the transgenic plants from which the cell lines were derived. If cell differentiation state and proliferation rate do affect MAR function, we would expect the ratio of transgene expression (cell suspensions : plants) to be greater in MAR lines than in control lines. This turned out not to be the case. Thus, it appears that MAR function is not enhanced simply because cells in culture divide rapidly and are not differentiated. Because in animal systems the chromosomal protein HMG-I/Y has been shown to be upregulated in proliferating cells and may have a role in MAR function, we have also examined the levels of the tobacco HMG-I/Y homolog by immunoblotting. The level of this protein does not differ between primary transformant cultured cells (NT-1) and Nicotiana tabacum plants (SR-1). However, a higher molecular weight cross-reacting polypeptide was found in nuclei from the NT-1 cell suspensions but was not detected in SR-1 leaf nuclei or cell suspensions derived from the SR-1 plants.}, number={5}, journal={TRANSGENIC RESEARCH}, author={Ascenzi, R and Ingram, JL and Massel, M and Thompson, WF and Spiker, S and Weissinger, AK}, year={2001}, pages={465–470} }
 @article{ulker_allen_thompson_spiker_weissinger_1999, title={A tobacco matrix attachment region reduces the loss of transgene expression in the progeny of transgenic tobacco plants}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1365-313X"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00453.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={3}, journal={PLANT JOURNAL}, author={Ulker, B and Allen, GC and Thompson, WF and Spiker, S and Weissinger, AK}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={253–263} }
 @misc{tomes_weissinger_sanford_klein_1999, title={Stable transformation of plant cells}, volume={5,990,387}, number={1999 Nov. 23}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Tomes, D. and Weissinger, A. and Sanford, J. and Klein, T.}, year={1999} }
 @article{wilcox_weissinger_long_fitzmaurice_mirkov_swaisgood_1997, title={Production and purification of an active bovine lysozyme in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum): Utilization of value-added crop plants traditionally grown under intensive agriculture}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0021-8561"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf970156r}, abstractNote={The goals of this study were to express bovine lysozyme in tobacco and to purify the protein with a scaleable process to >90% homogeneity while retaining antimicrobial characteristics. Results showed that the enzyme was expressed at levels equivalent to 1−1.5% of total fraction 2 protein in each of five different transformant groups. The enzyme was subsequently purified to 93% homogeneity using an easily scaleable process while retaining high activity. It was concluded that tobacco was an excellent choice for expression of the recombinant protein and that the purification process developed in this study demonstrates methodology for isolation of high-value enzymes from tobacco and other crop plants. Keywords: Transgenic; lysozyme; recombinant protein; antimicrobial; Nicotiana tabacum}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Wilcox, CP and Weissinger, AK and Long, RC and Fitzmaurice, LC and Mirkov, TE and Swaisgood, HE}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={2793–2797} }
 @misc{stomp_weissinger_sederoff_1992, title={Ballistic transformation of conifers}, volume={5,122,466}, number={1992 June 16}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Stomp, A. and Weissinger, A. and Sederoff, R.}, year={1992} }