Works (44)

Updated: April 4th, 2024 13:24

2023 article

A second-generation, point-of-care immunoassay provided improved detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia antibodies in PCR-positive dogs naturally infected with Anaplasma or Ehrlichia species

Richardson, S. S., Mainville, C. A., Arguello-Marin, A., Whalley, D., Burton, W., Breitschwerdt, E. B., & Qurollo, B. A. (2023, May 9). JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION, Vol. 5.

By: S. Richardson n, C. Mainville*, A. Arguello-Marin*, D. Whalley*, W. Burton*, E. Breitschwerdt n, B. Qurollo n

author keywords: Anaplasma; dogs; Ehrlichia; immunoassay; point-of-care; serology; tick-borne pathogens
TL;DR: The second-generation SNAP 4Dx Plus test offered improved serologic detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia in naturally infected dogs, and case management decisions might have been different with an immediate anaplasmosis diagnosis, including earlier doxycycline therapy and less hospitalization. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: May 30, 2023

2023 journal article

Evaluation of<i> Anaplasma</i> spp. seroprevalence in dogs and association with incidence of human anaplasmosis

VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS, 45.

By: J. Braff*, A. Arguello-Marin*, J. Hanscom*, J. Saucier*, M. Beall*, B. Qurollo n, R. Chandrashekar*, J. Buch*

author keywords: Anaplasma; United States; Dogs; Anaplasmosis; Tick; Zoonotic
TL;DR: A significant correlation was found between canine Anaplasma spp. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
3. Good Health and Well-being (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: October 23, 2023

2023 journal article

First reported case of leishmaniasis in a cat in Trinidad and Tobago

VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS, 42.

By: I. Pargass*, C. Wint*, R. Suepaul*, K. Frontera-Acevedo* & B. Qurollo n

author keywords: Leishmania amazonensis; Amastigotes; PCR; protozoa; Macrophages; Trinidad
TL;DR: This is the first reported case of L. amazonensis infection in a domestic animal in Trinidad with molecular characterization indicating it exists in the region and is likely being transmitted by sandflies. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: September 11, 2023

2022 journal article

An Improved Point-of-Care ELISA for the Diagnosis of Anaplasmosis and Ehrlichiosis During the Acute Phase of Tick-Borne Infections in Dogs

TOPICS IN COMPANION ANIMAL MEDICINE, 51.

By: M. Beall*, C. Mainville*, A. Arguello-Marin*, G. Clark*, C. Lemieux*, J. Saucier*, B. Thatcher*, E. Breitschwerdt n ...

author keywords: Antibody; PCR; Serology; Infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia
MeSH headings : Dogs; Animals; Anaplasmosis; Point-of-Care Systems; Dirofilaria immitis; Dirofilariasis / diagnosis; Lyme Disease / diagnosis; Lyme Disease / veterinary; Antibodies, Bacterial; Dog Diseases; Ehrlichiosis / diagnosis; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Tick-Borne Diseases / veterinary; Ehrlichia; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / methods
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the second-generation POC ELISA had an improved ability to detect serologic responses during the acute phase of A. phagocytophilum, A. platys, and E. canis experimental infections. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: February 20, 2023

2022 journal article

DETECTION OF VECTOR-BORNE INFECTIONS IN LIONS AND TIGERS AT TWO ZOOS IN TENNESSEE AND OKLAHOMA, USA

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 53(1), 50–59.

By: A. Cerreta*, T. Yang n, E. Ramsay*, A. Birkenheuer n, D. Rahoi*, B. Qurollo n, J. Wilson n, A. Cushing*

MeSH headings : Animals; Babesia / genetics; Lions; Oklahoma; Tennessee / epidemiology; Tigers
TL;DR: The presence of tick-borne diseases in managed nondomestic felids in the southeastern United States is documents and underscores that ectoparasite control measures should be practiced to minimize exposure of carnivores in managed care. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: April 8, 2022

2022 journal article

Rickettsia typhi infection in a clinically-ill dog from Houston, Texas

VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS, 35.

By: N. Juhasz n, J. Wilson n, K. Haney n, M. Clark*, A. Davenport*, E. Breitschwerdt n, B. Qurollo n

author keywords: Dog; Rickettsia typhi; Murine typhus; North America
MeSH headings : Animals; Dog Diseases / diagnosis; Dog Diseases / drug therapy; Dogs; Doxycycline / therapeutic use; Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary; Rickettsia typhi; Texas; Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne / diagnosis; Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne / drug therapy; Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne / veterinary
TL;DR: In 2020, Rickettsia typhi was diagnosed in a dog from Houston, Texas, USA based upon R. typhi IFA seroreactivity in both acute and convalescent sera, and PCR with DNA sequencing of 4 different gene regions, all of which were 100% identical to R. Typhi. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
3. Good Health and Well-being (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: October 11, 2022

2022 journal article

Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing for Comprehensive Testing for Selected Vector-Borne Pathogens in Canines

PATHOGENS, 11(9).

By: J. Kattoor*, E. Nikolai*, B. Qurollo n & R. Wilkes*

author keywords: vector-borne pathogens; diagnostics; targeted next-generation sequencing
TL;DR: Using a targeted method reduces the costs associated with NGS sequencing and allows for a 2–3 day turn-around time, making this a viable method for detection of vector-borne pathogens in canine whole blood samples. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: October 3, 2022

2022 article

Vector-borne disease and its relationship to hematologic abnormalities and microalbuminuria in retired racing and show-bred greyhounds

Kidd, L., Hamilton, H., Stine, L., Qurollo, B., & Breitschwerdt, E. B. (2022, July 11). JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Vol. 7.

By: L. Kidd*, H. Hamilton*, L. Stine*, B. Qurollo n & E. Breitschwerdt n

author keywords: Babesia; Bartonella; Ehrlichia thrombocytopenia; hemotropic Mycoplasma; leukopenia; proteinuria
MeSH headings : Anaplasma; Animals; Babesia; Bartonella; Dog Diseases / microbiology; Dog Diseases / parasitology; Dogs; Ehrlichia canis; Mycoplasma; Proteinuria / veterinary; Thrombocytopenia / epidemiology; Thrombocytopenia / veterinary; Vector Borne Diseases / veterinary
TL;DR: The prevalence of thrombocytopenia and B. vogeli exposure was lower than previously documented and larger studies investigating the health impact of multiple VBD organisms are warranted. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: July 26, 2022

2021 journal article

Demographics and travel history of imported and autochthonous cases of leishmaniosis in dogs in the United States and Canada, 2006 to 2019

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, 35(2), 954–964.

By: T. Gin n, E. Lashnits n, J. Wilson n, E. Breitschwerdt n & B. Qurollo n

author keywords: dog; leishmania; lutzomyia
MeSH headings : Animals; Canada / epidemiology; Demography; Dog Diseases / epidemiology; Dogs; Leishmania infantum; Retrospective Studies; Seroepidemiologic Studies; United States / epidemiology
TL;DR: Leishmania surveillance should be considered for dogs that return from L. infantum‐endemic regions to monitor emergence of this zoonotic disease in the US and Canada, and several nonfoxhound breeds had no travel history. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: February 27, 2021

2021 journal article

Development of a Multiplex Droplet Digital PCR Assay for the Detection of Babesia, Bartonella, and Borrelia Species

PATHOGENS, 10(11).

By: R. Maggi n, E. Breitschwerdt n, B. Qurollo n & J. Miller*

author keywords: Babesia; Bartonella; Borrelia; Cytauxzoon; Piroplasma; Theileria; clinical diagnostics; molecular detection; digital droplet PCR; digital PCR
TL;DR: The ddPCR assay facilitated the simultaneous detection of co-infections with two and three vector-borne pathogens comprising four different genera (Babesia, Bartonella, Borrelia, and Theileria) from clinical and other sample sources. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: November 12, 2021

2021 journal article

Evaluation of a commercial microbial enrichment kit used prior DNA extraction to improve the molecular detection of vector-borne pathogens from naturally infected dogs

JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS, 188.

By: K. Oney*, M. Koo*, C. Roy*, S. Ren*, B. Qurollo n, N. Juhasz n, E. Vasconcelos*, B. Oakley*, P. Diniz*

author keywords: Tick-borne disease; 16S rRNA gene; Next-generation sequencing; Real-time PCR; MolYsis; Anaplasma phagocytophilum; Ehrlichia ewingii; Microbial community; DNA extraction
MeSH headings : Anaplasma / genetics; Anaplasma phagocytophilum; Animals; Bacteria / genetics; DNA, Bacterial / isolation & purification; DNA, Protozoan / isolation & purification; Dog Diseases / diagnosis; Dogs; Ehrlichia / genetics; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Microbiota; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / genetics; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / genetics; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tick-Borne Diseases; Vector Borne Diseases / diagnosis; Vector Borne Diseases / microbiology; Vector Borne Diseases / parasitology
TL;DR: Results from the three molecular methods suggest that the microbial concentrating kit did not improve the detection of VBPs, although significantly reduced the presence of host DNA. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: September 7, 2021

2020 journal article

Genetic diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia bacteria found in Dermacentor and Ixodes ticks in Mongolia

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES, 11(1).

By: M. Fricken*, B. Qurollo n, B. Boldbaatar, Y. Wang*, R. Jiang*, S. Lkhagvatseren, J. Koehler*, T. Moore* ...

author keywords: Anaplasma; Ehrlichia; Mongolia
MeSH headings : Anaplasma / genetics; Animals; Dermacentor / microbiology; Ehrlichia / genetics; Genetic Variation; Ixodes / microbiology; Mongolia
TL;DR: The results highlight the need for enhanced surveillance and prevention measures within Mongolia on tick-borne bacterial pathogens and the collective economic losses that can result from these pathogens. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: December 9, 2019

2020 journal article

MOLECULAR PREVALENCE OF SELECTED VECTOR-BORNE ORGANISMS IN CAPTIVE RED WOLVES (CANIS RUFUS)

JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, 51(3), 663–667.

By: J. Tyrrell n, B. Qurollo n, F. Mowat n & S. Kennedy-Stoskopf n

MeSH headings : Animals; Animals, Zoo; Endangered Species; Molecular Epidemiology; Prevalence; United States / epidemiology; Vector Borne Diseases / epidemiology; Vector Borne Diseases / microbiology; Vector Borne Diseases / parasitology; Vector Borne Diseases / veterinary; Wolves
TL;DR: Assessment of the prevalence of selected vector-borne pathogens in captive red wolves established a baseline that may facilitate ongoing disease monitoring in this species and are unlikely to constitute threats to red wolf conservation and breeding efforts under current captive management conditions. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
15. Life on Land (OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: February 8, 2021

2020 journal article

Molecular Characteristics of Rickettsia in Ticks Collected along the Southern Border of Mongolia

PATHOGENS, 9(11).

By: M. Fricken*, M. Voorhees*, J. Koehler*, C. Asbun*, B. Lam*, B. Qurollo n, K. Hogan*, U. Baasandagva*, B. Jigjav*, R. Schoepp*

author keywords: Mongolia; Rickettsia; tick-borne diseases; Hyalomma; Dermacentor; surveillance
TL;DR: The high detection of Rickettsia suggests a substantial risk of infection in southern Mongolia, and further studies are necessary to investigate the clinical burden of tick-borne diseases in Mongolia. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: December 21, 2020

2020 journal article

Novel Rickettsia Species Infecting Dogs, United States

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 26(12), 3011–3015.

By: J. Wilson n, E. Breitschwerdt n, N. Juhasz n, H. Marr n, J. Galvao n, C. Pratt n, B. Qurollo n

MeSH headings : Animals; Dog Diseases / epidemiology; Dogs; Phylogeny; Rickettsia / genetics; Rickettsia Infections / epidemiology; Rickettsia Infections / veterinary; United States / epidemiology
TL;DR: Multilocus phylogenetic analysis showed the dogs were infected with a novel Rickettsia species related to humanRickettsia pathogens. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: February 15, 2021

2019 journal article

Clinicopathological findings in 41 dogs (2008‐2018) naturally infected with Ehrlichia ewingii

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33(2), 618–629.

By: B. Qurollo n, J. Buch*, R. Chandrashekar*, M. Beall*, E. Breitschwerdt n, C. Yancey*, A. Caudill n, A. Comyn n

author keywords: canine; granulocytic ehrlichiosis; tick borne
MeSH headings : Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial / blood; Blood Cell Count / veterinary; Borrelia burgdorferi / immunology; Dog Diseases / blood; Dog Diseases / diagnosis; Dogs; Ehrlichia / immunology; Ehrlichia canis / immunology; Ehrlichiosis / diagnosis; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Female; Male; Retrospective Studies; Serologic Tests / veterinary
TL;DR: Renal disease, IMHA, proteinuria, neutrophilia, abnormal lymphocytes, and increased liver enzyme activities were common in this group of E. ewingii‐infected dogs and studies are needed to determine if E. Ewingii contributes to comorbidities or is a precipitating factor in clinical syndromes in persistently infected dogs. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: April 22, 2019

2019 journal article

Feline Vector-Borne Diseases in North America

VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE, 49(4), 687-+.

By: B. Qurollo n

author keywords: Feline; Bartonella; Cytauxzoon; Anaplasma; Ehrlichia; Borrelia; Hepatozoon; Rickettsia
MeSH headings : Animals; Arthropod Vectors / microbiology; Arthropod Vectors / parasitology; Cat Diseases / epidemiology; Cat Diseases / microbiology; Cat Diseases / parasitology; Cat Diseases / transmission; Cats; North America / epidemiology
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: July 1, 2019

2019 journal article

Molecular identification of vector-borne organisms in Ehrlichia seropositive Nicaraguan horses and first report of Rickettsia felis infection in the horse

ACTA TROPICA, 200.

By: J. Tyrrell n, B. Qurollo n, S. Tornquist*, K. Schlaich*, J. Kelsey*, R. Chandrashekar*, E. Breitschwerdt n

author keywords: Tick-borne disease; Equine rickettsiosis; Piroplasmosis; Babesia caballi; Theileria equi; Ehrlichia species H7
MeSH headings : Animals; Disease Vectors; Ehrlichia / genetics; Ehrlichia / isolation & purification; Ehrlichiosis / diagnosis; Ehrlichiosis / epidemiology; Horses / microbiology; Nicaragua / epidemiology; Rickettsia Infections / diagnosis; Rickettsia Infections / epidemiology; Rickettsia felis / genetics; Rickettsia felis / isolation & purification
TL;DR: To the authors' knowledge, this constitutes the first report of molecular detection of R. felis in horses. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: December 16, 2019

2018 journal article

Babesia gibsoni cytochrome b mutations in canine blood samples submitted to a US veterinary diagnostic laboratory

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 32(6), 1965–1969.

By: A. Birkenheuer n, H. Marr n, J. Wilson n, E. Breitschwerdt n & B. Qurollo n

author keywords: atovaquone; mitochondrial; pharmacogenomics; resistance
MeSH headings : Animals; Babesia / genetics; Babesiosis / blood; Babesiosis / epidemiology; Babesiosis / parasitology; Cytochromes b / genetics; Dog Diseases / blood; Dog Diseases / epidemiology; Dog Diseases / parasitology; Dogs; Mutation / genetics; Pathology, Veterinary / statistics & numerical data; Prevalence; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary; United States / epidemiology
TL;DR: The study reaffirms that B. gibsoni infection is widespread and most commonly detected in American Staffordshire Terrier/American Pit Bull Terrier dogs and that the prevalence of cytb mutations does not warrant pretreatment genotyping. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: December 31, 2018

2018 journal article

Molecular surveillance of novel tick-borne organisms in Madagascar's lemurs

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES, 9(3), 672–677.

By: B. Qurollo n, P. Larsen*, H. Rakotondrainibe, K. Mahefarisoa*, T. Rajaonarivelo, J. Razafindramanana, E. Breitschwerdt n, R. Junge*, C. Williams*

author keywords: Babesia; Borrelia; Neoehrlichia; Lemurs; Madagascar; One health
MeSH headings : Animals; Babesia / genetics; Babesia / isolation & purification; Babesia / pathogenicity; Babesiosis / epidemiology; Babesiosis / parasitology; Borrelia / genetics; Borrelia / isolation & purification; Borrelia / pathogenicity; Humans; Ixodes / microbiology; Lemur / microbiology; Lemur / parasitology; Lyme Disease / epidemiology; Lyme Disease / microbiology; Lyme Disease / veterinary; Madagascar / epidemiology; One Health; Tick-Borne Diseases / epidemiology; Tick-Borne Diseases / microbiology; Tick-Borne Diseases / parasitology; Tick-Borne Diseases / veterinary; Zoonoses / epidemiology; Zoonoses / microbiology; Zoonoses / parasitology
TL;DR: This study lends support to the One Health concept by highlighting the prevalence of three blood-borne organisms in wild lemurs living in close proximity to domesticated species and humans in Madagascar. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: August 6, 2018

2018 journal article

Potentially Same Novel Ehrlichia Species in Horses in Nicaragua and Brazil

Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(5), 953–953.

MeSH headings : Animals; Brazil / epidemiology; Ehrlichia / classification; Ehrlichiosis / epidemiology; Ehrlichiosis / parasitology; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Horse Diseases / epidemiology; Horse Diseases / parasitology; Horses; Nicaragua / epidemiology
Sources: Web Of Science, Crossref, ORCID
Added: August 6, 2018

2018 journal article

The microbiome of Haemaphysalis lemuris (Acari: Ixodidae), a possible vector of pathogens of endangered lemur species in Madagascar

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES, 9(5), 1252–1260.

By: P. Lado*, B. Qurollo n, C. Williams*, R. Junge* & H. Klompen*

author keywords: Lemurs; Endosymbiont community; Primate conservation; Ticks; Tick-borne diseases; Microbiota
MeSH headings : Animals; Arachnid Vectors / microbiology; Babesia / genetics; Babesia / isolation & purification; Bartonella / genetics; Bartonella / isolation & purification; Borrelia / genetics; Borrelia / isolation & purification; Borrelia / pathogenicity; Endangered Species; Ixodidae / microbiology; Lemur / parasitology; Microbiota; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rickettsia / genetics; Rickettsia / isolation & purification; Rickettsia / pathogenicity; Tick Infestations / epidemiology; Tick Infestations / parasitology; Tick Infestations / veterinary; Tick-Borne Diseases / epidemiology; Tick-Borne Diseases / microbiology; Tick-Borne Diseases / veterinary
TL;DR: Analysis of the microbiome of Haemaphysalis lemuris, the most common tick parasitizing lemurs in their native habitats, shows that there is a distinct "host" (lemur species) component when explaining the differences among and between microbial communities of H. lemuri, consistent with the hypothesis that these ectoparasites may act as vector for these pathogens. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
15. Life on Land (OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: August 6, 2018

2017 journal article

Doxycycline treatment efficacy in dogs with naturally occurring Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection

Journal of Small Animal Practice, 59(5), 286–293.

By: C. Yancey n, P. Diniz*, E. Breitschwerdt n, B. Hegarty n, C. Wiesen* & B. Qurollo n

MeSH headings : Anaplasma phagocytophilum / drug effects; Anaplasma phagocytophilum / genetics; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents / administration & dosage; Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use; DNA, Bacterial / blood; DNA, Bacterial / isolation & purification; Dog Diseases / drug therapy; Dog Diseases / microbiology; Dogs; Doxycycline / administration & dosage; Doxycycline / therapeutic use; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Lymph Nodes / microbiology; Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary; United States
TL;DR: The results of this study support the efficacy of doxycycline therapy for clinical treatment of dogs naturally infected with A. phagocytophilum in the USA. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
3. Good Health and Well-being (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2017 journal article

Improved molecular detection of Babesia infections in animals using a novel quantitative real-time PCR diagnostic assay targeting mitochondrial DNA

Parasites & Vectors, 10(1).

By: B. Qurollo n, N. Archer n, M. Schreeg n, H. Marr n, A. Birkenheuer n, K. Haney n, B. Thomas n, E. Breitschwerdt n

author keywords: Canine babesiosis; Babesia; Mitochondrial DNA; Quantitative PCR
MeSH headings : Animals; Babesia / classification; Babesiosis / diagnosis; Babesiosis / parasitology; DNA, Mitochondrial / genetics; DNA, Protozoan / genetics; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
TL;DR: A more sensitive qPCR assay with a more expansive range of Babesia spp. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
15. Life on Land (OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2017 journal article

Prevalence of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Southern California Dogs With Clinical and Laboratory Abnormalities Consistent With Immune-Mediated Disease

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 31(4), 1081–1090.

By: L. Kidd*, B. Qurollo n, M. Lappin*, K. Richter*, J. Hart*, S. Hill*, C. Osmond*, E. Breitschwerdt n

author keywords: Anaplasmosis; Babesiosis; Ehrlichiosis; Flea; Immune-mediated; Rickettsioses; Tick
MeSH headings : Animals; Babesia; Babesiosis / diagnosis; Babesiosis / epidemiology; Babesiosis / immunology; California / epidemiology; Disease Vectors; Dog Diseases / diagnosis; Dog Diseases / epidemiology; Dog Diseases / immunology; Dogs; Ehrlichia; Ehrlichiosis / diagnosis; Ehrlichiosis / epidemiology; Ehrlichiosis / immunology; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Female; Male; Prevalence; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
TL;DR: Repeated testing using serology and PCR enhances detection of infection by vector‐borne pathogens in dogs with clinical signs of immune‐mediated disease. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2016 journal article

A putative marker for human pathogenic strains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum correlates with geography and host, but not human tropism

Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases, 7(2), 390–393.

By: J. Foley*, N. Stephenson*, M. Cubilla*, B. Qurollo n & E. Breitschwerdt n

author keywords: Dog; Horse; Host-niche polymorphism; Ixodes pacificus; Tick-borne disease
MeSH headings : Anaplasma phagocytophilum / genetics; Anaplasma phagocytophilum / isolation & purification; Animals; Arachnid Vectors / microbiology; Biomarkers / metabolism; Dog Diseases / microbiology; Dogs; Ehrlichiosis / microbiology; Geography; Horse Diseases / microbiology; Horses; Host Specificity; Humans; Ixodes / microbiology; Membrane Proteins / genetics; Membrane Proteins / metabolism; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA / veterinary; Tropism
TL;DR: Assessing 117 strains from 14 host species from across the US found thatPhylogenetic clades were associated with geography, but not host species, and a virulent clade that lacks drhm and infects dogs, horses, and humans in northeastern US was identified. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2015 journal article

Naturally OccurringEhrlichia ewingiiandMycoplasmasp. Co-Infection in a Goat

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29(6), 1735–1738.

By: K. Meichner n, B. Qurollo n, K. Anderson n, C. Grindem n, M. Savage n & E. Breitschwerdt n

author keywords: Caprine; Ehrlichiosis; Tick-borne disease
MeSH headings : Animals; Coinfection / microbiology; Coinfection / veterinary; Ehrlichia / isolation & purification; Ehrlichiosis / complications; Ehrlichiosis / microbiology; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Female; Goat Diseases / microbiology; Goats; Mycoplasma / isolation & purification; Mycoplasma Infections / complications; Mycoplasma Infections / microbiology; Mycoplasma Infections / veterinary; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Bacterial / genetics; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / genetics
TL;DR: A 9-year-old nonpregnant, nonlactating doe Boer goat was examined because of a 2-day history of not being able to stand and some degree of chronicity was considered likely. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
14. Life Below Water (OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2015 journal article

Potentially Novel Ehrlichia Species in Horses, Nicaragua

Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21(2), 335–338.

By: V. O’Nion, H. Montilla, B. Qurollo*, R. Maggi*, B. Hegarty*, S. Tornquist, E. Breitschwerdt*

MeSH headings : Animals; Ehrlichia / classification; Ehrlichia / genetics; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Horse Diseases / epidemiology; Horse Diseases / microbiology; Horses; Molecular Typing; Nicaragua / epidemiology; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / genetics; Serotyping
TL;DR: Sequencing of 16S rDNA, sodB, and groEL genes indicated that the bacterium is most likely a novel Ehrlichia species and the potential for canine and human infection remain unknown. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2015 journal article

Serological and molecular analysis of feline vector-borne anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis using species-specific peptides and PCR

Parasites & Vectors, 8(1), 320.

By: B. Hegarty n, B. Qurollo n, B. Thomas n, K. Park n, R. Chandrashekar*, M. Beall*, B. Thatcher*, E. Breitschwerdt n

author keywords: Anaplasma; Borrelia; Ehrlichia; Cats; Vector-borne pathogens
MeSH headings : Anaplasma / genetics; Anaplasma / immunology; Anaplasma / isolation & purification; Anaplasmosis / blood; Anaplasmosis / diagnosis; Anaplasmosis / microbiology; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial / blood; Cat Diseases / blood; Cat Diseases / diagnosis; Cat Diseases / microbiology; Cats; Ehrlichia / genetics; Ehrlichia / immunology; Ehrlichia / isolation & purification; Ehrlichiosis / blood; Ehrlichiosis / diagnosis; Ehrlichiosis / microbiology; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Female; Male; Peptides / genetics; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prospective Studies; Species Specificity
TL;DR: This study provides the first evidence for E.chaffeensis and E.ewingii infection in naturally-exposed cats in North America and supports the need for regional, serological and molecular FVBP prevalence studies, and the need to further optimize serodiagnostic and PCR testing for cats. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2014 journal article

A serological survey of tick-borne pathogens in dogs in North America and the Caribbean as assessed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. platys, Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii, and Borrelia burgdorferi species-specific peptides.

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, 4(1), 24699.

By: B. Qurollo, R. Chandrashekar, B. Hegarty, M. Beall, B. Stillman, J. Liu, B. Thatcher, E. Pultorak ...

Sources: NC State University Libraries, ORCID
Added: December 28, 2020

2014 journal article

Case Report: Molecular Evidence of Anaplasma platys Infection in Two Women from Venezuela

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE, 91(6), 1161–1165.

By: C. Arraga-Alvarado, B. Qurollo*, O. Parra, M. Berrueta, B. Hegarty* & E. Breitschwerdt*

MeSH headings : Adult; Anaplasma / genetics; Anaplasmosis / diagnosis; Base Sequence; DNA Primers; DNA, Bacterial / genetics; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Venezuela
TL;DR: Two case reports of Anaplasma platys detection in two women from Venezuela are presented, providing further support for A. platys as a zoonotic tick-borne pathogen, most likely of low pathogenicity. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID
Added: August 6, 2018

2014 journal article

Co-infection with Anaplasma platys, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella koehlerae and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ in a cat diagnosed with splenic plasmacytosis and multiple myeloma

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 16(8), 713–720.

By: B. Qurollo n, N. Balakrishnan n, C. Cannon n, R. Maggi n & E. Breitschwerdt n

MeSH headings : Animals; Bartonella Infections / veterinary; Cat Diseases / diagnosis; Cat Diseases / drug therapy; Cats; Coinfection; Doxycycline / therapeutic use; Multiple Myeloma / diagnosis; Multiple Myeloma / drug therapy; Multiple Myeloma / veterinary; Mycoplasma Infections / drug therapy; Mycoplasma Infections / veterinary; Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
TL;DR: Co-infection with multiple vector-borne pathogens should be a diagnostic consideration in cats with chronic hypergammaglobulinemia, monoclonal gammopathy and splenic plasmacytosis. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2014 journal article

Development and Validation of a Sensitive and Specific sodB-Based Quantitative PCR Assay for Molecular Detection of Ehrlichia Species

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 52(11), 4030–4032.

By: B. Qurollo n, D. Riggins n, A. Comyn n, M. Zewde n & E. Breitschwerdt n

MeSH headings : Animals; Bacterial Proteins / genetics; DNA, Bacterial / chemistry; DNA, Bacterial / genetics; Dogs; Ehrlichia / genetics; Ehrlichia / isolation & purification; Ehrlichiosis / diagnosis; Ehrlichiosis / microbiology; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / genetics; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Superoxide Dismutase / genetics
TL;DR: A sensitive and specific sodB-based quantitative PCR assay to detect Ehrlichia spp. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
15. Life on Land (OpenAlex)
Sources: Crossref, ORCID, Web Of Science
Added: August 6, 2018

2014 journal article

Intraoperative Bleeding in Dogs from Grenada Seroreactive to Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28(6), 1702–1707.

By: M. Lanza-Perea*, U. Zieger*, B. Qurollo n, B. Hegarty n, E. Pultorak n, S. Kumthekar*, R. Bruhl-Day*, E. Breitschwerdt n

author keywords: Hemostasis; Infection; Rickettsia; Ticks
MeSH headings : Anaplasma; Anaplasmosis / blood; Anaplasmosis / complications; Anaplasmosis / epidemiology; Animals; Blood Loss, Surgical / veterinary; Dog Diseases / blood; Dog Diseases / epidemiology; Dog Diseases / etiology; Dog Diseases / microbiology; Dogs; Ehrlichia canis; Ehrlichiosis / blood; Ehrlichiosis / complications; Ehrlichiosis / epidemiology; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Female; Grenada / epidemiology; Male; Partial Thromboplastin Time / veterinary; Platelet Count / veterinary; Prothrombin Time / veterinary
TL;DR: Bleeding scores in dogs coseroreactive for A. platys and E. canis may have increased intraoperative bleeding tendencies despite normal hemostatic parameters, and improved tick control is needed for dogs in Grenada. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2014 journal article

Intravascular persistence of Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Ehrlichia ewingii DNA in the blood of a dog and two family members

Parasites & Vectors, 7(1), 298.

By: E. Breitschwerdt n, B. Hegarty n, B. Qurollo n, T. Saito*, R. Maggi n, L. Blanton*, D. Bouyer*

author keywords: Anaplasma; Ehrlichia; Rickettsemia; PCR; DNA sequencing
MeSH headings : Adolescent; Anaplasma / isolation & purification; Anaplasmosis / blood; Anaplasmosis / microbiology; Animals; Dog Diseases / blood; Dog Diseases / microbiology; Dogs; Ehrlichia / isolation & purification; Ehrlichiosis / blood; Ehrlichiosis / microbiology; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Serologic Tests
TL;DR: Serology and PCR targeting multiple microbial genes, followed by DNA sequencing, was used to test sequential blood samples and provided molecular evidence supporting intravascular persistence of A. platys and Ehrlichia spp. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2014 journal article

Regional Seroreactivity and Vector-Borne Disease Co-Exposures in Dogs in the United States from 2004–2010: Utility of Canine Surveillance

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 14(10), 724–732.

By: C. Yancey*, B. Hegarty n, B. Qurollo n, M. Levy n, A. Birkenheuer n, D. Weber*, P. Diniz*, E. Breitschwerdt n

author keywords: Dirofilaria; Rickettsia; Babesia; Ehrlichia; United States; Anaplasma; Borrelia; Bartonella; Surveillance
MeSH headings : Anaplasma / immunology; Anaplasmosis / epidemiology; Animals; Arachnid Vectors / microbiology; Arachnid Vectors / parasitology; Babesia / immunology; Babesiosis / epidemiology; Bartonella / immunology; Bartonella Infections / epidemiology; Bartonella Infections / veterinary; Borrelia burgdorferi / immunology; Coinfection / veterinary; Dirofilaria immitis / immunology; Dirofilariasis / epidemiology; Dog Diseases / epidemiology; Dog Diseases / microbiology; Dog Diseases / parasitology; Dog Diseases / transmission; Dogs; Ehrlichia / immunology; Ehrlichiosis / epidemiology; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Lyme Disease / epidemiology; Retrospective Studies; Rickettsia / immunology; Rickettsia Infections / epidemiology; Rickettsia Infections / veterinary; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Tick-Borne Diseases / epidemiology; Tick-Borne Diseases / microbiology; Tick-Borne Diseases / parasitology; Tick-Borne Diseases / veterinary; Ticks / microbiology; Ticks / parasitology; United States / epidemiology
TL;DR: Notable annual and regional seroreactivity variation was observed with certain pathogens over 7 years of study, suggesting canine surveillance studies may have value in contributing to future VBD knowledge. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
3. Good Health and Well-being (Web of Science; OpenAlex)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2013 journal article

Efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar against fleas, ticks and tick-borne pathogens in dogs

Parasites & Vectors, 6(1), 245.

By: F. Dantas-Torres*, G. Capelli*, A. Giannelli*, R. Ramos*, R. Lia*, C. Cantacessi*, D. de Caprariis*, A. De Tommasi* ...

author keywords: Canine vector-borne diseases; Anaplasma platys; Babesia vogeli; Hepatozoon canis; Prevention; Dog; Imidacloprid; Flumethrin; Tick
MeSH headings : Administration, Topical; Animals; Dog Diseases / prevention & control; Dogs; Female; Flea Infestations / prevention & control; Flea Infestations / veterinary; Imidazoles / administration & dosage; Insecticides / administration & dosage; Male; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds / administration & dosage; Pyrethrins / administration & dosage; Tick Infestations / prevention & control; Tick Infestations / veterinary; Tick-Borne Diseases / prevention & control; Tick-Borne Diseases / veterinary; Treatment Outcome
TL;DR: This study demonstrates that the imidacloprid/flumethrin collar is efficacious against flea and tick infestation as well as tick-borne pathogen transmission to dogs under field conditions. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2013 journal article

Infection with Panola MountainEhrlichiasp. in a Dog with Atypical Lymphocytes and Clonal T-Cell Expansion

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(5), 1251–1255.

By: B. Qurollo n, A. Davenport n, B. Sherbert n, C. Grindem n, A. Birkenheuer n & E. Breitschwerdt n

author keywords: Lymphocytosis; Panola Mountain Ehrlichia sp.; Clonal T-cell expansion; Bacteria; Tick vector
MeSH headings : Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use; Dog Diseases / microbiology; Dogs; Doxycycline / therapeutic use; Ehrlichia / classification; Ehrlichiosis / blood; Ehrlichiosis / drug therapy; Ehrlichiosis / veterinary; Liver / cytology; Lymph Nodes / cytology; Lymphocytosis / veterinary; Male; T-Lymphocytes / classification; T-Lymphocytes / cytology; T-Lymphocytes / physiology; Thrombocytopenia / veterinary
TL;DR: An 11-year-old, castrated male Scottish Terrier that lived predominantly indoors and had no travel history was referred to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Health Complex in October 2012 for routine reevaluation of hepatobiliary disease and morphologic abnormalities raised the suspicion of possible lymphoid neoplasia. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, Crossref
Added: August 6, 2018

2011 journal article

The Entomopathogenic Bacterial Endosymbionts Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: Convergent Lifestyles from Divergent Genomes

PLoS ONE, 6(11), e27909.

By: J. Chaston*, G. Suen*, S. Tucker*, A. Andersen*, A. Bhasin*, E. Bode*, H. Bode*, A. Brachmann* ...

Ed(s): J. Badger

MeSH headings : Animals; Chromosomes, Bacterial / genetics; DNA, Bacterial / chemistry; DNA, Bacterial / genetics; Enterobacteriaceae / classification; Enterobacteriaceae / genetics; Enterobacteriaceae / physiology; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial / genetics; Genomics / methods; Host-Parasite Interactions; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Insecta / microbiology; Insecta / parasitology; Molecular Sequence Data; Nematoda / microbiology; Nematoda / physiology; Photorhabdus / classification; Photorhabdus / genetics; Photorhabdus / physiology; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / genetics; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Species Specificity; Symbiosis; Xenorhabdus / classification; Xenorhabdus / genetics; Xenorhabdus / physiology
TL;DR: Findings indicate that evolutionary changes shaped by symbiotic interactions can follow different routes to achieve similar end points. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Crossref, ORCID
Added: July 20, 2019

2010 journal article

Epidermal growth factor enhances the malignant phenotype in canine mammary carcinoma cell lines

Veterinary and Comparative Oncology, 9(3), 196–206.

By: K. Kennedy*, B. Qurollo*, B. Rose* & D. Thamm*

author keywords: breast; dog; epidermal growth factor; vandetanib; ZD6474
MeSH headings : Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; Dog Diseases / drug therapy; Dog Diseases / pathology; Dogs; Epidermal Growth Factor / pharmacology; ErbB Receptors / antagonists & inhibitors; Female; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / drug therapy; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / pathology; Phosphorylation; Piperidines / pharmacology; Protein Kinase Inhibitors / pharmacology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / metabolism; Quinazolines / pharmacology; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / metabolism; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / metabolism
TL;DR: In conclusion, EGF stimulates multiple features promoting the malignant phenotype in CMT, which may be an important translational model for the investigation of novel EGFR-directed therapies. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
3. Good Health and Well-being (OpenAlex)
Sources: Crossref, ORCID
Added: July 20, 2019

2010 journal article

RT-PCR-based tyrosine kinase display profiling of canine melanoma: IGF-1 receptor as a potential therapeutic target

Melanoma Research, 20(1), 35–42.

By: D. Thamm*, M. Huelsmeyer*, A. Mitzey*, B. Qurollo*, B. Rose* & I. Kurzman*

author keywords: cancer; dog; insulin-like growth factor; polymerase chain reaction; tyrosine kinase
MeSH headings : Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Dog Diseases / drug therapy; Dog Diseases / enzymology; Dog Diseases / pathology; Dogs; Humans; Melanoma / drug therapy; Melanoma / enzymology; Melanoma / veterinary; Protein Kinase Inhibitors / pharmacology; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / biosynthesis; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / genetics; Pyrimidines / pharmacology; Pyrroles / pharmacology; Receptor, IGF Type 1 / antagonists & inhibitors; Receptor, IGF Type 1 / biosynthesis; Receptor, IGF Type 1 / genetics; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary; Signal Transduction / drug effects; Skin Neoplasms / drug therapy; Skin Neoplasms / enzymology; Skin Neoplasms / pathology; Skin Neoplasms / veterinary
TL;DR: It is suggested that similar TKs are expressed in human and canine melanoma, and shows potential antitumor effects of IGF-1R inhibition in CMM. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Crossref, ORCID
Added: July 20, 2019

2008 journal article

Pim2 Inhibitors from the Papua New Guinean PlantCupaniopsis macropetala⊥

Journal of Natural Products, 71(3), 451–452.

By: R. Davis*, M. Simpson*, R. Nugent*, A. Carroll*, V. Avery*, T. Rali*, H. Chen*, B. Qurallo*, R. Quinn*

MeSH headings : Gallic Acid / analogs & derivatives; Gallic Acid / chemistry; Gallic Acid / isolation & purification; Humans; Molecular Structure; Papua New Guinea; Plant Leaves / chemistry; Plants, Medicinal / chemistry; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors; Proto-Oncogene Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors; Quercetin / analogs & derivatives; Quercetin / chemistry; Quercetin / isolation & purification; Quercetin / pharmacology; Sapindaceae / chemistry; Tyramine / analogs & derivatives; Tyramine / chemistry; Tyramine / isolation & purification
TL;DR: Bioassay-guided fractionation of an organic extract from the leaves of Cupaniopsis macropetala resulted in the isolation of a new alkaloid, galloyl tyramine, together with the known flavonoid glycoside quercitrin, which was determined following 1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV, and MS data analysis. (via Semantic Scholar)
Sources: Crossref, ORCID
Added: July 20, 2019

2001 journal article

Characterization of the iron superoxide dismutase gene of <i>Azotobacter vinelandii</i>: <i>sodB</i> may be essential for viability

Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 47(1), 63–71.

By: B. Qurollo*, P. Bishop* & H. Hassan*

UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
Sources: Crossref, ORCID, Web Of Science
Added: August 6, 2018

2001 journal article

Genome Sequence of the Plant Pathogen and Biotechnology Agent Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58

Science, 294(5550), 2323–2328.

By: B. Goodner*, G. Hinkle, S. Gattung*, N. Miller*, M. Blanchard*, B. Qurollo*, B. Goldman*, Y. Cao ...

MeSH headings : Agrobacterium tumefaciens / classification; Agrobacterium tumefaciens / genetics; Agrobacterium tumefaciens / pathogenicity; Agrobacterium tumefaciens / physiology; Bacterial Proteins / chemistry; Bacterial Proteins / genetics; Bacterial Proteins / metabolism; Carrier Proteins / chemistry; Carrier Proteins / genetics; Carrier Proteins / metabolism; Cell Cycle; Chromosomes, Bacterial / genetics; DNA Replication; Genes, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Plant Tumors / microbiology; Plants / microbiology; Plasmids; Replicon; Rhizobiaceae / genetics; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Signal Transduction; Sinorhizobium meliloti / genetics; Synteny; Telomere; Virulence / genetics
TL;DR: The genome of A. tumefaciens strain C58 is described, which has an unusual structure consisting of one circular and one linear chromosome and additional genes potentially involved in virulence and metabolic parasitism of host plants. (via Semantic Scholar)
UN Sustainable Development Goal Categories
2. Zero Hunger (OpenAlex)
Sources: Crossref, ORCID
Added: September 9, 2019

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