@article{taylor_nowell_2024, title={Institutional Approaches for Studying System-Oriented Networks}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/12/5/159}, DOI={10.3390/systems12050159}, abstractNote={Institutional, policy, and management scholars and practitioners are increasingly interested in leveraging network perspectives, methods, and data to understand complex social phenomena, including the various stages of the policy process, community mobilization, and coupled natural and human systems. Viewing these phenomena through the lens of system-oriented networks can be valuable for understanding and intervening within complex policy arenas. However, currently, there is no clear consensus on who and what constitutes a relevant actor in a system-oriented network. Furthermore, numerous conceptual and methodological traditions for conceptualizing, measuring, and analyzing system-oriented networks have arisen, and each is linked to different disciplinary traditions. In this paper, we showcase six approaches from the public policy and public management literature for conceptualizing and analyzing system-oriented networks. We offer a conceptual framework for characterizing different approaches which considers differences in their focal system of interest, analytical focus, theoretical orientation, and approach for determining network boundaries. We review these elements with an eye toward helping scholars and practitioners interested in system-oriented networks to make informed decisions about the array of available approaches.}, journal={Systems}, author={Taylor, Cody and Nowell, Branda}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{jones_vukomanovic_nowell_mcgovern_2024, title={MAPPING WILDFIRE JURISDICTIONAL COMPLEXITY REVEALS OPPORTUNITIES FOR REGIONAL CO-MANAGEMENT}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1872-9495"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102804}, abstractNote={Wildfires often burn across boundaries affecting multiple jurisdictions, landowners and levels of government. Wildfire co-management across jurisdictions is expected to increase in complexity as wildfire severity, size, and frequency increase due to climate change, and growing populations bring more people into close proximity with wildfire. A systematic method to assess jurisdictional complexity for wildfire management is needed to effectively allocate resources and plan for future wildfire management conditions. Here, we developed an open-source framework of decision rules to count jurisdictions and landowners by coupling nearly 9,000 historic wildfire footprints that occurred across 43 U.S. states between 1999 and 2020 with geospatial jurisdictional data. We found that the number of annual wildfires greater than 500 acres has increased through time, with a proportional increase in the number of the highly complex (>7 jurisdictions; >3 levels of government) wildfires. Most wildfires burned 2–3 jurisdictions and 1 or 2 land ownerships, and the most common co-managed wildfires occurred on federal and private lands. On average, the western United States, specifically the Mediterranean California ecoregion, has more jurisdictionally complex wildfires, but the eastern United States, namely the Appalachian Mountains, has localized areas that experienced multiple wildfires with high and varied jurisdictional complexity. The prairies of Texas contained the largest extent of average low complexity wildfires. Of the 43 states that contained a wildfire, 41 had a census place that was burned or within 5 miles of a wildfire boundary, and overall, the annual number of census places near wildfires appears to be increasing through time. We demonstrate a framework that can be used to quantify jurisdictional complexity from observed wildfire boundaries and provide a baseline for discussing jurisdictional complexity at a national, regional, and sub-regional scale. This framework may also be adapted to other hazards or multi-jurisdictional phenomena that have geospatial boundary objects.}, journal={GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS}, author={Jones, Kate and Vukomanovic, Jelena and Nowell, Branda and Mcgovern, Shannon}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{nowell_steelman_velez_albrecht_2022, title={Co-management during crisis: insights from jurisdictionally complex wildfires}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1448-5516"]}, DOI={10.1071/WF21139}, abstractNote={There is a general agreement within the wildfire community that exclusively top–down approaches to policy making and management are limited and that we need to build governance capacity to cooperatively manage across jurisdictional boundaries. Accordingly, the concept of co-management has grown in popularity as a theoretical lens through which to understand cooperative multi-jurisdictional response to wildland fires. However, definitional ambiguity has led to on-going debates about what co-management is. Further, there is limited understanding about the nature of co-management during crisis events. This had led to scholars posing the question: what is co-management in the context of jurisdictionally complex wildfire? In this paper, we seek to address this question based on interviews with leaders engaged in the management of jurisdictionally complex wildfire incidents. We propose a multi-level framework for conceiving co-management as strategic efforts of individual actors to cooperatively manage perceived interdependencies with others through one or more formal or informal institutional arrangements. We then demonstrate the value of the proposed framework in its ability to organise a series of questions for diagnosing co-management situations within the context of jurisdictionally complex wildfires.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE}, author={Nowell, Branda and Steelman, Toddi and Velez, Anne-lise and Albrecht, Kate}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{yang_nowell_2021, title={Network isomorphism?: A network perspective on the symbolic performance of purpose-oriented networks}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1559-3169"]}, DOI={10.1080/10967494.2020.1824949}, abstractNote={Abstract While there has been increasing interest in understanding network performance in public and nonprofit sectors, the existing literature on network performance has primarily focused on the internal functioning of networks, paying less attention to the external environment. In this study, we address this gap by adopting a network domain perspective in combination with social network analysis technique to examine both internal and external stakeholder assessments of network’s symbolic performance. Examining a case where multiple networks exist in one county who all focused on the health domain, the study aims to test competing hypotheses built upon institutional theory and strategic management literature on the relationship between network isomorphism and networks’ symbolic performance. Our findings aim to contribute to both the public network literature as well as advance institutional theory within networked environments.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC MANAGEMENT JOURNAL}, author={Yang, Zheng and Nowell, Branda}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={350–377} }
 @article{steelman_nowell_velez_scott_2021, title={Pathways of Representation in Network Governance: Evidence from Multi-Jurisdictional Disasters}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1477-9803"]}, DOI={10.1093/jopart/muab004}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND THEORY}, author={Steelman, Toddi and Nowell, Branda and Velez, Anne-Lise and Scott, Ryan}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={723–739} }
 @article{prati_procentese_albanesi_cicognani_fedi_gatti_mannarini_rochira_tartaglia_boyd_et al._2020, title={Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the sense of community responsibility scale}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1520-6629"]}, DOI={10.1002/jcop.22366}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Prati, Gabriele and Procentese, Fortuna and Albanesi, Cinzia and Cicognani, Elvira and Fedi, Angela and Gatti, Flora and Mannarini, Terri and Rochira, Alessia and Tartaglia, Stefano and Boyd, Neil and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={1770–1790} }
 @article{boyd_nowell_2020, title={Sense of community, sense of community responsibility, organizational commitment and identification, and public service motivation: a simultaneous test of affective states on employee well-being and engagement in a public service work context}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1471-9045"]}, DOI={10.1080/14719037.2020.1740301}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The present study has two aims. First, we examine sense of community, sense of community responsibility, organizational commitment and identification, and PSM in predicting measures of employee engagement and well-being. Second, we examine if PSM acts as a direct or indirect predictor of the employee measures. The findings highlight that community experiences are powerful predictors and that the role of PSM is more indirect than direct. The study provides a step forward in understanding the utility of psychological predictors when simultaneously compared, and offers hope for future studies where we continue to conduct comparative analyses beyond the boundary of public management.}, number={7}, journal={PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REVIEW}, author={Boyd, Neil M. and Nowell, Branda}, year={2020}, pages={1024–1050} }
 @article{nowell_albrecht_2019, title={A Reviewer's Guide to Qualitative Rigor}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1477-9803"]}, DOI={10.1093/jopart/muy052}, abstractNote={Institutions are useful for advancing methodologies within disciplines. Through required coursework, doctoral students are indoctrinated into basic guidelines and frameworks that provide a common foundation for scholars to interact with one another. Lacking such forums in many of our doctoral granting institutions (Stout 2013), the field of public management continues to struggle with an ambivalence toward qualitative approaches. Lack of shared understanding concerning basic tenets of qualitative methodology abounds. This article is intended for qualitative consumers, those not formally trained in qualitative methods but who serve as peer reviewers, content experts, and advisors in arenas where qualitative methods are encountered. Adopting a postpositivistic stance dominant in the field, we seek to offer a pragmatic perspective on qualitative methods with regards to some basic tenets of rigor appropriate (and inappropriate) for assessing the contribution of qualitative research. We argue that the first step in this effort is to stop conflating data type (qualitative versus quantitative) with inductive versus deductive modes of inquiry. Using deductive modes as the basis for comparison, we discuss both common, as well as, diverging criteria of quality and rigor for inductive modes of inquiry. We conclude with a discussion of rigor in emerging methods which utilize qualitative data but from within a deductive, mixed, or hybrid mode of inquiry.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND THEORY}, author={Nowell, Branda and Albrecht, Kate}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={348–363} }
 @article{nowell_steelman_2019, title={Beyond ICS: How Should We Govern Complex Disasters in the United States?}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1547-7355"]}, DOI={10.1515/jhsem-2018-0067}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF HOMELAND SECURITY AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT}, author={Nowell, Branda and Steelman, Toddi}, year={2019}, month={May} }
 @article{steelman_nowell_2019, title={Evidence of effectiveness in the Cohesive Strategy: measuring and improving wildfire response}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1448-5516"]}, DOI={10.1071/WF18136}, abstractNote={
The United States’ National Cohesive Wildfire Management Strategy aims to achieve greater social and ecological resilience to wildfire. It also raises the question: cohesive for whom and for what purpose? In this article, we address the wildfire response goal and what a cohesive response means. Namely, we define a cohesive response as the ability to co-manage across scales for a more effective wildfire response. Our approach is grounded in the reality of the growing complexity of wildfire – both biophysically and socio-politically. We suggest that suppression and fire operations are necessary, but insufficient in the face of this growing complexity as we seek safer and effective wildfire response. Using network-based concepts and drawing from the literature on socio-ecological resilience, we consider how scales can be matched, what can and should be communicated across scales, and what this means for creating more adaptable institutions for more effective wildfire response. Survey results from 21 fires during the 2013 wildfire season are presented to illustrate relative areas of strength and weakness related to wildfire response and how these measurements can feed into processes to facilitate social learning, adaptation and ultimately more resilient socio-ecological wildfire response institutions.
}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE}, author={Steelman, Toddi and Nowell, Branda}, year={2019}, pages={267–274} }
 @article{methodological considerations in pre- and post-emergency network identification and data collection for disaster risk reduction: lessons from wildfire response networks in the american northwest_2019, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101260}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101260}, abstractNote={While social network analysis continues to enjoy considerable attention, literature on social network data collection often lacks explicit attention to methods. This presents special challenges to approaching the problems of undertaking social network analysis and of studying disaster preparedness, planning, and, ultimately, risk reduction. In this paper, we address this issue by presenting our synthesis of several strategies for network analyses from our processes for network identification and data collection in a longitudinal study of multi-jurisdictional, inter-agency wildfire response networks in the American Northwest. In the course of this ongoing project, the process of detecting and collecting data on pre-existing and emergent networks in the real world was not a matter of one theoretical or empirical judgement, but rather several. We alternated between: (1) spatio-ecological detection of jurisdictions adjacent to areas at-risk for large wildfires; (2) a hybrid approach to selecting actors and agencies identified as common participants in wildfire response networks; and (3) event-based detections of parties to specific wildfire response networks. We conclude with steps for thinking through network identification and bounding, integrating networks, conceptualizing rosters and ties in initial and events-based phases, and how to manage longitudinal network data collection.}, journal={International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{networks of networks? toward an external perspective on whole networks_2019, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz005}, DOI={10.1093/ppmgov/gvz005}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Perspectives on Public Management and Governance}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @article{purpose-oriented networks: the architecture of complexity_2019, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz012}, DOI={10.1093/ppmgov/gvz012}, journal={Perspectives on Public Management and Governance}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @article{boyd_nowell_2018, title={Community at Work: Sensing Community Through Needs Fulfillment and Responsibility}, ISBN={["978-3-319-77415-2"]}, ISSN={["1389-6903"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-77416-9_2}, abstractNote={Scholars have recently been increasing attention to the topic of developing communities in organizational settings, however there has been a lack of theoretical grounding and empirical science demonstrating the importance of community experiences at work. This began to change when Nowell and Boyd (2010) developed the Community Experience Framework, which proposes that the experience of community can take two conceptually distinct forms: (1) the experience of a community as a resource and (2) the experience of community as a responsibility. This chapter will highlight the recent progression of scholarship on community at work, detail our empirical knowledge on the subject to date, and offer insights into the importance of developing communities in organizational settings.}, journal={HANDBOOK OF COMMUNITY MOVEMENTS AND LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY}, author={Boyd, Neil M. and Nowell, Branda}, year={2018}, pages={25–39} }
 @article{boyd_nowell_yang_hano_2018, title={Sense of Community, Sense of Community Responsibility, and Public Service Motivation as Predictors of Employee Well-Being and Engagement in Public Service Organizations}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1552-3357"]}, DOI={10.1177/0275074017692875}, abstractNote={ Public management scholars have suggested that employee motivation can be accentuated by organizational cultures and contexts. One of the most researched topics in this regard is the concept of public service motivation (PSM). Research shows that PSM works to direct applicants toward public service careers and, once hired, can be linked to motivated activity within public-sector organizations. Similarly, like PSM, a sense of community (SOC) and a sense of community responsibility (SOC-R) have also been posited to act as powerful predictors of employee well-being and engagement. The present study demonstrates that SOC-R is a more powerful predictor of employee engagement compared with PSM and SOC. Concurrently, SOC more strongly predicts employee well-being compared with PSM and SOC-R. The findings bring additional light and clarification to the predictive power of PSM on employee perceptions and behavior, and they demonstrate that community experiences have utility in public service settings. }, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN REVIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION}, author={Boyd, Neil and Nowell, Branda and Yang, Zheng and Hano, Mary Clare}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={428–443} }
 @article{studying networks in complex problem domains: advancing methods in boundary specification_2018, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvx015}, DOI={10.1093/ppmgov/gvx015}, abstractNote={The application of network perspectives and methods to study complex problem and policy domains has proliferated in the public management literature. Network metrics are highly sensitive to boundary decisions as findings are a direct reflection of who and what was considered to be part of the network. The more complex the problem domain, the messier the network and the more challenging it is for researchers to determine network boundaries. Laumann, Marsden, and Prensky’s seminal (1989) article on network bounding highlighted the theoretical and methodological significance associated with determinations of network boundaries in social network research. However, despite an expansion of network scholarship, the advancement of frameworks aimed at assisting scholars in thinking through the relative advantages and disadvantages of different boundary determinations has received limited attention. This article addresses this gap. Drawing insights from three network studies, we argue that problem domain characteristics and concerns such as formal structures, isolates, disconnected subgroups and/or the duration of the ties will be differentially emphasized with different boundary approaches. We leverage these insights to advance a framework for aiding network scholars working in complex problem domains to consider the strengths and limitations of varied bounding approaches in relation to the question at hand.}, journal={Perspectives on Public Management and Governance}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{nowell_steelman_velez_yang_2018, title={The Structure of Effective Governance of Disaster Response Networks: Insights From the Field}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1552-3357"]}, DOI={10.1177/0275074017724225}, abstractNote={There is significant debate about the appropriate governance structure in a disaster response. Complex disasters exhibit both networked and hierarchical characteristics. One challenge in the field of disaster management is how to structure a response that reconciles the need for centralized coordination among varied responders while retaining flexibility to mutually adjust operations to quickly changing conditions. A key question with both practical and theoretical relevance is, “are there patterns of relationships that are more robust, efficient and effective?” Missing from the current literature is empirical evidence and theory building concerning what actual network structures and characteristics might be associated with effective incident response to complex disasters. In this article, we collected network cognition data from 25 elite, Type 1 Incident Commanders to construct an ideal-type theoretical social network of an effective incident response network. We then analyzed this model to identify a set of propositions concerning the network structure and governance of effective incident response relative to four key network capabilities: (a) rapid adaptation in response to changing conditions, (b) management of distributed information, (c) bilateral coordination, and (d) emergent collective action. Our data suggest that the structure is neither highly integrated nor rigidly centralized. Rather, it is best characterized as a moderate core–periphery structure. Greater theoretical clarity concerning the capabilities associated with this structure is critical for advancing both research and practice in network governance of complex disasters.}, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN REVIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION}, author={Nowell, Branda and Steelman, Toddi and Velez, Anne-Lise K. and Yang, Zheng}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={699–715} }
 @article{abrams_davis_moseley_nowell_2017, title={Building Practical Authority for Community Forestry in and through Networks: The role of community-based organisations in the US West}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1756-9338"]}, DOI={10.1002/eet.1765}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE}, author={Abrams, Jesse and Davis, Emily Jane and Moseley, Cassandra and Nowell, Branda}, year={2017}, pages={285–297} }
 @article{faas_velez_fitzgerald_nowell_steelman_2017, title={Patterns of preference and practice: bridging actors in wildfire response networks in the American Northwest}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1467-7717"]}, DOI={10.1111/disa.12211}, abstractNote={The roles of bridging actors in emergency response networks can be important to disaster response outcomes. This paper is based on an evaluation of wildfire preparedness and response networks in 21 large‐scale wildfire events in the wildland—urban interface near national forests in the American Northwest. The study investigated how key individuals in responder networks anticipated seeking out specific people in perceived bridging roles prior to the occurrence of wildfires, and then captured who in fact assumed these roles during actual large‐scale events. It examines two plausible, but contradictory, bodies of theory—similarity and dissimilarity—that suggest who people might seek out as bridgers and who they would really go to during a disaster. Roughly one‐half of all pre‐fire nominations were consistent with similarity. Yet, while similarity is a reliable indicator of how people expect to organise, it does not hold up for how they organise during the real incident.}, number={3}, journal={DISASTERS}, author={Faas, A. J. and Velez, Anne-Lise K. and FitzGerald, Clare and Nowell, Branda L. and Steelman, Toddi A.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={527–548} }
 @article{nowell_bodkin_bayoumi_2017, title={Redundancy as a strategy in disaster response systems: A pathway to resilience or a recipe for disaster?}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1468-5973"]}, DOI={10.1111/1468-5973.12178}, abstractNote={Public management scholars have long sought to understand design principles that can promote the adaptability and resilience of complex organizational systems operating in uncertain and turbulent environments. Perhaps nowhere is this need more acute than in developing systems for responding to complex disasters. One concept that has received significant attention in discussion of resilient systems design is the notion of redundancy; however, existing literatures offer contradictory theories as to whether redundant designs enhance or undermine system resilience. Using case study data from three large‐scale wildfire events, this article extends the theoretical discussion of redundancy by developing a typology of redundancy strategies and investigating their application and associated consequences in incident response. Our findings reveal four principal ways redundancy can be integrated into system design: backup, cross‐functionality, duplication and cross‐checking. Further, each redundancy type is associated with its own capabilities for enhancing system resilience as well as its own set of risk factors that, if left unmanaged, could undermine system functioning. Findings demonstrate how understanding both the potential value and risk portfolio associated with each type of redundancy clarifies the management challenge for responders when employing these strategies.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT}, author={Nowell, Branda and Bodkin, Candice Pippin and Bayoumi, Deena}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={123–135} }
 @article{boyd_nowell_2017, title={TESTING A THEORY OF SENSE OF COMMUNITY AND COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY IN ORGANIZATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF PREDICTIVE CAPACITY ON EMPLOYEE WELL-BEING AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1520-6629"]}, DOI={10.1002/jcop.21843}, abstractNote={This study attempts to advance our understanding of the experience of community in organizational settings by empirically testing a theory of sense of community responsibility (SOC‐R) in relation to traditional measures of sense of community [SOC] on outcomes of employee well‐being and organizational citizenship. Findings support the notion that SOC is a better predictor of employee well‐being, while SOC‐R more strongly predicts organizational citizenship behavior. The findings add new knowledge to the literature on the experience of community in organizations, as well as representing an important contribution to our understanding of the factors that drive employee action and well‐being at work.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Boyd, Neil M. and Nowell, Branda}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={210–229} }
 @article{diaz_steelman_nowell_2016, title={Local Ecological Knowledge and Fire Management: What Does the Public Understand?}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.5849/jof.14-026}, abstractNote={As fire management agencies seek to implement more flexible fire management strategies, local understanding and support for these strategies become increasingly important. One issue associated with implementing more flexible fire management strategies is educating local populations about fire management and identifying what local populations know or do not know related to fire management. This study used survey data from three 2010 wildland fires to understand how ecological knowledge and education level affected fire management perception and understanding. Results indicated that increased accuracy in identifying ecological conditions was associated with higher proficiencies in the identification of fire management strategies used for wildfires. Education levels were not significantly related to public perception of fire management but were related to significant differences in accurately identifying ecological conditions. Results suggest that education may play a mediating role in understanding complex wildfire issues but is not associated with a better understanding of fire management.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Diaz, John M. and Steelman, Toddi and Nowell, Branda}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={58–65} }
 @article{nowell_izod_ngaruiya_boyd_2016, title={Public Service Motivation and Sense of Community Responsibility: Comparing Two Motivational Constructs in Understanding Leadership Within Community Collaboratives}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1477-9803"]}, DOI={10.1093/jopart/muv048}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND THEORY}, author={Nowell, Branda and Izod, Anne M. and Ngaruiya, Katherine M. and Boyd, Neil M.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={663–676} }
 @article{lee_nowell_2015, title={A Framework for Assessing the Performance of Nonprofit Organizations}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1557-0878"]}, DOI={10.1177/1098214014545828}, abstractNote={ Performance measurement has gained increased importance in the nonprofit sector, and contemporary literature is populated with numerous performance measurement frameworks. In this article, we seek to accomplish two goals. First, we review contemporary models of nonprofit performance measurement to develop an integrated framework in order to identify directions for advancing the study of performance measurement. Our analysis of this literature illuminates seven focal perspectives on nonprofit performance, each associated with a different tradition in performance measurement. Second, we demonstrate the utility of this integrated framework for advancing theory and scholarship by leveraging these seven perspectives to develop testable propositions aimed at explaining variation across nonprofits in the adoption of different measurement approaches. By better understanding how performance measurement is conceptualized within sector, the field will be better positioned to both critique and expand upon normative approaches advanced in the literature as well as advance theory for predicting performance measurement decisions. }, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EVALUATION}, author={Lee, Chongmyoung and Nowell, Branda}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={299–319} }
 @article{nowell_steelman_2015, title={Communication under Fire: The Role of Embeddedness in the Emergence and Efficacy of Disaster Response Communication Networks}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1477-9803"]}, DOI={10.1093/jopart/muu021}, abstractNote={Communication networks among responders are critical to effective coordination and information transfer across agencies active in a disaster response. Using the theory of embeddedness, we investigate how aspects of relational and institutional embeddedness influence the emergence and efficacy of interactions among responding agencies using network data from three significant wildfire events in the wildland/urban interface. For this study, relational embeddedness is investigated as the degree of familiarity between two responders before the incident. Institutional embeddedness is explored in terms of nesting within shared affiliations and common roles. Our findings suggest that both relational and institutional embeddedness significantly shape the disaster communication network during an incident, but relational embeddedness appears to play a stronger role. Further, the most problematic interactions appear to occur among institutionally embedded responders who do not know each other. Consequently, knowing something about relational and institutional embeddedness within the network of responders before an incident provides insight into what the communication network will look like when a disaster occurs. Findings also provide insights for how we might mitigate risk for problematic information flow and coordination during the incident.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND THEORY}, author={Nowell, Branda and Steelman, Toddi}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={929–952} }
 @article{print e-mail barriers and facilitators to local food market development: a contingency perspective_2015, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2015.053.012}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2015.053.012}, abstractNote={Many government and community supported programs and initiatives have been developed recently in response to social, economic, political, and environmental conditions presumed to be caused by the globalized food system. These programs are focused on building local food economies as a means to rectify these conditions and to enhance local communities. While efforts to strengthen local food systems (LFS) are increasing in number, little is known about how well these initiatives are working and what factors contribute to or limit program impact. In this paper, we report on a comparative assessment of barriers and facilitators to the development of local food markets conducted from the perspective of 11 local food coordinators in the eastern region of North Carolina. Interviews with Cooperative Extension agents were analyzed based upon the contingency perspective to assess whether the development and success of local food markets depend on local conditions. Our findings suggest that local food markets are more or less successful given certain local conditions, but that local food markets are not being developed based upon assessment and analysis of local context. Further, institutional factors (e.g., food safety policy and institutional buyer attitudes) were found to have even more impact on local food market development than local conditions (e.g., urban proximity). The information presented in this report is intended to inform policymakers, planners, and administrators regarding environmental factors that should be considered when making decisions and plans to increase viability of LFS development.}, journal={Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @article{kashian_krause_sano_nowell_drouillard_2014, title={Capacity building in stakeholders around Detroit River fish consumption advisory issues}, volume={33}, ISSN={["2161-9565"]}, DOI={10.1086/675782}, abstractNote={Abstract The Detroit River is an international water body that has several fish consumption advisories for contaminants that affect human health and economic revenue for the USA and Canada. Despite the importance of these advisories, little progress has been made in developing effective management strategies or coordinating monitoring, research, and policy efforts between the 2 nations. We engaged 44 stakeholder organizations to increase community capacity on these issues for the Detroit River. We assessed capacity with key informant interviews and a network survey. Our analysis identified weak ties in information sharing and collaboration between countries. We used this information to improve stakeholder capacity, which included forming working groups that focused on system analysis, identification of priority issues, and definitions of organizational roles. Outcomes included outreach materials addressing environmental-justice issues and risk-analysis models of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) body burdens in fish. Our assessment of workshop participants with a longitudinal survey indicated that we increased network capacity and issue awareness in our stakeholders by providing new ways for them to work together. The engagement of stakeholders also improved research outcomes. By identifying stakeholder concerns related to scientific questions about consumption advisories early in the process, researchers were able to direct their efforts to generating translational research that better addressed stakeholder needs.}, number={2}, journal={FRESHWATER SCIENCE}, author={Kashian, Donna R. and Krause, Ann E. and Sano, Larissa and Nowell, Branda and Drouillard, Ken G.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={674–678} }
 @article{boyd_nowell_2014, title={Psychological Sense of Community: A New Construct for the Field of Management}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1552-6542"]}, DOI={10.1177/1056492613491433}, abstractNote={ This article introduces a new construct to the field of management called Psychological Sense of Community (PSOC). This is important because management scholars are calling for the creation of communities in organizations in an environment that lacks appropriate construct development. The aims of this article are threefold: (a) develop a working definition of PSOC via a review of the extant literature on PSOC from other disciplines with the goal of translating it into the domain of management, (b) synthesize findings from parallel literatures on the outcomes of PSOC with an eye toward exploring the relevance of such outcomes in management contexts, and (c) assess the value of PSOC as it relates to its uniqueness in relation to other prominent management constructs and its scope of applicability in a variety of management inquiry areas. }, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT INQUIRY}, author={Boyd, Neil M. and Nowell, Branda}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={107–122} }
 @article{nowell_boyd_2014, title={Sense of Community Responsibility in Community Collaboratives: Advancing a Theory of Community as Resource and Responsibility}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1573-2770"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10464-014-9667-x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3-4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Nowell, Branda and Boyd, Neil M.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={229–242} }
 @article{steelman_nowell_bayoumi_mccaffrey_2014, title={Understanding Information Exchange During Disaster Response: Methodological Insights From Infocentric Analysis}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1552-3039"]}, DOI={10.1177/0095399712469198}, abstractNote={We leverage economic theory, network theory, and social network analytical techniques to bring greater conceptual and methodological rigor to understand how information is exchanged during disasters. We ask, “How can information relationships be evaluated more systematically during a disaster response?” “Infocentric analysis”—a term and approach we develop here—can (a) define an information market and information needs, (b) identify suppliers of information and mechanisms for information exchange, (c) map the information exchange network, and (d) diagnose information exchange failures. These steps are essential for describing how information flows, diagnosing complications, and positing solutions to rectify information problems during a disaster.}, number={6}, journal={ADMINISTRATION & SOCIETY}, author={Steelman, Toddi A. and Nowell, Branda and Bayoumi, Deena and McCaffrey, Sarah}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={707–743} }
 @article{nowell_foster-fishman_2011, title={Examining Multi-Sector Community Collaboratives as Vehicles for Building Organizational Capacity}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1573-2770"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10464-010-9364-3}, abstractNote={While community collaboratives have emerged as a prominent vehicle for fostering a more coordinated community response to complex issues, research to date suggests that the success of these efforts at achieving community/population-level improvements is mixed. As a result, researchers and practitioners are increasing their focus on the intermediate outcomes accomplished by these entities. The purpose of this study is to expand upon this examination of potential intermediate outcomes by investigating the ways in which collaboratives strengthen the capacity of the organizations who participate as members. Utilizing a mixed methods design, we present an empirically-based framework of organizational outcomes associated with participation in a community collaborative. The dimensions of this framework are validated based on quantitative findings from representatives of 614 different organizations and agencies nested within 51 different community collaboratives. This article then explores how the characteristics of organizations and their representatives relate to the nature and type of impacts associated with membership. Based on study findings, we argue that community collaboratives can be effective interventions for strengthening organizational capacity across all sectors in ways that can promote greater community resiliency.}, number={3-4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Nowell, Branda and Foster-Fishman, Pennie}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={193–207} }
 @article{nowell_boyd_2011, title={SENSE OF COMMUNITY AS CONSTRUCT AND THEORY: AUTHORS' RESPONSE TO MCMILLAN}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1520-6629"]}, DOI={10.1002/jcop.20504}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Nowell, Branda and Boyd, Neil}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={889–893} }
 @article{forum: humanistic perspectives on the policy and praxis of disaster management_2010, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/atp1084-1806320309}, DOI={10.2753/atp1084-1806320309}, journal={Administrative Theory & Praxis}, year={2010}, month={Sep} }
 @article{leading change through collaborative partnerships: a profile of leadership and capacity among local public health leaders_2010, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2011.530162}, DOI={10.1080/10852352.2011.530162}, abstractNote={Collaborative partnerships have grown in prominence as vehicles for systems change and organizational development among a network of organizations, particularly in the complex field of public health. Likewise, supporting the functioning and effectiveness of collaborative partnerships has become a key interest among organizational development scholars and community psychologists alike. In the question of capacity-building, no aspect of collaborative capacity has received greater attention than that of leadership. Research on collaborative partnerships has highlighted the importance of shared leadership while at the same time acknowledging that specific individuals do and often must emerge and assume more prominent roles in the partnership in order for the work of the partnership to move forward. However, we have limited knowledge of these key individuals and the roles that they play in non-hierarchical, voluntary partnerships. The present study is a comparative case study of prominent leaders in three regional public health partnerships. The aim of this investigation is to explore the questions: (1) What does it mean to be a leader in a context where no one is “in charge?” (2) What roles do those individuals identified as leaders play?, and (3) What are the specific capacities that enable the enactment of these roles? We find that those viewed as leaders by their partnerships shared a similar profile both in the range and types of roles they play and the capacities that enable them to carry out these roles. Further, we find that while individual attributes such as passion, knowledge, and leadership skills are important, some of the most prominent capacities are rooted in the organizational and institutional contexts within which the leader is nested.}, journal={Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community}, year={2010}, month={Dec} }
 @article{nowell_2010, title={Out of Sync and Unaware? Exploring the Effects of Problem Frame Alignment and Discordance in Community Collaboratives}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1477-9803"]}, DOI={10.1093/jopart/mup006}, abstractNote={In an effort to deal with complex community issues in a more comprehensive and cohesive manner, communities have increasingly created locally based interorganizational entities, referred to here as community collaboratives. Community collaboratives are comprised of representatives from multiple organizations and public agencies who meet regularly for the purpose of identifying and implementing strategies for improving their community's response to a specific issue of public concern. This article explores the role of problem frames and perceptions of problem frame alignment among members of community collaboratives. Specifically, this study uses an innovative combination of social network analysis methods and hierarchical linear modeling to explore how differences in the extent to which stakeholders view themselves in alignment with other members and how much they are perceived to be in alignment by other members effects the outcomes of the collaborative as a whole. Findings are based on data from members of 48 different domestic violence community collaboratives. Results suggest that the presence of stakeholders who are perceived to be philosophically out of sync by other stakeholders with regards to their understanding of domestic violence but do not acknowledge this apparent disconnect can negatively impact the effectiveness of the collaborative over and above the impact associated with the general degree of alignment in the collaborative. Implications of results for public and nonprofit organizations seeking to provide leadership in promoting the effectiveness of community collaboratives are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND THEORY}, author={Nowell, Branda}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={91–116} }
 @article{nowell_boyd_2010, title={VIEWING COMMUNITY AS RESPONSIBILITY AS WELL AS RESOURCE: DECONSTRUCTING THE THEORETICAL ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SENSE OF COMMUNITY}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1520-6629"]}, DOI={10.1002/jcop.20398}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Nowell, Branda and Boyd, Neil}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={828–841} }
 @article{nowell_2009, title={Profiling Capacity for Coordination and Systems Change: The Relative Contribution of Stakeholder Relationships in Interorganizational Collaboratives}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1573-2770"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10464-009-9276-2}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3-4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Nowell, Branda}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={196–212} }
 @article{nowell_2008, title={Response to paper "Systems Thinking" by D. Cabrera et al.: Conceptualizing systems thinking in evaluation}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1873-7870"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2008.04.007}, number={3}, journal={EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING}, author={Nowell, Branda}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={329–331} }
 @article{foster-fishman_nowell_yang_2007, title={Putting the system back into systems change: a framework for understanding and changing organizational and community systems}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1573-2770"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10464-007-9109-0}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3-4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Foster-Fishman, Pennie G. and Nowell, Branda and Yang, Huilan}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={197–215} }
 @article{nowell_salem_2007, title={The impact of special education mediation on parent-school relationships - Parent's perspective}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0741-9325"]}, DOI={10.1177/07419325070280050501}, abstractNote={ Finding ways to productively manage conflict in a manner that protects parent—school relationships has become an issue of growing concern in special education. Special education mediation has been promoted as a valuable process, in part, because of its promise for resolving such conflicts in a way that prevents the escalation of adversarial relationships and fosters norms of collaboration among parents and schools. However, despite the growing interest in the impact of mediation on the continuing relationship between parents and schools, empirically, we know very little about the nature of its impact. This study begins to address this gap by qualitatively exploring how parents of special needs students perceive their participation in special education mediation to have affected their ongoing relationship with the school. The findings suggest that mediation has the ability to affect both the interpersonal relationship between parents and school personnel and parents' overall sense of efficacy in their ability to manage their relationship with the school. However, parents' stories indicate that this impact can be either positive or negative. Their stories also indicate that perceived follow-through on the mediation agreement has a significant influence on whether parent—school relationships are perceived to improve or deteriorate further after mediation. Implications for research and practice are discussed. }, number={5}, journal={REMEDIAL AND SPECIAL EDUCATION}, author={Nowell, Branda L. and Salem, Deborah A.}, year={2007}, pages={304–315} }
 @article{mobilizing residents for action: the role of small wins and strategic supports_2006, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-006-9081-0}, DOI={10.1007/s10464-006-9081-0}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={American Journal of Community Psychology}, year={2006}, month={Dec} }
 @article{revealing the cues within community places: storiesof identity, history, and possibility_2006, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-9006-3}, DOI={10.1007/s10464-005-9006-3}, abstractNote={Place‐based approaches to community change have become increasingly popular strategies for addressing significant social problems. With their intentional focus on ‘place,’ most efforts have sought to gain greater understanding into how neighborhood contexts affect people. However, while both aggregate characteristics and social dynamics of neighborhoods have been subject to scrutiny in the literature, less attention has been paid to understanding how the environmental characteristics of neighborhoods and communities as places have meaning for residents. The present study used an innovative methodology called Photovoice to obtain a greater understanding of themeanings residents ascribe to the salient characteristics of their neighborhoods and communities. As part of a place‐based initiative, 29 adult and youth residents in seven distressed urban neighborhoods photographed and dialogued about the meaningful physical attributes of their community. According to participants, place characteristics provided cues about their personal histories as members of the community; communicated messages about the value and character of the community and its residents; defined social norms and behavior within the community; and provided markers that could remind residents of who they are and inspire a sense of possibility for who they could become. Implications for practice are discussed.}, journal={American Journal of Community Psychology}, year={2006}, month={Mar} }
 @article{using methods that matter: the impact of reflection, dialogue, and voice_2005, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-8626-y}, DOI={10.1007/s10464-005-8626-y}, abstractNote={In recent years, the field of community psychology has given considerable attention to how research and evaluation methods should be designed to support our goals of empowerment and social justice. Yet, as a field, we have given much less attention to whether the use of our methods actually achieves or supports our empowerment agenda. With the primary purpose of beginning to establish the norm of reporting on the impacts of our methods, this paper reports on the findings from interviews of 16 youth and adults who had participated in one participatory evaluation method (Photovoice). Two specific questions were examined: (1) What is the impact of participating in a Photovoice effort; and (2) How does the method of Photovoice foster these impacts? Overall, participants noted that they were significantly affected by their experiences as photographers and through their dialogue with neighbors during Photovoice group sessions. Impacts ranged from an increased sense of control over their own lives to the emergence of the kinds of awareness, relationships, and efficacy supportive of participants becoming community change agents. According to participants, Photovoice fostered these changes by (a) empowering them as experts on their lives and community, (b) fostering deep reflection, and (c) creating a context safe for exploring diverse perspectives. The implications of these findings for the science and practice of community psychology are discussed.}, journal={American Journal of Community Psychology}, year={2005}, month={Dec} }
 @article{state-level associations: an emerging trend in community mediation_2004, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.70}, DOI={10.1002/crq.70}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Conflict Resolution Quarterly}, year={2004} }