@article{foote_jordan_gorny_dunne_lux_ahumada_shew_brandenburg_ye_2024, title={Influence of Cropping Sequence and Tillage System on Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) Response to Fluopyram Applied at Planting}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2073-4395"]}, DOI={10.3390/agronomy14040875}, abstractNote={Crop sequence and tillage can affect the yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and other crops. Research was conducted from 2006 through 2022 to determine the response of peanut to previous crop sequences including corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planted in continuous conventional tillage (e.g., disking, field cultivating, and bedding with in-row sub-soiling) or strip tillage (e.g., tilling a 45 cm section on rows spaced 91 cm apart using fluted coulters, rolling baskets, and in-row sub-soiling). In 2013, 2019, and 2022, the entire test area was planted with peanut. In 2019 and 2022, peanut was planted without or with fluopyram applied in the seed furrow at planting. Decreasing the number of years between peanut planting resulted in lower peanut yields compared with fewer years of peanut planting in the rotation sequence. Continuous conventional tillage and strip tillage resulted in similar peanut yields at one location, while the yield was lower at a second location when peanut was planted in continuous strip tillage. Fluopyram did not affect peanut yield regardless of previous crop rotation sequence, the number of years separating peanut plantings, or the tillage system. However, minor differences in the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil were noted when comparing fluopyram treatment. The results from these experiments indicate that while fluopyram can reduce the populations of some plant-parasitic nematodes in soil, the magnitude of reduction does not translate into increases in peanut yield.}, number={4}, journal={AGRONOMY-BASEL}, author={Foote, Ethan and Jordan, David and Gorny, Adrienne and Dunne, Jeffrey and Lux, Leann and Ahumada, Daisy and Shew, Barbara and Brandenburg, Rick and Ye, Weimin}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{jordan_shew_brandenburg_anco_balota_2023, title={Summary of tillage practices in peanut in the Virginia-Carolina region of the United States}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20222}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Deep tillage in the form of moldboard plow decreased in peanut in North Carolina from 1998 to 2018.
Reduced tillage was adopted by more peanut farmers in South Carolina and Virginia than in North Carolina.
More farmers strip‐tilled peanut across all states rather than no till.
}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Balota, Maria}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{jordan_anco_balota_langston_lux_shew_brandenburg_2024, title={Survey of herbicide and fungicide use in peanut in North Carolina and Virginia in the United States}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20263}, abstractNote={Plain Language Summary Diseases and weeds can reduce yield of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) if effective control measures including fungicides and herbicides are not used. A survey of 76 farmers in North Carolina and Virginia at Cooperative Extension Service meetings was completed relative to fungicide and herbicide use in 2021. Eighty‐two percent of farmers made between three and five herbicide applications, while 68% of farmers made between four and five fungicide applications. 2,4‐DB was the herbicide applied most frequently. The fungicide chlorothalonil was applied the most often. Pydiflumetofen was applied by 61% of farmers. Results from this survey can be used to inform regulatory agencies on pesticide use patterns by defining the relative importance of individual or groups of pesticides currently used to suppress pests and prevent or mitigate associated economic losses.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Anco, Dan and Balota, Maria and Langston, David and Lux, Leann and Shew, Barbara and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{jordan_buol_brandenburg_shew_wilkerson_lassiter_dunne_gorny_washburn_hoisington_et al._2022, title={A Risk Tool and Production Log Created using Microsoft Excel to Manage Pests in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmac006}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growers and their advisors need to address a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses to maximize yield and financial return. Mitigating risk to yield and financial investment requires knowledge of interactions among pests and strategies to manage pests, including chemical inputs, crop rotation, cultivar selection, field pest history, planting pattern and population, planting date, and tillage systems. Using Microsoft Excel, a comprehensive peanut risk tool was developed to assist growers and advisors in identifying and selecting production strategies to minimize risk to yield based on empirical data and practical experience while providing cost estimates of production practices. Initially, the risk tool was developed for North Carolina (USA) peanut production. However, the current platform is designed to facilitate the development of similar tools for other USA peanut regions, peanut production systems in other countries, and with the capability to develop risk tools for other crops. This article discusses components of the risk management tool developed for North Carolina peanut production. Benefits of the risk tool to practitioners, extension services, genetics and breeding programs, and formal classroom instruction will be discussed. One goal of this paper is to provide an example of how the Microsoft Excel framework used for peanut in North Carolina can be used for peanut in other regions of the USA and other countries.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Buol, Greg S. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Wilkerson, Gail G. and Lassiter, Bridget R. and Dunne, Jeff and Gorny, Adrienne and Washburn, Derek and Hoisington, David and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{jordan_buol_brandenburg_reisig_nboyine_abudulai_oteng-frimpong_mochiah_asibuo_arthur_et al._2022, title={Examples of Risk Tools for Pests in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Developed for Five Countries Using Microsoft Excel}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmac017}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmac017}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Suppressing pest populations below economically-damaging levels is an important element of sustainable peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. Peanut farmers and their advisors often approach pest management with similar goals regardless of where they are located. Anticipating pest outbreaks using field history and monitoring pest populations are fundamental to protecting yield and financial investment. Microsoft Excel was used to develop individual risk indices for pests, a composite assessment of risk, and costs of risk mitigation practices for peanut in Argentina, Ghana, India, Malawi, and North Carolina (NC) in the United States (US). Depending on pests and resources available to manage pests, risk tools vary considerably, especially in the context of other crops that are grown in sequence with peanut, cultivars, and chemical inputs. In Argentina, India, and the US where more tools (e.g., mechanization and pesticides) are available, risk indices for a wide array of economically important pests were developed with the assumption that reducing risk to those pests likely will impact peanut yield in a positive manner. In Ghana and Malawi where fewer management tools are available, risks to yield and aflatoxin contamination are presented without risk indices for individual pests. The Microsoft Excel platform can be updated as new and additional information on effectiveness of management practices becomes apparent. Tools can be developed using this platform that are appropriate for their geography, environment, cropping systems, and pest complexes and management inputs that are available. In this article we present examples for the risk tool for each country.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Buol, Greg S. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Reisig, Dominic and Nboyine, Jerry and Abudulai, Mumuni and Oteng-Frimpong, Richard and Mochiah, Moses Brandford and Asibuo, James Y. and Arthur, Stephen and et al.}, editor={Taylor, SallyEditor}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{junsopa_saksirirat_saepaisan_songsri_kesmala_shew_jogloy_2021, title={Bio-control of Stem Rot in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in Field Conditions}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2093-9280"]}, DOI={10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2021.0067}, abstractNote={Stem rot is a serious disease in Jerusalem artichoke (JA). To reduce the impact of this disease on yield and quality farmers often use fungicides, but this control method can be expensive and leave chemical residues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two biological control agents, <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> T9 and <i>Bacillus firmus</i> BSR032 for control of <i>Sclerotium rolfsii</i> under field conditions. Four accessions of JA (HEL246, HEL65, JA47, and JA12) were treated or notreated with <i>T. harzianum</i> T9 and <i>B. firmus</i> BSR032 in a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment in two fields (environments), one unfertilized and one fertilized. Plants were inoculated with <i>S. rolfsii</i> and disease was evaluated at 3-day intervals for 46 days. <i>T. harzianum</i> T9 and <i>B. firmus</i> BSR032 reduced disease incidence by 48% and 49%, respectively, whereas <i>T. harzianum</i> T9 + <i>B. firmus</i> BSR032 reduced disease incidence by 37%. The efficacy of <i>T. harzianum</i> T9 and <i>B. firmus</i> BSR032 for control of <i>S. rolfsii</i> was dependent on environments and genotypes. The expression of host plant resistance also depended on the environment. However, HEL246 showed consistently low disease incidence and severity index in both environments (fertilized and unfertilized). Individually, <i>T. harzianum</i> T9, <i>B. firmus</i> BSR032, or host plant resistance control stem rot caused by <i>S. rolfsii</i> in JA. However, no combination of these treatments provided more effective control than each alone.}, number={5}, journal={PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL}, author={Junsopa, Chutsuda and Saksirirat, Weerasak and Saepaisan, Suwita and Songsri, Patcharin and Kesmala, Thawan and Shew, Barbara B. and Jogloy, Sanun}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={428–436} }
 @article{reeves_kerns_cowger_shew_2021, title={Pythium spp. Associated with Root Rot and Stunting of Winter Crops in North Carolina}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-11-20-2403-RE}, abstractNote={ Annual double-crop rotation systems that incorporate winter wheat, clary sage, or a cover crop are common in eastern North Carolina. Stunting and root rot of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) reduce yields of this crop, especially in wet soils. Stunting and reduced stand establishment also afflict winter cover crops, including rye, rapeseed, and winter pea. Pythium spp. are causal agents of root rot of winter wheat in this region, but their role in root rot and stunting of other winter crops is not understood. During the growing seasons of 2018 to 2019 and 2019 to 2020, samples of clary sage, rye, rapeseed, and winter pea displaying symptoms of stunting were collected across eastern North Carolina, resulting in the recovery of 420 isolates of Pythium from the roots of all hosts. Pythium irregulare, Pythium spinosum, and the complex Pythium sp. cluster B2A were the species most frequently isolated from clary sage. P. irregulare and P. spinosum were aggressive pathogens of clary sage at 18°C and caused moderate root rot at 28°C. Koch’s postulates confirmed that isolates belonging to Pythium sp. cluster B2A, Pythium sylvaticum, Pythium pachycaule, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium myriotylum, and Pythium oopapillum are pathogens of clary sage. P. irregulare (37% of all isolates) and members of the species complex Pythium sp. cluster B2A (28% of all isolates) constituted the majority of isolates collected from all hosts and were the species most frequently isolated from rye, rapeseed, and winter pea. In pathogenicity assays, isolates representing P. irregulare and P. spinosum caused slight to moderate root necrosis on rye, rapeseed, and winter pea. Isolates representing Pythium sp. cluster B2A caused slight to moderate root necrosis on rapeseed and clary sage, but no symptoms on rye or winter pea. }, number={11}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Reeves, Ella R. and Kerns, James P. and Cowger, Christina and Shew, Barbara B.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={3433–3442} }
 @article{lookabaugh_kerns_shew_2021, title={Evaluating Fungicide Selections to Manage Pythium Root Rot on Poinsettia Cultivars with Varying Levels of Partial Resistance}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-04-20-0807-RE}, abstractNote={ Pythium aphanidermatum is the predominant species causing Pythium root rot of commercially grown poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Kotzch) in North Carolina. Pythium root rot is managed primarily through a combination of sanitation practices and preventative fungicide applications of mefenoxam or etridiazole. Insensitivity to mefenoxam is common but growers continue to rely on it from lack of inexpensive and efficacious alternatives. This research was conducted to identify alternative fungicides for Pythium root rot control and to evaluate their efficacy on poinsettia cultivars with varying levels of partial resistance. Greenhouse studies were conducted to assess efficacy of fungicide treatments in seven poinsettia cultivars inoculated with a mefenoxam-sensitive isolate of P. aphanidermatum. One study examined control with a single fungicide drench made at transplant and a second study examined repeat fungicide applications made throughout the experiment. Treatments containing etridiazole, mefenoxam, fenamidone, and cyazofamid provided control of Pythium root rot across all cultivars in both experiments whereas Fosetyl-al, potassium phosphite, and Trichoderma spp. failed to offer satisfactory control. Azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and propamocarb reduced disease on some cultivars but failed to control Pythium root rot on highly susceptible cultivars. Four isolates of P. aphanidermatum cultured from plants growing in commercial greenhouses were evaluated for in vitro sensitivity to fungicides labeled for Pythium root rot control at four rates. Etridiazole, fosetyl-al, and potassium phosphite completely inhibited mycelial growth, whereas isolates varied in response to mefenoxam, cyazofamid, propamocarb, fenamidone, azoxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin in vitro. Twenty-one additional isolates then were evaluated at label rates of these fungicides. Seven isolates were insensitive to label rates of all three quinone outside inhibitors and one isolate was insensitive to the quinone outside inhibitors and mefenoxam. These results provide guidelines for selecting fungicides to maximize control of Pythium root rot on poinsettia cultivars. }, number={6}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Lookabaugh, Emma C. and Kerns, James P. and Shew, Barbara B.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={1640–1647} }
 @article{kaufman_jordan_reberg-horton_dean_shew_brandenburg_anco_mehl_taylor_balota_et al._2020, title={Identifying interest, risks, and impressions of organic peanut production: A survey of conventional farmers in the Virginia-Carolina region}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20042}, abstractNote={Crop, Forage & Turfgrass ManagementVolume 6, Issue 1 e20042 CROP MANAGEMENT—BRIEFS Identifying interest, risks, and impressions of organic peanut production: A survey of conventional farmers in the Virginia–Carolina region Amanda A. Kaufman, Amanda A. Kaufman Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDavid L. Jordan, Corresponding Author David L. Jordan david_jordan@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-2727 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA Correspondence Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 Email: david_jordan@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorChris Reberg-Horton, Chris Reberg-Horton Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorLisa L. Dean, Lisa L. Dean Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, ARS, SEA, USDA, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorBarbara B. Shew, Barbara B. Shew Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorRick L. Brandenburg, Rick L. Brandenburg Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDan Anco, Dan Anco Edisto Research and Extension Center, Clemson University, 64 Research Road, Blackville, SC, 29817 USASearch for more papers by this authorHillary Mehl, Hillary Mehl Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorSally Taylor, Sally Taylor Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorMaria Balota, Maria Balota orcid.org/0000-0003-4626-0193 Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorL. Suzanne Goodell, L. Suzanne Goodell Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Allen, Jonathan Allen Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this author Amanda A. Kaufman, Amanda A. Kaufman Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDavid L. Jordan, Corresponding Author David L. Jordan david_jordan@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-2727 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA Correspondence Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 Email: david_jordan@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorChris Reberg-Horton, Chris Reberg-Horton Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorLisa L. Dean, Lisa L. Dean Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, ARS, SEA, USDA, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorBarbara B. Shew, Barbara B. Shew Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorRick L. Brandenburg, Rick L. Brandenburg Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorDan Anco, Dan Anco Edisto Research and Extension Center, Clemson University, 64 Research Road, Blackville, SC, 29817 USASearch for more papers by this authorHillary Mehl, Hillary Mehl Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorSally Taylor, Sally Taylor Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorMaria Balota, Maria Balota orcid.org/0000-0003-4626-0193 Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 6321 Holland Road, Suffolk, VA, 23437 USASearch for more papers by this authorL. Suzanne Goodell, L. Suzanne Goodell Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this authorJonathan Allen, Jonathan Allen Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 June 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20042Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume6, Issue12020e20042 RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Kaufman, Amanda A. and Jordan, David L. and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Dean, Lisa L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Mehl, Hillary and Taylor, Sally and Balota, Maria and et al.}, year={2020} }
 @article{jordan_hare_johnson_alston_alston_ambrose_callis_corbett_hoggard_stevens_et al._2020, title={Peanut and soybean response to cropping systems including corn, cotton, and grain sorghum}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20041}, abstractNote={The authors declare no conflict of interest.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David and Hare, Andrew and Johnson, Dewayne and Alston, Joel and Alston, Trevor and Ambrose, Derek and Callis, David and Corbett, Tommy and Hoggard, Riley and Stevens, Brian and et al.}, year={2020} }
 @article{reeves_kerns_cowger_shew_2021, title={Pythium spp. Associated with Root Rot and Stunting of Winter Wheat in North Carolina}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-20-2022-RE}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-09-20-2022-RE}, abstractNote={ In eastern North Carolina, mild to severe stunting and root rot have reduced yields of winter wheat, especially during years with abundant rainfall. Causal agents of root rot of wheat in this region were previously identified as Pythium irregulare, P. vanterpoolii, and P. spinosum. To investigate species prevalence, 114 isolates of Pythium were obtained from symptomatic wheat plants collected in eight counties. Twelve species were recovered, with P. irregulare (32%), P. vanterpoolii (17%), and P. spinosum (16%) the most common. Pathogenicity screens were performed with selected isolates of each species, and slight to severe necrosis of young roots was observed. The aggressiveness of five isolates each of P. irregulare, P. vanterpoolii, and P. spinosum was compared on a single cultivar of wheat at 14°C, and very aggressive isolates were found within all species. In vitro growth of these isolates was measured at 14 and 20°C, and all isolates grew faster at the warmer temperature. The effects of varying temperatures and rates of nitrogen on root rot caused by Pythium spp. alone or in combination were investigated. All inoculation treatments caused severe root rot under all conditions tested, and disease was more severe at 12 and 14°C compared with 18 and 20°C; however, there was no effect of nitrogen application. }, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Reeves, Ella R. and Kerns, James P. and Cowger, Christina and Shew, Barbara B.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={986–996} }
 @article{jordan_dunne_stalker_shew_brandenburg_anco_mehl_taylor_balota_2020, title={Risk to sustainability of pest management tools in peanut}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2471-9625"]}, DOI={10.1002/ael2.20018}, abstractNote={AbstractA diversity of pests can adversely affect peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield, quality, and financial return. Farmers rely heavily on applied chemicals to suppress many of the economically important pests present in peanut. The effectiveness of this approach to pest management may not be sustainable, however, due to evolved resistance in pests to chemicals, reluctance of basic chemical manufacturers to invest in product development because of the relatively small market for peanut compared with other crops, cost to initially register or re‐register chemicals, and the desire for peanut buyers and processors to capture international markets that may have varying agrochemical residue restrictions for peanut. Heavy reliance on chemical control could leave peanut production systems vulnerable to yield loss; thus, a more concerted research effort is needed to increase the number and availability of nonchemical tools that protect peanut from pests in order to ensure long‐term sustainability of peanut production systems.}, number={1}, journal={AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL LETTERS}, author={Jordan, David L. and Dunne, Jeffrey and Stalker, H. Thomas and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Mehl, Hillary and Taylor, Sally and Balota, Maria}, year={2020} }
 @article{anco_thomas_jordan_shew_monfort_mehl_small_wright_tillman_dufault_et al._2020, title={Peanut Yield Loss in the Presence of Defoliation Caused by Late or Early Leaf Spot}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2286-RE}, abstractNote={ Late and early leaf spot, respectively caused by Nothopassalora personata and Passalora arachidicola, are damaging diseases of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) capable of defoliating canopies and reducing yield. Although one of these diseases may be more predominant in a given area, both are important on a global scale. To assist informed management decisions and quantify relationships between end-of-season defoliation and yield loss, meta-analyses were conducted over 140 datasets meeting established criteria. Slopes of proportion yield loss with increasing defoliation were estimated separately for Virginia and runner market type cultivars. Yield loss for Virginia types was described by an exponential function over the range of defoliation levels, with a loss increase of 1.2 to 2.2% relative to current loss levels per additional percent defoliation. Results for runner market type cultivars showed yield loss to linearly increase 2.2 to 2.8% per 10% increase in defoliation for levels up to approximately 95% defoliation, after which the rate of yield loss was exponential. Defoliation thresholds to prevent economic yield loss for Virginia and runner types were estimated at 40 and 50%, respectively. Although numerous factors remain important in mitigating overall yield losses, the integration of these findings should aid recommendations about digging under varying defoliation intensities and peanut maturities to assist in minimizing yield losses. }, number={5}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Anco, Daniel J. and Thomas, James S. and Jordan, David L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Monfort, W. Scott and Mehl, Hillary L. and Small, Ian M. and Wright, David L. and Tillman, Barry L. and Dufault, Nicholas S. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={1390–1399} }
 @article{jordan_hare_roberson_ward_shew_brandenburg_anco_thomas_balota_mehl_et al._2019, title={Survey of Practices by Growers in the Virginia-Carolina Region Regarding Digging and Harvesting Peanut}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2019.07.0057}, abstractNote={Core Ideas Harvesting peanut requires approximately twice as much time to complete as the time required for digging peanut. Fifty-six percent of growers predicted when optimum yield would occur based on the sample provided within the recommended timeframe. Reported yield was positively correlated with the use of prohexadione calcium.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Hare, Andrew T. and Roberson, Gary T. and Ward, Jason and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Thomas, James and Balota, Maria and Mehl, Hillary and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{seth carley_jordan_dharmasri_shew_sutton_brandenburg_2018, title={Examples of Differences in Red Edge Reflectance and Normalized Difference Vegetative Index caused by Stress in Peanut}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2018.06.0042}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Canopy reflectance is a potential tool for peanut management.
Lesions caused by disease decreased red edge reflectance and NDVI.
Leaves expressing nitrogen deficiency and drought stress decreased red edge reflectance and NDVI.
}, number={1}, journal={Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management}, author={Seth Carley, D. and Jordan, D.L. and Dharmasri, C.L. and Shew, B.B. and Sutton, T.B. and Brandenburg, R.L.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={1–2} }
 @article{lookabaugh_kerns_cubeta_shew_2018, title={Fitness Attributes of Pythium aphanidermatum with Dual Resistance to Mefenoxam and Fenamidone}, volume={102}, ISSN={0191-2917}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-18-0043-RE}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-01-18-0043-RE}, abstractNote={ Pythium aphanidermatum is the predominant species causing Pythium root rot on commercially grown poinsettias in North Carolina. Resistance to mefenoxam is common in populations of P. aphanidermatum but resistance to fenamidone and other quinone outside inhibitor fungicides has only just been reported in greenhouse floriculture crops. The in vitro sensitivity to the label rate of mefenoxam (17.6 μl active ingredient [a.i.]/ml) and fenamidone (488 μl a.i./ml) was determined for 96 isolates of P. aphanidermatum. Isolates were assigned to four fungicide phenotypes: mefenoxam-sensitive/fenamidone-sensitive (MefS, FenS), mefenoxam-sensitive/fenamidone-insensitive (MefS, FenR), mefenoxam-insensitive/fenamidone-sensitive (MefR, FenS), and mefenoxam-insensitive/fenamidone-insensitive (MefR, FenR). In all, 58% of isolates were insensitive to one (MefR, FenS = 36% and MefS, FenR = 16%) or both fungicides (MefR, FenR = 6%). A single point mutation in the cytochrome b gene (G143A) was identified in fenamidone-insensitive isolates. Mycelial growth rate at three temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C), in vitro oospore production, and aggressiveness on poinsettia were evaluated to assess relative fitness of sensitive and insensitive isolates. Isolates with dual insensitivity to mefenoxam and fenamidone had reduced radial hyphal growth at 30°C and produced fewer oospores than isolates sensitive to one or both fungicides. Isolates sensitive to both fungicides produced greater numbers of oospores. Aggressiveness on poinsettia varied by isolate but fungicide phenotype was not a good predictor of aggressiveness. These results suggest that populations of P. aphanidermatum with dual resistance to mefenoxam and fenamidone may be less fit than sensitive populations under our imposed experimental conditions but populations of P. aphanidermatum should continue to be monitored in poinsettia production systems for mefenoxam and fenamidone insensitivity. }, number={10}, journal={Plant Disease}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Lookabaugh, E. C. and Kerns, J. P. and Cubeta, M. A. and Shew, B. B.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={1938–1943} }
 @article{jordan_hare_roberson_shew_brandenburg_anco_balota_mehl_taylor_2018, title={Summary of Variables Associated with Application of Plant Protection Products in Peanut}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2018.05.0034}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Peanut acreage was positively correlated with tank size, boom width, and ground speed.
Peanut acreage was not correlated with peanut yield, spray volume, and spray pressure.
Co‐applying three or more products in the same tank was common among growers.
Flat‐fan nozzles were the most commonly used spray nozzles among peanut growers.
Growers spend approximately 18% of their time applying crop protection products.
}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Hare, Andrew T. and Roberson, Gary T. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Balota, Maria and Mehl, Hillary and Taylor, Sally}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @article{junsopa_jogloy_saksirirat_songsri_kesmala_shew_2018, title={Association of seedling and adult plant resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) under field conditions}, volume={151}, ISSN={["1573-8469"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10658-017-1359-6}, number={1}, journal={EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Junsopa, Chutsuda and Jogloy, Sanun and Saksirirat, Weerasak and Songsri, Patcharin and Kesmala, Thawan and Shew, Barbara B.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={251–255} }
 @article{koehler_lookabaugh_shew_shew_2017, title={First report of pythium root rot of stevia caused by Pythium myriotylum, P. irregulare, and P. aplzanidermatum in North Carolina}, volume={101}, number={7}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Koehler, A. M. and Lookabaugh, E. C. and Shew, B. B. and Shew, H. D.}, year={2017}, pages={1331–1332} }
 @article{junsopa_jogloy_saksirirat_songsri_kesmala_shew_2017, title={Genotypic diversity of Jerusalem artichoke for resistance to stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii under field conditions}, volume={213}, ISSN={["1573-5060"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-017-1950-0}, number={8}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, author={Junsopa, Chutsuda and Jogloy, Sanun and Saksirirat, Weerasak and Songsri, Patcharin and Kesmala, Thawan and Shew, Barbara B.}, year={2017}, month={Aug} }
 @article{junsopa_jogloy_saksirirat_songsri_kesmala_shew_patanothai_2016, title={Inoculation with Sclerotium rolfsii, cause of stem rot in Jerusalem artichoke, under field conditions}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1573-8469"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10658-016-0890-1}, number={1}, journal={EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Junsopa, Chutsuda and Jogloy, Sanun and Saksirirat, Weerasak and Songsri, Patcharin and Kesmala, Thawan and Shew, Barbara B. and Patanothai, Aran}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={47–58} }
 @article{boudreau_shew_andrako_2016, title={Impact of intercropping on epidemics of groundnut leaf spots: defining constraints and opportunities through a 7-year field study}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1365-3059"]}, DOI={10.1111/ppa.12440}, abstractNote={Plant diversity can have a profound impact on disease dynamics, with important applications for enhancing sustainability. Disease is often reduced by intercropping, but variability can be high. This study investigated integration of several management approaches to stabilize this variability for early leaf spot (ELS) and late leaf spot (LLS) of groundnut, over seven seasons in three phases. In phase 1, monocrops and alternating row and strip intercrops with maize were artificially inoculated with ELS in an area with little groundnut production. Reductions in AUDPC of 37–73% in strip treatments compared to monocrops prompted testing of the efficacy of intercropping in intensive production areas for phases 2 and 3. Additional treatments included cotton strip intercrops, and integration of intercropping with reduced fungicide treatments and partial resistance to leaf spots. In phase 2, the use of cotton strip intercrops lowered natural ELS epidemics by 25–41% (AUDPC) through delayed disease onset, but maize had inconsistent effects. Intercropping was not effective against LLS, which dominated in phase 3. Reduced fungicide regimes and partial resistance lowered disease, and in one case interacted with intercropping to enhance disease suppression. Groundnut yields generally were inversely proportional to disease levels and not significantly reduced by intercropping. Separate studies to determine maize impacts on ELS infection implicated disruption of dispersal as the mechanism of disease reduction. This work demonstrates that intercropping may be most effective where low levels of ELS are present, using strip patterns with cotton, and combined with other tools such as resistance and reduced fungicide application.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Boudreau, M. A. and Shew, B. B. and Andrako, L. E. Duffie}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={601–611} }
 @article{lookabaugh_ivors_shew_2015, title={Mefenoxam Sensitivity, Aggressiveness, and Identification of Pythium Species Causing Root Rot on Floriculture Crops in North Carolina}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-02-15-0232-re}, abstractNote={ Herbaceous ornamental plants exhibiting symptoms of Pythium root rot were collected from 26 greenhouses in 21 counties in North Carolina (NC) from 2010 to 2012. Plant symptoms ranged from mild stunting to severe wilting, root rot, and death. Roots were plated on selective media, and 356 isolates of Pythium were recovered from 34 host species. Selected isolates were identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA gene region. Seventeen Pythium species were identified, with P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, and P. myriotylum comprising 75% of the 320 isolates sequenced. Twelve of the 26 greenhouses had more than one species present. Mefenoxam sensitivity was tested in vitro by growing isolates in wells of microtiter plates containing clarified V8 agar amended with 100 µg a.i./ml mefenoxam. Colonization was scored after 24 to 48 h using a scale of 0 (no growth) to 5 (entire well colonized). Fifty-two percent of the isolates were resistant to mefenoxam (mean score ≥4). All 32 isolates of P. myriotylum were sensitive, whereas sensitivity varied among isolates of P. aphanidermatum and P. irregulare. Resistant and sensitive isolates of the same species were found within the same greenhouses. The aggressiveness of P. aphanidermatum and P. irregulare isolates was evaluated on poinsettia, Gerbera daisy, and petunia. P. aphanidermatum was more aggressive than P. irregulare on poinsettia and petunia; symptoms were mild and no differences in aggressiveness were observed on Gerbera daisy. Sensitivity to mefenoxam was not related to aggressiveness. }, number={11}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Lookabaugh, E. C. and Ivors, K. L. and Shew, B. B.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={1550–1558} }
 @article{drake_jordan_johnson_shew_brandenburg_corbett_2014, title={Peanut Response to Planting Date, Tillage, and Cultivar in North Carolina}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2013.0340}, abstractNote={Production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in reduced tillage is an effective alternative to conventional tillage in the southeastern United States under some conditions. Research was conducted to determine interactions of planting date, tillage system, and cultivar with respect to disease reaction and pod yield of peanut. The cultivars Bailey, CHAMPS, Gregory, Perry, and Phillips were planted in early or late May in reduced or conventional tillage systems from 2008 through 2011 at one location in North Carolina. The interaction of year, tillage system, and cultivar was significant for plant condition rating (PCR), a visible estimate of disease, within 3 d before digging from late September through mid‐October. Pod yield was correlated with PCR in mid‐September (P = 0.0001, R2 = –0.22) and PCR just before digging (P ≤ 0.0001, R2 = –0.31). Disease was less prevalent for the cultivar Bailey and most prevalent for the cultivar Phillips, with disease for the other cultivars intermediate between Bailey and Phillips. Pod yield was influenced independently by cultivar, planting date, and tillage system although each of these factors was affected by year of the experiment. Pod yield was similar in strip tillage and conventional tillage in 3 of 4 yr with yield in strip tillage exceeding conventional tillage in 1 yr. Peanut planted in early May yielded more than peanut planted in late May in 2 of 4 yr. Results indicate that while some differences in disease reaction will occur when comparing cultivars, planting dates, and tillage systems, pod yield will be affected independently by these cultural practices.}, number={2}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Drake, W. L. and Jordan, D. L. and Johnson, P. D. and Shew, B. B. and Brandenburg, R. L. and Corbett, T.}, year={2014}, pages={486–490} }
 @article{isleib_milla-lewis_pattee_copeland_zuleta_shew_hollowell_sanders_dean_hendrix_et al._2015, title={Registration of ‘Sugg’ peanut}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2013.09.0059crc}, abstractNote={‘Sugg’ (Reg. No. CV-125, PI 666112) is a large-seeded virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar with partial resistance to four diseases that occur commonly in the Virginia–Carolina production area: early leafspot caused by Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori, Cylindrocladium black rot caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, Wingfield & Alfenas, Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger, and tomato spotted wilt caused by the Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. Sugg was developed as part of a program of selection for multiple disease resistance funded by growers, seed dealers, shellers, and processors. Sugg was tested under the experimental designation N03091T and released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS) in 2009. Sugg was tested by the NCARS, the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, and five other state agricultural experiment stations and the USDA–ARS units participating in the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests. Sugg has alternate branching pattern, intermediate runner growth habit, medium green foliage, and high contents of fancy pods and medium virginia-type seeds. It has seeds with pink testa averaging 957 mg seed−1, approximately 40% jumbo and 46% fancy pods, and extra-large kernel content of ∼47%. Sugg is named in honor of Norfleet “Fleet” Sugg and the late Joseph “Joe” Sugg, cousins who served consecutively as executive directors of the North Carolina Peanut Growers Association from 1966 through 1993.}, number={1}, journal={J. Plant Reg.}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Pattee, H.E. and Copeland, S.C. and Zuleta, M.C. and Shew, B.B. and Hollowell, J.E. and Sanders, T.H. and Dean, L.O. and Hendrix, K.W. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={44–52} }
 @article{chahal_jordan_shew_brandenburg_york_burton_danehower_2012, title={Interactions of agrochemicals applied to peanut; part 1: Effects on herbicides}, volume={41}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.014}, abstractNote={Numerous agrochemicals are applied in peanut production systems. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in North Carolina to characterize biological and physicochemical interactions when the herbicides clethodim, imazapic, imazethapyr, lactofen, sethoxydim, and 2,4-DB were applied in combination with adjuvants, fungicides, insecticides, and micronutrients. A wide range of interactions was noted when comparing across herbicides, weed species, and agrochemical combinations. There was little consistency across weed species for a herbicide or across herbicides for a weed species when comparing significant main effects and interactions. In most instances, when compared with the standard herbicide treatment and adjuvant applied alone, herbicide efficacy was not affected in the presence of other agrochemicals. Changes in solution pH and formation of precipitates varied according to the herbicide combinations used. Boron, manganese, and 2,4-DB often caused dramatic changes in solution pH.}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chahal, Gurinderbir S. and Jordan, David L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and York, Alan C. and Burton, James D. and Danehower, David}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={134–142} }
 @article{chahal_jordan_shew_brandenburg_burton_danehower_york_2012, title={Interactions of agrochemicals applied to peanut; part 2: Effects on fungicides}, volume={41}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.008}, abstractNote={Field and laboratory experiments were conducted during 2008 and 2009 to study biological and physicochemical compatibility when fungicides were applied in combination with herbicides, insecticides, and micronutrients for the control of leaf spot disease and Sclerotinia blight. In both years, the program with three fungicide sprays was more effective in preventing canopy defoliation caused by early and late leaf spot disease than single fungicide spray irrespective of agrochemical combinations. Although several interactions were noted among agrochemical combinations, most combinations did not affect fungicide efficacy against canopy defoliation or Sclerotinia blight. In some instances, fungicide combinations protected peanut more effectively from canopy defoliation or Sclerotinia blight than standard fungicide treatment. Regardless of the other agrochemicals applied, boscalid was more effective than fluazinam in controlling Sclerotinia blight. Boscalid, boron, clethodim plus crop oil concentrate, chlorothalonil plus tebuconazole, manganese, and 2,4-DB had large effects on solution pH, whereas fluazinam, lambda-cyhalothrin, and pyraclostrobin had little effect on solution pH. Precipitates formed with all fungicide combinations and in most cases permanent precipitates were formed.}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chahal, Gurinderbir S. and Jordan, David L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Burton, James D. and Danehower, David and York, Alan C.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={143–149} }
 @article{chahal_jordan_brandenburg_shew_burton_danehower_york_2012, title={Interactions of agrochemicals applied to peanut; part 3: Effects on insecticides and prohexadione calcium}, volume={41}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.006}, abstractNote={A wide range of agrochemicals can be applied in a peanut production system to control various stresses and manage crop growth and development. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in North Carolina to define biological and physicochemical interactions when insecticides (fenpropathrin and lambda-cyhalothrin) or plant growth regulator (prohexadione calcium) were applied in combination with other agrochemicals including fungicides, herbicides, and micronutrients. Fenpropathrin or lambda-cyhalothrin combinations did not injure peanut in 2008 and 2009. Two sprays of prohexadione calcium improved row visibility and reduced main stem height compared with one prohexadione calcium spray irrespective of agrochemical combinations. In many instances, applying prohexadione calcium with other agrochemicals resulted in lower main stem height compared to prohexadione calcium alone. In one of the experiments, prohexadione calcium with prothioconazole plus tebuconazole lowered fall army worm population compared with prohexadione calcium alone. Addition of boron, manganese, and 2,4-DB to fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and prohexadione calcium combinations changed solution pH dramatically. Prohexadione calcium had the least effect on pH of the carrier.}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chahal, Gurinderbir S. and Jordan, David L. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Shew, Barbara B. and Burton, James D. and Danehower, David and York, Alan C.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={150–157} }
 @article{lassiter_jordan_wilkerson_shew_brandenburg_2011, title={Influence of Cover Crops on Weed Management in Strip Tillage Peanut}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-11-00064.1}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2005, 2006, and 2007 to determine peanut and weed response when peanut was planted in strip tillage after desiccation of cereal rye, Italian ryegrass, oats, triticale, wheat, and native vegetation by glyphosate and paraquat before planting with three in-season herbicide programs. Control of common ragweed and yellow nutsedge did not differ among cover crop treatments when compared within a specific herbicide program. Applying dimethenamid orS-metolachlor plus diclosulam PRE followed by imazapic POST was more effective than a chloroacetamide herbicide PRE followed by acifluorfen, bentazon, and paraquat POST. Incidence of spotted wilt in peanut (caused by aTospovirus) did not differ when comparing cover crop treatments, regardless of herbicide program. Peanut yield increased in all 3 yr when herbicides were applied POST, compared with clethodim only. Peanut yield was not affected by cover crop treatment. Response to cover crop treatments was comparable, suggesting that growers can select cereal rye, Italian ryegrass, oats, or triticale as an alternative to wheat as a cover crop in peanut systems without experiencing differences associated with in-season weed management.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lassiter, Bridget R. and Jordan, David L. and Wilkerson, Gail G. and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2011}, pages={568–573} }
 @article{partridge-telenko_hu_livingstone_shew_phipps_grabau_2011, title={Sclerotinia Blight Resistance in Virginia-Type Peanut Transformed with a Barley Oxalate Oxidase Gene}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, DOI={10.1094/phyto-10-10-0266}, abstractNote={ Transgenic peanut lines expressing oxalate oxidase, a novel enzyme to peanut, were evaluated for resistance to Sclerotinia blight in naturally infested fields over a 5-year period. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for transgenic lines in single rows planted with seed from single-plant selections averaged 78, 83, and 90% lower than nontransgenic parents in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. In addition, AUDPC in 14 transgenic lines planted with bulked seed in two-row plots averaged 81% lower compared with nontransgenic parents in 2005 and 86% lower in 16 transgenic lines in 2006. Six transgenic lines yielded 488 to 1,260 kg/ha greater than nontransgenic parents in 2005, and 10 lines yielded 537 to 2,490 kg/ha greater in 2006. Fluazinam (0.58 kg a.i./ha) fungicide sprays in 2008 and 2009 reduced AUDPC in transgenic and nontransgenic lines but AUDPC was lowest in transgenic lines. Without fluazinam, yields of transgenic lines averaged 1,133 to 1,578 kg/ha greater than nontransgenic lines in 2008 and 1,670 to 2,755 kg/ha greater in 2009. These results demonstrated that the insertion of barley oxalate oxidase in peanut conveyed a high level of resistance to Sclerotinia blight, and negated the need for costly fungicide sprays. }, number={7}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Partridge-Telenko, D. E. and Hu, J. and Livingstone, D. M. and Shew, B. B. and Phipps, P. M. and Grabau, E. A.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={786–793} }
 @article{ruark_shew_2010, title={Evaluation of Microbial, Botanical, and Organic Treatments for Control of Peanut Seedling Diseases}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-94-4-0445}, abstractNote={ Diseases affecting stand establishment are a major obstacle to organic production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Stand losses of 50% or more are possible with untreated seed. Biological, botanical, and organic seed treatments or soil amendments were tested for efficacy against pre- and postemergence damping-off of peanut in greenhouse, microplot, and field plot trials. Seed of the lines Perry, GP-NC 343, and Bailey (tested as N03081T) were used in all trials. Commercial formulations of Bacillus subtilis (Kodiak), B. pumilus (Yield Shield), Trichoderma harzianum (T-22 PB and Plantshield HC), Muscodor albus, and Coniothyrium minitans (Contans); activated charcoal; two separate soil amendments of dried herbage of Monarda didyma cultivars; a commercial fungicide control (Vitavax PC); and an untreated control were tested in natural soil in the greenhouse. Vitavax PC and Kodiak were the only treatments that resulted in higher percent emergence and survival than in untreated seed. A separate greenhouse experiment was conducted in natural soil or natural soil infested with field isolates of Aspergillus niger. Seed were treated with Kodiak, copper hydroxide (Champion), Plantshield HC, Kodiak + Plantshield HC, Streptomyces griseoviridis (Mycostop), hot water, Vitavax PC, or were left untreated. Seedling emergence and survival was much lower in infested versus uninfested soil. Seed treatment with Kodiak increased percent emergence and survival compared to untreated seed, but was not as effective as Vitavax PC. Field microplot studies in 2007 and 2008 at Clayton, NC, evaluated four seed treatments on the peanut lines following small grain cover crops, soil amendment with M. albus, or no cover. Cover crops did not affect emergence or interact with seed treatments. In field studies in 2007 and 2008 at Lewiston, NC, the peanut lines were planted with M. albus infurrow, with Kodiak or T. harzianum seed treatments, or were untreated. In the 2007 trial, none of the treatments improved stands compared to the untreated check. In 2008, the highest stand counts were produced by seed treated with Kodiak. In both years, Bailey produced the greatest stand counts. A. niger was strongly associated with postemergence damping-off in the field. Regardless of peanut line, in many trials, Kodiak seed treatment increased emergence and survival over untreated seed. }, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Ruark, S. J. and Shew, B. B.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={445–454} }
 @article{isleib_milla-lewis_pattee_copeland_zuleta_shew_hollowell_sanders_dean_hendrix_et al._2010, title={Registration of ‘Bailey’ peanut}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2009.12.0742crc}, abstractNote={‘Bailey’ (Reg. No. CV‐111, PI 659502) is a large‐seeded virginia‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) with partial resistance to five diseases that occur commonly in the Virginia‐Carolina production area: early leaf spot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori), late leaf spot [caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Deighton], Cylindrocladium black rot [caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Alfenas], Sclerotinia blight (caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger), and tomato spotted wilt (caused by Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus). It also has partial resistance to southern stem rot (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.). Bailey was developed as part of a program of selection for multiple‐disease resistance funded by growers, seedsmen, shellers, and processors. Bailey was tested under the experimental designation N03081T and was released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS) in 2008. Bailey was tested by the NCARS, the Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station, and five other state agricultural experiment stations and the USDA‐ARS units participating in the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests. Bailey has an alternate branching pattern, an intermediate runner growth habit, medium green foliage, and high contents of fancy pods and medium virginia‐type seeds. It has approximately 34% jumbo and 46% fancy pods, seeds with tan testas and an average weight of 823 mg seed−1, and an extra large kernel content of approximately 42%. Bailey is named in honor of the late Dr. Jack E. Bailey, formerly the peanut breeding project's collaborating plant pathologist.}, number={1}, journal={J. Plant Reg.}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Pattee, H.E. and Copeland, S.C. and Zuleta, M.C. and Shew, B.B. and Hollowell, J.E. and Sanders, T.H. and Dean, L.O. and Hendrix, K.W. and et al.}, year={2010}, pages={27–39} }
 @article{jordan_barnes_corbett_bogle_johnson_shew_koenning_ye_brandenburg_2008, title={Crop Response to Rotation and Tillage in Peanut-Based Cropping Systems}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2008.0075}, abstractNote={Production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in reduced tillage systems has increased in the United States during the past decade. However, interactions of tillage system and crop rotation have not been thoroughly investigated for large‐seeded, Virginia market type peanut. Research was conducted at two locations in North Carolina during 1999 to 2006 to compare yield of corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and peanut in different rotations planted in conventional and reduced tillage. Crop rotation affected peanut yield but did not affect corn or cotton yield. Increasing the number of times corn, cotton, or a combination of these crops were planted between peanut increased peanut yields. Tillage affected cotton and peanut yield but not in every year or at both locations. Yield was similar in conventional and reduced tillage in 8 of 10 comparisons (cotton) and 6 of 8 comparisons (peanut). Crop rotation and tillage did not interact for visual estimates of plant condition of peanut as a result of disease, soil parasitic nematode populations when peanut was planted during the final year of the experiment, crop yield, cumulative net return over the duration of the experiment, or bulk density in the pegging zone during the final year of the experiment. These data suggest that variation in response to rotation and tillage should be expected based on the crop and edaphic and environmental conditions. However, response to rotation and tillage most likely will be independent.}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Jordan, David L. and Barnes, J. Steven and Corbett, Tommy and Bogle, Clyde R. and Johnson, P. Dewayne and Shew, Barbara B. and Koenning, Stephen R. and Ye, Weimin and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2008}, pages={1580–1586} }
 @article{smith_hollowell_isleib_shew_2007, title={A site-specific, weather-based disease regression model for Sclerotinia blight of peanut}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-91-11-1436}, abstractNote={ In North Carolina, losses due to Sclerotinia blight of peanut, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia minor, are an estimated 1 to 4 million dollars annually. In general, peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is very susceptible to Sclerotinia blight, but some partially resistant virginia-type cultivars are available. Up to three fungicide applications per season are necessary to maintain a healthy crop in years highly favorable for disease development. Improved prediction of epidemic initiation and identification of periods when fungicides are not required would increase fungicide efficiency and reduce production costs on resistant and susceptible cultivars. A Sclerotinia blight disease model was developed using regression strategies in an effort to describe the relationships between modeled environmental variables and disease increase. Changes in incremental disease incidence (% of newly infected plants of the total plant population per plot) for the 2002–2005 growing seasons were statistically transformed and described using 5-day moving averages of modeled site-specific weather variables (localized, mathematical estimations of weather data derived at a remote location) obtained from SkyBit (ZedX, Inc.). Variables in the regression to describe the Sclerotinia blight disease index included: mean relative humidity (linear and quadratic), mean soil temperature (quadratic), maximum air temperature (linear and quadratic), maximum relative humidity (linear and quadratic), minimum air temperature (linear and quadratic), minimum relative humidity (linear and quadratic), and minimum soil temperature (linear and quadratic). The model explained approximately 50% of the variability in Sclerotinia blight index over 4 years of field research in eight environments. The relationships between weather variables and Sclerotinia blight index were independent of host partial resistance. Linear regression models were used to describe progress of Sclerotinia blight on cultivars and breeding lines with varying levels of partial resistance. Resistance affected the rate of disease progress, but not disease onset. The results of this study will be used to develop site- and cultivar-specific spray advisories for Sclerotinia blight. }, number={11}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Smith, D. L. and Hollowell, J. E. and Isleib, T. G. and Shew, B. B.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={1436–1444} }
 @article{smith_garrison_hollowell_isleib_shew_2008, title={Evaluation of application timing and efficacy of the fungicides fluazinam. and boscalid for control of Sclerotinia blight of peanut}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2007.11.010}, abstractNote={Sclerotinia blight of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is caused by the soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor. Management of Sclerotinia blight of peanut requires an integrated approach that includes rotation with non-hosts, resistant cultivars, cultural practices, and fungicides. Greenhouse experiments compared fluazinam and boscalid and investigated pre- and post-inoculation applications of fungicide or no fungicide to control infections by S. minor. Significant reductions in successful infections in the greenhouse occurred when fungicide was applied prior to, or up to 2 d after, inoculation, but not when applied 4 d after inoculation. Field experiments were conducted from 2004 to 2006 to investigate the comparative efficacy of the fungicides fluazinam and boscalid using alternating sequences of those fungicides or no fungicide for each of three sprays per season. In the field, applications of fungicide that preceded the largest incremental increase in disease incidence provided the best control of disease or increased yield. In both the field and greenhouse studies boscalid performed marginally better than fluazinam. Disease advisories or intensive scouting should be used to determine when epidemics initiate so that a fungicide can be applied prior to infection.}, number={3-5}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Smith, D. L. and Garrison, M. C. and Hollowell, J. E. and Isleib, T. G. and Shew, B. B.}, year={2008}, pages={823–833} }
 @article{smith_hollowell_isleib_shew_2006, title={Analysis of factors that influence the epidemiology of Sclerotinia minor on peanut}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-90-1425}, abstractNote={ In North Carolina, sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor germinate myceliogenically to initiate infections on peanut. The effects of soil temperature and soil matric potential (ψM on germination and growth of S. minor have not been well characterized, and little is known about relative physiological resistance in different parts of the peanut plant. Laboratory tests examined the ability of the fungus to germinate, grow, and infect detached peanut leaflets at soil temperatures ranging from 18 to 30°C at ψM of -100, -10, and -7.2 kPa. In addition, detached pegs, leaves, main stems, and lateral branches from three peanut lines varying in field resistance were examined for resistance to infection by S. minor. Sclerotial germination was greatest at 30°C and ψM of -7.2 kPa. Final mycelial diameters decreased with decreasing ψM, whereas soil matric potential did not affect lesion development. Mycelial growth and leaflet lesion expansion were maximal at 18 or 22°C. Soil ψM did not affect leaflet infection and lesion expansion. Lesions were not observed on leaves incubated at temperatures of 29°C or above, but developed when temperatures were reduced to 18 or 22°C 2 days after inoculation. Pegs and leaflets were equally susceptible to infection and were more susceptible than either main stems or lateral branches. Results of this work, particularly the effects of temperature on S. minor, and knowledge of peanut part susceptibility has application in improving Sclerotinia blight prediction models for recommending protective fungicide applications. }, number={11}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Smith, D. L. and Hollowell, J. E. and Isleib, T. G. and Shew, B. B.}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={1425–1432} }
 @article{isleib_rice_mozingo_copeland_graeber_shew_smith_melouk_stalker_2006, title={Registration of N96076L peanut germplasm line}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2005.12.0479}, abstractNote={N96076L (Reg. no. GP-125, PI 641950) is a large-seeded virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) germplasm line with resistance to multiple diseases including early leafspot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori), Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) {caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, Wingfield & Alfenas [syn. C. crotalariae (Loos)D.K.Bell&Sobers]}, Sclerotiniablight (caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger), and tomato spotted wilt caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). N96076Lwas released by the NorthCarolinaAgriculturalResearchService (NCARS) in 2005. N96076Lwas tested by theNCARS, by the VirginiaAgricultural Experiment Station (VAES), and the USDA-ARSWheat, Peanut and Other Field Crops Research Unit at Stillwater, OK. N96076L is a virginia market-type line possessing alternate branching pattern, runner growth habit, medium green foliage, large seeds with dull tan testa averaging 880 mg seed, approximately 70% jumbo pods and 22% fancy pods. N96076L is an F4–derived line selected from cross X91053 made in 1991 using NCSU breeding line N90004 as the female and leafspotresistant germplasm line GP NCWS 13 (Stalker et al., 2002) as the male. N90004 was an F5–derived line selected from NCSU cross X84002 between ‘NC 7’ (Wynne et al., 1979) and ‘Florigiant’ (Carver, 1969). GP NC WS 13 has complex ancestry. One quarter of its ancestry comes from GP NC WS 4 (Stalker and Beute, 1993), a tetraploid (2n 5 4x 5 40) selection from a cross between PI 261942 (A. hypogaea subsp. fastigiataWaldron var. fastigiata) and leafspot-resistant diploid (2n5 2x5 20) wild species A. cardenasii Krapov. & W.C. Gregory GKP 10017 (PI 262141). One quarter of GP NC WS 13’s ancestry comes from leafspot-resistantA. hypogaea PI 270807, and one half from the cultivar ‘NC 5’ (Emery andGregory, 1970), which has moderate resistance to early leafspot. F1 plants of cross X91053 were grown at a winter nursery in Puerto Rico, single-seed descent was practiced in the F2 and F3 generations, and single-plant selections were made in the F4 generation. F4:5 families were planted at Peanut Belt Research Station (PBRS) at Lewiston in Bertie County, NC, in a field receiving no fungicide treatment to control leafspot in the summer of 1995. Families exhibiting reduced levels of defoliation were harvested in bulk and retained for evaluation in the Leafspot Test, a two-rep test of defoliation, yield, and grade grown without leafspot control at PBRS in 1996. Family X91053 F2-S-S-08: F05 was numbered N96076L when entered in the 1996 Leafspot Test. Although N96076L was developed for resistance to early leafspot, it also was evaluated for resistance to other diseases common to theVirginia–Carolina region.N96076L’s reaction to early leafspot was evaluated from 1996 through 2004 in 12 field trials with no application of leafspot fungicide during the entire season. Defoliation was rated on a proportional scale of 1 (no defoliation) to 9 (complete defoliation) in late September or early October each year, and yield was measured on the unsprayed plots. Although N96076L had more defoliation than resistant checkGP-NC343(Campbell etal., 1971) (5.5vs.4.3,P, 0.01), it had less than either ‘NC 12C’ (Isleib et al., 1997) (5.7 vs. 6.2 defoliation score,P, 0.01) or ‘Perry’ (Isleib et al., 2003) (5.8 vs. 6.6defoliation score,P,0.01), the twomost resistantvirginiatype cultivars. N96076L did not differ significantly from any of these three checks for yield in the absence of leafspot control. N96076L’s reactions to Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) and to Sclerotinia blight were evaluated by the NCSU breeding project from 1997 through 2004 in eight replicated tests conducted in North Carolina on naturally infested soils with no chemical control of these diseases. N96076L was not significantly different from the resistant cultivar Perry in incidence of CBR (8 vs. 10%, ns), but it did have lower CBR incidence than NC 12C (9 vs. 21%, P , 0.01) and ‘Gregory’ (Isleib et al., 1999) (8 vs. 17%, P, 0.01). N96076L was not different from the partially resistant cultivar Perry in incidence of Sclerotinia blight (7 vs. 21%, ns), but it did have lower incidence than NC 12C (6 vs. 28%, P , 0.01) and Gregory (7 vs. 30%, P, 0.01). Yield, grade and Sclerotinia blight incidence in N96076L were evaluated by USDA-ARS personnel at Stillwater, OK, in a two-rep trial conducted in infested soil at Fort Cobb, OK, during 1998. Disease incidence in N96076L was less than in any of the lines tested except ‘Tamrun 98’ (Simpson et al., 2000) (16 vs. 30%, ns), but there was no variation in yield among the lines tested. Physiological resistance to S. minor was documented in detached plant part inoculations under controlled laboratory conditions (Smith, 2004, p. 72–93). Lesion development measured by the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was significantly smaller for all parts with the exception of mainstems when compared to NC 12C and NC 7 (P , 0.0001). In the field, resistance most likely due to avoidance was also documented. Fewer infections were detected on lateral branches of N96076L plants when compared with NC 12C (13 vs. 46%, P , 0.01), Perry, (13 vs. 44%, P , 0.01), and ‘VA 98R’ (Mozingo et al., 2000) (13 vs. 23%, P , 0.01). N96076L’s reaction to TSWV was evaluated from 1997 through 2004 in 18 field trials with seeds spaced 50 cm apart and no application of insecticides to control thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds), the vector of the virus. N96076L had lower incidence of TSWV symptoms than NC 12C (22 vs. 45%,P, 0.01), Gregory (26 vs. 33%,P, 0.01), and Perry (25 vs. 52%,P, 0.01) and was not different from resistant check PI 576636 (21 vs. 16%, ns). N96076L should be considered resistant to all four of these diseases. Agronomic performance of N96076L was evaluated in 13 trials conducted by the NCARS breeding program over 1996 to 2004. Although yield of N96076L was not significantly different from that of NC 12C (3774 vs. 4050 kg ha, ns), Gregory (3703 vs. 3960 kg ha, ns) or Perry (3702 vs. 3709 kg ha, ns), its average pod brightness (42.7 Hunter L score) (Isleib et al., 1997) was less (44.6 for NC 12C, P, 0.01; 44.3 for Gregory, P, 0.01; and 44.4 for Perry, P, 0.01), making N96076L unsuitable for use as a cultivar for the in-shell market. N96076L is adapted to the Virginia-Carolina peanut production area. Seed of N96076L will be maintained by the N.C. Agricultural Research Service, Box 7643, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7643. Foundation seed will be distributed by the N.C. Foundation Seed Producers, Inc., 8220 Riley Hill Rd., Zebulon, NC 27597. The N.C. Agricultural Research Service will provide small (50–100 seed) samples to research organizations for research purposes.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Isleib, T. G. and Rice, P. W. and Mozingo, R. W., II and Copeland, S. C. and Graeber, J. B. and Shew, B. B. and Smith, D. L. and Melouk, H. A. and Stalker, H. T.}, year={2006}, pages={2329–2330} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_2005, title={First report of Sclerotinia minor on Allium vineale in North Carolina.}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-89-0908C}, abstractNote={ Allium vineale L. (wild garlic) is a bulbous perennial that emerges in early spring in many agricultural fields. The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen found in many peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production areas of northeastern North Carolina. During September 2002, symptoms of bleached, water-soaked foliage and wilting were observed on several wild garlic plants growing in a 0.8-ha (2-acre) peanut research plot in Perquimans County, NC. We had previously observed similar symptoms on wild garlic at another location. Two symptomatic wild garlic plants were collected from the field. In the laboratory, symptomatic tissues were excised into 1- to 2-cm sections, rinsed in tap water, towel dried, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungal isolation and identification. Pure cultures with small, black, irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) scattered abundantly over the culture surface were distinctive of S. minor. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested by inoculating leaf blades near the leaf axils of two symptom-free wild garlic plants (vegetative stage, 4 cm high) with fungal mycelium from 2-day-old cultures. Mycelial agar plugs (4 mm in diameter) were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at an ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory countertop. Fluffy mycelium developed on leaves within 2 days. Plants wilted and bleached water-soaked lesions formed within 6 days after inoculation. Sclerotia were produced on leaf blades after approximately 14 days. Following the incubation period, S. minor was reisolated from the inoculated plants. Two plants treated similarly with plugs of pure PDA remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that wild garlic is a host of S. minor. Although few monocots have been reported as hosts of S. minor, the fungus has been reported on two other species of Allium (A. cepa and A. satium), Gladiolus spp., and Cyperus esculentus (1,2). Weed hosts may support populations of S. minor during rotations to nonhosts, serve as reservoirs of inoculum, or act as infection bridges in peanut fields.  References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2005. (2) M. S. Melzer et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:272, 1997. }, number={8}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hollowell, JE and Shew, BB}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={908–908} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_2005, title={First report of Sclerotinia minor on Sida spinosa in North Carolina}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/pd-89-1128a}, abstractNote={ The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas. The pathogen attacks several winter annual weed species (1). Economic crops that are hosts to S. minor are seldom grown in rotation with peanut; therefore, its pathogenicity on weed species is of importance in understanding how inoculum densities are maintained between peanut crops. During September 2004, signs of fluffy, white mycelium, small, black sclerotia, and symptoms of bleached leaves and stems were observed on prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) in a peanut field in Bertie County, NC. Plants of prickly sida with similar signs and symptoms were observed previously in a Chowan County, NC peanut field. Prickly sida is one of several weed species commonly found in peanut fields and rotational crops in agricultural areas of northeastern North Carolina. Cultivation and herbicides usually keep prickly sida under control in the early part of the growing season, but as the summer progresses into early fall, it can become prevalent, as was true in the two fields reported here. Symptomatic tissues were excised into 1- to 2-cm sections, rinsed in tap water, blotted dry, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The pure cultures with small, black irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) scattered abundantly over the culture surface were distinctive of S. minor. Pathogenicity was determined by inoculating stems of two symptom-free prickly sida plants with 2-day-old fungal mycelium. Mycelial agar plugs, 4 mm in diameter, were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory countertop. Fluffy mycelium developed on the stems in 2 days and water-soaked leaves and bleached lesions formed within 6 days after inoculation. Following the incubation period, S. minor was reisolated from the inoculated plants. Two plants treated similarly with plugs of pure PDA remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that prickly sida is a host of S. minor. To our knowledge, this report of S. minor on prickly sida is also the first report of a plant in the family Malvaceae as a host of S. minor (2).  Reference: (1) J. E. Hollowell et al. Plant Dis. 87:197, 2003. (2) M. S. Melzer et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:272, 1997. }, number={10}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hollowell, JE and Shew, BB}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1128–1128} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_2004, title={First report of Sclerotium rolfsii on common chickweed in North Carolina.}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.4.426B}, abstractNote={ Common chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo) is a common weed species found in agricultural fields of northeastern North Carolina. Symptomatic plants of common chickweed were observed during a March 2001 survey of winter annual weed species in Perquimans County, NC. The plants were growing in a harvested peanut field with a known history of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Water-soaked, bleached stems and chlorotic leaves were collected from plants and brought to the laboratory for isolation. Small portions (1 to 2 cm) of symptomatic stems and entire leaves were rinsed with tap water and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Developing colonies were transferred to obtain pure cultures. The rapidly growing cultures had coarse, white mycelium typical of S. rolfsii and produced abundant, small, round, brown sclerotia approximately 2.0 mm in diameter on the surface of the culture. Clamp connections were observed with microscopic examination of mycelia. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested by placing 4-mm-diameter agar plugs of 2-day-old fungal mycelium on stems of three mature, nonsymptomatic chickweed plants. Agar plugs without fungal mycelium were used for the control treatment. Plugs were held in place with self-sticking bandage gauze. Plants were misted with water, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated on a laboratory counter top at ambient temperature (24°C). Abundant mycelia developed, and water-soaked lesions and necrotic stems were observed. Noninoculated plants remained healthy and free of signs and symptoms during the incubation period. The fungus was reisolated on PDA, and pure cultures of S. rolfsii were obtained. Koch's postulates confirmed common chickweed was a host of S. rolfsii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of common chickweed as a host of S. rolfsii. Crop species commonly used in peanut rotations (corn, small grains, sorghum, and cotton) do not support populations of S. rolfsii. Many dicotyledonous weed species have been reported as hosts of S. rolfsii, but our observation of active disease on a winter weed species was unexpected. Colonization of winter weed, if prevalent, may enhance survival of S. rolfsii between crops of susceptible hosts such as peanut. }, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hollowell, JE and Shew, BB}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={426–426} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_isleib_2003, title={Evaluating isolate aggressiveness and host resistance from peanut leaflet inoculations with Sclerotinia minor}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.4.402}, abstractNote={ Sclerotinia minor is a major pathogen of peanut in North Carolina, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas. Partial resistance to S. minor has been reported based on field screening, but field performance is not always correlated with laboratory or greenhouse evaluations of resistance. More efficient screening methods and better understanding of the mechanisms contributing to Sclerotinia blight resistance are needed, and a detached leaf assay was developed and evaluated. Detached leaflets of 12 greenhouse-grown peanut lines were inoculated on the adaxial surface with a 4-mm-diameter mycelial plug of a single isolate of S. minor. Leaflets were incubated in the dark at 20°C in Nalgene utility boxes containing moistened sand. Lesion length 3 days after inoculation ranged from 11 to 24 mm, with a mean of 19 mm. Lengths differed significantly among the entries, with GP-NC WS 12, an advanced breeding line derived from a cross of NC 6 × (NC 3033 × GP-NC WS 1), being the most resistant. Forty-eight isolates of S. minor obtained from peanut were inoculated on leaflets of the susceptible cultivar NC 7 and aggressiveness was assessed by measuring lesion-length expansion. Three days after inoculation, lesion length differed among the isolates and ranged from 2 to 24 mm, with a mean of 15 mm. Finally, the potential for specific interactions between peanut lines and S. minor isolates was evaluated. A subset of S. minor isolates was selected to represent the observed range of aggressiveness and a subset of peanut entries was selected to represent the range of resistance or susceptibility. Nine-week-old greenhouse- or field-grown plants were compared for five peanut entries. Main effects of isolates and entries were highly significant, but isolate-entry interactions were not significant. The most resistant peanut entry (GP-NC WS 12) performed consistently with all isolates regardless of plant source. }, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hollowell, JE and Shew, BB and Isleib, TG}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={402–406} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_cubeta_wilcut_2003, title={Weed species as hosts of Sclerotinia minor in peanut fields}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.2.197}, abstractNote={ Bleached stems and sclerotia were observed on winter annual weed species growing in harvested peanut fields in northeastern North Carolina in March 2001. Each field had a history of Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor. Symptomatic plants were collected and brought back to the laboratory for identification and isolation. S. minor was isolated and Koch's postulates were fulfilled to confirm pathogenicity of S. minor on nine weed species. They included Lamium aplexicaule (henbit), Cardamine parviflora (smallflowered bittercress), Stellaria media (common chickweed), Cerastium vulgatum (mouse-ear chickweed), Coronopus didymus (swinecress), Oenothera laciniata (cutleaf eveningprimrose), Conyza canadensis (horseweed), Brassica kaber (wild mustard), and Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress). This is the first report of these species as hosts of S. minor in the natural environment. All isolates of S. minor obtained from the weed species were pathogenic to peanut. }, number={2}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hollowell, JE and Shew, BB and Cubeta, MA and Wilcut, JW}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={197–199} }
 @article{stalker_beute_shew_isleib_2002, title={Registration of five leaf spot-resistant peanut germplasm lines}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2002.0314}, abstractNote={Crop ScienceVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 314-316 Registration of Germplasm Registration of Five Leaf Spot-Resistant Peanut Germplasm Lines H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorT.G. Isleib, T.G. Isleib Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorT.G. Isleib, T.G. Isleib Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.3140Citations: 27 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume42, Issue1January–February 2002Pages 314-316 RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Stalker, HT and Beute, MK and Shew, BB and Isleib, TG}, year={2002}, pages={314–316} }
 @article{stalker_beute_shew_barker_2002, title={Registration of two root-knot nematode-resistant peanut germplasm lines}, volume={42}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2002.312a}, abstractNote={Crop ScienceVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 312-313 Registration of Germplasm Registration of Two Root-Knot Nematode-Resistant Peanut Germplasm Lines H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorK.R. Barker, K.R. Barker Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author H.T. Stalker, Corresponding Author H.T. Stalker hts@unity.ncsu.edu Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Corresponding author (hts@unity.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM.K. Beute, M.K. Beute Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorB.B. Shew, B.B. Shew Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this authorK.R. Barker, K.R. Barker Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7629Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2002 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.312aCitations: 19 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume42, Issue1January–February 2002Pages 312-313 RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Stalker, H. T. and Beute, M. K. and Shew, B. B. and Barker, K. R.}, year={2002}, pages={312–313} }
 @article{lemay_bailey_shew_2002, title={Resistance of peanut to sclerotinia blight and the effect of acibenzolar-S-methyl and fluazinam on disease incidence}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.12.1315}, abstractNote={ Sclerotinia minor, a soilborne fungal pathogen of peanut, can cause serious yield loss in North Carolina. A field test was implemented to study genotype reaction, and the effect of aciben-zolar-S-methyl (a plant activator) and the fungicide fluazinam on disease incidence. In all, 13 genotypes in 1997 and 12 genotypes in 1998 were evaluated. Three applications of acibenzolar-S-methyl (0.14 kg a.i./ha) or fluazinam (0.58 kg a.i./ha) were made on a calendar-based schedule. Disease ratings were made weekly in 1997 and every other week in 1998. Fluazinam suppressed disease at all sites and increased yield at two of three locations. Acibenzolar-S-methyl had no effect on disease incidence or yield. The advanced breeding line N92056C and cvs. Tam-run 98 (TX 901417) and Perry (N93112C) had moderate to high levels of resistance to S. minorand produced high yields compared with susceptible cv. NC 7. Lines derived from wild species also demonstrated moderate to high levels of resistance relative to NC 7 and represent potential breeding lines. }, number={12}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Lemay, AV and Bailey, JE and Shew, BB}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1315–1317} }
 @article{ferguson_shew_2001, title={Wheat straw mulch and its impacts on three soilborne pathogens of peanut in microplots}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.6.661}, abstractNote={ Experiments were conducted in 1992, 1993, and 1994 to determine the effects of surface residue on incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR), Sclerotinia blight, and Southern stem rot of peanut in microplots in North Carolina. Soil was infested with either Cylindrocladium parasiticum, Sclerotium rolfsii, or Sclerotinia minor and plots were planted with the peanut cultivars NC 7 or NC 10C. Wheat straw was applied to establish 80 to 90% soil-surface coverage. Disease incidence data were collected every 2 weeks in 1992 and weekly in 1993 and 1994. Southern stem rot incidence did not increase with straw amendment but final inoculum density of Sclerotium rolfsii was highest in straw-amended plots. Straw amendment enhanced CBR incidence in 1992, but had minimal effects in 1993 and 1994. Neither root rot severity nor inoculum density of C. parasiticum was affected by straw treatment. Straw application reduced Sclerotinia blight in 1992 and 1993 but not in 1994 compared with unamended plots. Initial inoculum density had the greatest impact on final Sclerotinia minor populations. Soil temperature and moisture were monitored in 1993 and 1994. Soil at 0 to 2 cm of depth in strawamended microplots was 1 to 2°C cooler than in unamended plots. }, number={6}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Ferguson, LM and Shew, BB}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={661–667} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_2001, title={Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) as a host of Sclerotinia minor}, volume={85}, ISBN={0191-2917}, DOI={10.1094/pdis.2001.85.5.562c}, abstractNote={ Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas. Economic crops that are hosts to S. minor are seldom grown in rotation with peanut, and the pathogenicity of S. minor to most weed species commonly found in peanut fields is unknown. In September 2000, signs and symptoms of Sclerotinia infection were observed on plants of yellow nutsedge growing in peanut fields in Bertie County, NC. Fluffy white mycelium, water soaked and bleached areas of the leaves were observed on basal portions of plants. Isolations were made from a symptomatic plant growing in a peanut field at the Peanut Belt Research Station at Lewiston-Woodville, NC. Small portions (1 to 2 cm) of symptomatic leaves were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and pure cultures typical of S. minor were obtained. Small black irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) were produced abundantly and scattered over the culture surface (1). Pathogenicity was tested by placing agar plugs of mycelium of the fungus between the leaf blades of potted mature yellow nutsedge plants. Plants were misted with water, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated on a lab counter top at ambient temperature (˜24°C). Mycelia developed after 3 to 4 days and chlorotic leaves appeared by day 7. Sclerotia were observed in 11 days on seedheads, which were distal from the site of inoculation. Uninoculated plants did not develop symptoms. The fungus was reisolated on PDA, and typical cultures of S. minor with small sclerotia were obtained. The nutgrass isolate was inoculated onto detached peanut leaves and typical symptoms developed. This is the first report of yellow nutsedge as a host of S. minor.  Reference: (1) L. M. Kohn. Mycotaxon 9:365–444, 1979. }, number={5}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Hollowell, J. E. and Shew, B. B.}, year={2001}, pages={562} }
 @article{hollowell_shew_beute_abad_1998, title={Occurrence of pod rot pathogens in peanuts grown in North Carolina}, volume={82}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.12.1345}, abstractNote={ Pod rot diseases historically caused significant losses in peanut production in North Carolina. Advances in the understanding of pod rot diseases and changes in cultural practices minimized losses in the years since 1979. By the early 1990s, however, some peanut growers began to observe pod rot that apparently was not associated with infection by common soilborne pathogens. Incidence of pod rot also was high in research plots used to study conservation tillage methods. Selected farms were surveyed in the fall of 1994, 1995, and 1996 to identify the fungi associated with pod rot symptoms in North Carolina. Over the three years of the study, more than 6,000 symptomatic pods from 125 peanut fields were assayed for Rhizoctonia spp., Pythium spp., Cylindrocladium parasiticum, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Sclerotinia minor. All five pathogens were isolated during the field survey, with Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia spp. isolated most frequently. Rhizoctonia spp. were the dominant pathogen in the majority of fields in 1994, whereas Pythium spp. predominated in 1995 and 1996. Combinations of pathogens were identified from 12 to 15% of pods; Rhizoctonia spp. + Pythium spp. and Pythium spp. + C. parasiti-cum were the most frequent combinations. The mean estimated incidence of pod rot was 6.6% in 1995 and 5.9% in 1996. The effects of cover crops and tillage on pod rot incidence were studied in microplots in 1995 and 1996. In 1995, winter cover crops (wheat, oat, rye, and fallow soil) did not affect pod rot incidence, but incidence was greater in no-till treatments compared to plots with conventional tillage. Pod rot incidence did not differ among infestation treatments and no interactions among pathogen, cover crop, or tillage treatments were significant. In contrast, significant (P = 0.04) interactions among winter cover crops and tillage occurred in 1996. Tillage did not affect pod rot incidence following wheat or oats, but incidence following rye was much greater in no-till than in tilled plots. }, number={12}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Hollowell, J. E. and Shew, B. B. and Beute, M. K. and Abad, Z. G.}, year={1998}, pages={1345–1349} }
 @article{shew_beute_stalker_1995, title={Toward sustainable peanut production: Progress in breeding for resistance to foliar and soilborne pathogens of peanut}, volume={79}, number={12}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Shew, B. B. and Beute, M. K. and Stalker, H. T.}, year={1995}, pages={1259} }